Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus among antenatal clinic attendees in Gamawa Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus disease is a potentially life-threatening liver infection and a major global health problem. It causes chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. WHO estimated 257 million people are living with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and in 2015 alone HBV resulted in to 887,000 deaths globally. We determined the prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B virus infection among Antenatal Care (ANC) attendees in Gamawa Local Government Area, Bauchi State. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional, health facility-based study between March and April 2018. We used systematic random sampling technique to recruit 210 pregnant women aged 15-49 years. With a structured questionnaire, we interviewed the respondents and collected blood sample to test for hepatitis B surface antigen. We calculated frequencies, means, proportions, and tested for associations using Epi Info 7.2 and Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 24.5 ± 6.0 years; 112 (53%) of whom were younger than 25 years. All were married, 183 (87%) had no formal education and up to 190 (90%) were employed. Overall, 14 (6.7%) tested positive for HBsAg; women aged ≥35 years had the highest prevalence (10%). None with tertiary education tested positive and women married before 18 years had 13 (6.2%) prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HBsAg among pregnant women in Gamawa LGA was 6.7% which is quite lower than the national prevalence reported. We recommended improved surveillance of HBV infection and screening of women attending ANC.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing uropathogens in aminu Kano teaching hospital, Northwestern Nigeria.

Background: UTI is the most common nosocomial infection among hospitalized patients. Emerging increasing resistance has been observed among uropathogens of the family enterobacterales. Extended spectrum beta lactamase genes encode for multidrug resistance and unrestricted use of antibiotics in hospitals provides an environment for spread of infections with limited treatment options. This necessitates therapies based on culture and antimicrobial sensitivity to improve patients' outcomes We aimed to determine susceptibility pattern of ESBL uropathogens among hospitalized patients in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Methodology: Three hundred and eighty-nine urine samples were obtained from in-patients with UTI between April 2020 and April 2021. Five samples were rejected and remaining analyzed. Susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby Bauer technique. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines 2019 (CLSI 2019) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing guidelines version 2 (EUCAST version 2) were used for screening and confirmation of ESBL production respectively. Results: Of the 384-urine processed, 105 (27.3%) were gram negatives and 81 were Enterobacterales, Isolation rates were E. coli-55.6%, K. pneumoniae-29.6%, Citrobacter spp.-12.3%, P. mirabilis-1.2% and Morganella spp.-1.2%. Among Enterobacterales, 32 (39.5%) were ESBL producers. Prevalence of ESBL were 62.5% for Escherichia coli, 28.1% for Klebsiella pneumoniae and 9.4% for Citrobacter species. Susceptibility showed that ESBL-producing Isolates were highly susceptible to amikacin (96.9%). Resistance to other antibiotics varied from 3.1% to 100%. Conclusion: We recommend strengthening laboratory capacity, antibiotics stewardship and Infection control to prevent spread of resistant pathogens including ESBLs.

Résumé L'infection urinaire est l'infection nosocomiale la plus fréquente chez les patients hospitalisés. L'émergence d'une résistance croissante a été observée parmi les uropathogènes de la famille des entérobactéries. Les gènes de bêta-lactamase à spectre étendu codent pour la multirésistance et l'utilisation sans restriction d'antibiotiques dans les hôpitaux crée un environnement propice à la propagation des infections avec des options de traitement limitées. Nous avons cherché à déterminer le profil de sensibilité des uropathogènes BLSE chez les patients hospitalisés à l'hôpital universitaire Aminu Kano, à Kano. Méthodologie: Trois cent quatre-vingt-neuf échantillons d'urine ont été obtenus auprès de patients hospitalisés souffrant d'infections urinaires entre avril 2020 et avril 2021. Cinq échantillons ont été rejetés et les autres analysés. Les tests de sensibilité ont été effectués à l'aide de la technique Kirby Bauer modifiée. Les directives 2019 du Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2019) et les directives de l'European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing version 2 (EUCAST version 2) ont été utilisées respectivement pour le dépistage et la confirmation de la production de BLSE. Résultats: Sur les 384 urines traitées, 105 (27,3 %) étaient à Gram négatif et 81 étaient des Enterobacterales, les taux d'isolement étaient de 55,6 % pour E. coli, 29,6 % pour K. pneumoniae, 12,3 % pour Citrobacter spp, 1,2 % pour P. mirabilis et 1,2 % pour Morganella spp. Parmi les entérobactéries, 32 (39,5 %) étaient productrices de BLSE. La prévalence des BLSE était de 62,5 % pour Escherichia coli, de 28,1 % pour Klebsiella pneumoniae et de 9,4 % pour les espèces de Citrobacter. La sensibilité a montré que les isolats producteurs de BLSE étaient très sensibles à l'amikacine (96,9 %). La résistance aux autres antibiotiques variait de 3,1 % à 100 %. Conclusion: Nous recommandons de renforcer les capacités des laboratoires, la gestion des antibiotiques et le contrôle des infections afin de prévenir la propagation de pathogènes résistants, y compris les BLSE. Mots-clés: Hôpital universitaire Aminu Kano, sensibilité aux antimicrobiens, bêta-lactamase à spectre étendu, Kano, uropathogènes.