RESUMO
Rabies, a worldwide zoonosis, remains a public-health concern despite oral wildlife vaccination in Europe. After a ten-year break, Macedonia reported eight rabies cases in 2011-2012. Two countries (Serbia and Bulgaria) bordering Macedonia are reporting cases in domestic and wild animals. This report describes the genetic characterisation of eight isolates from Macedonia compared with representative samples from neighbouring countries. All of the isolates tested belong to the Eastern European group, with a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity in the nucleoprotein gene. The close genetic relationship between isolates from the three bordering countries suggests that wildlife is responsible for rabies movements in the region.
Assuntos
Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Raiva/veterinária , Zoonoses/virologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos/virologia , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Sequência de Bases , Gatos , Cães , Equidae , Raposas , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/classificação , Vírus da Raiva/genética , República da Macedônia do Norte/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A very rare case of etanercept-induced Wegener's granulomatosis in a patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis is reported. A thorough critical analysis on Wegener's granulomatosis pathogenetic mechanisms is done. The peculiarities of etanercept pharmacodynamic features are also presented together with some suggestions of possible induction pathways.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/efeitos adversos , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/induzido quimicamente , Imunoglobulina G/efeitos adversos , Etanercepte , Feminino , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is often associated with alopecia areata (AA) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Forty-six children (23 girls and 23 boys), with a mean age of 9.9 +/- 3.38 years (2.24-17.5 years), were included in a study to assess thyroid function and thyroid autoantibody formation in AA. The size and function of the thyroid gland [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test; fluoroimmunologic assay (FIA), Delfia], antithyroglobulin (TAT) and antimicrosomal (MAT) antibodies (microhemagglutination method), thyroid gland ultrasound, and indices of cellular and humoral immunity were assessed. RESULTS: Thyromegaly was found in 29 children (63%). Increased basal TSH levels were present in six of the 29 (13.3%) and hypothyroid-type stimulated secretion (TRH test) in two (out of 12). TAT was increased in 17 (39.5%) and MAT in 14 (33.3%) children with AA. Thyroid ultrasound examination was suggestive of AT in 13 (34.2%) and typical of AT in five (13.2%) children. CONCLUSIONS: We diagnosed AT in 22 of 46 children with AA (47.8%). The immune studies revealed increased activated T lymphocytes. We recommend that thyroid gland size and function and antibody formation be examined at the diagnosis of AA and twice a year thereafter.