Effect of gestational weight gain on perinatal outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus using the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine associations between gestational weight gain according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines and perinatal outcomes in overweight/obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of 2310 women with T2DM enrolled in the California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program. Gestational weight gain was categorized by 2009 IOM guidelines. Perinatal outcomes were assessed using the χ(2) test and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: With excessive gestational weight gain, the odds of having large-for-gestational age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-3.00) or macrosomic (aOR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.56-4.30) neonates and cesarean delivery (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.03-2.10) was higher. Women with excessive gestational weight gain per week had increased odds of preterm delivery (aOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.11-2.20). CONCLUSION: In overweight or obese women with T2DM, gestational weight gain greater than the revised IOM guidelines was associated with higher odds of perinatal morbidity, suggesting these guidelines are applicable to a diabetic population.

Gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus: perinatal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between gestational weight gain and perinatal outcome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of women with nonanomalous singleton pregnancies with GDM enrolled in the Sweet Success California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program between 2001 and 2004. Gestational weight gain, calculated from prepregnancy weight and weight at last prenatal Sweet Success visit, was subgrouped into below, within, and above the Institute of Medicine (IOM) weight-gain guidelines. Perinatal outcomes were examined using chi2 test and multivariable regression analysis with 15-35-lb weight gain as the reference group. RESULTS: There were 31,074 women meeting study criteria. Compared with women with gestational weight gain within the IOM guidelines, women who gained above the guidelines had higher odds of having large for gestational age neonates (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-1.93, number needed to harm 10), preterm delivery (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14-1.48, number needed to harm 32), and primary cesarean delivery (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.26-1.83, number needed to harm 10). Women who gained below the guidelines had higher odds of having small for gestational age neonates (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.90) and maintaining diet-controlled GDM (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.34-1.63) and lower odds of having large for gestational age neonates (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.52-0.67). CONCLUSION: Women diagnosed with GDM who had gestational weight gain above the IOM guidelines have higher risk of undesirable outcomes, including preterm delivery, having macrosomic neonates, and cesarean delivery. Women who gained below guidelines are more likely to remain on diet control but have small for gestational age neonates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Gestational weight loss and perinatal outcomes in overweight and obese women subsequent to diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether gestational weight loss (GWL) after the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in overweight and obese women is associated with improved perinatal outcomes. Obesity and GDM are risk factors for adverse perinatal outcomes, but few studies have investigated weight loss during pregnancy in women with these comorbidities. DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 26,205 overweight and obese gestational diabetic women enrolled in the California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program. Women with GWL during program enrollment were compared to those with weight gain. Perinatal outcomes were assessed using chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: About 5.2% of women experienced GWL. GWL was associated with decreased odds of macrosomia (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.52-0.77), NICU admission (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27-0.95), and cesarean delivery (aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.97). Odds of SGA status (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.32-2.17) and preterm delivery <34 weeks (aOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.23-2.37) were increased. CONCLUSIONS: In overweight and obese women with GDM, third trimester weight loss is associated with some improved maternal and neonatal outcomes, although this effect is lessened by increased odds of SGA status and preterm delivery. Further research on weight loss and interventions to improve adherence to weight guidelines in this population is recommended.

Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: glyburide compared to subcutaneous insulin therapy and associated perinatal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with glyburide compared to insulin injections. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) who required pharmaceutical therapy and were enrolled in the Sweet Success California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program between 2001 and 2004, a California state-wide program. Women managed with glyburide were compared to women treated with insulin injections. Perinatal outcomes were compared using chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression models; statistical significance was indicated by p < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Among the 10,682 women with GDM who required medical therapy and met study criteria, 2073 (19.4%) received glyburide and 8609 (80.6%) received subcutaneous insulin injections. Compared to insulin therapy and controlling for confounders, oral hypoglycemic treatment was associated with increased risk of birthweight >4000 g (aOR = 1.29; 95% CI [1.03-1.64]), and admission to the intensive care nursery (aOR = 1.46 [1.07-2.00]). CONCLUSION: Neonates born to women with gestational diabetes managed on glyburide, and were more likely to be macrosomic and to be admitted to the intensive care unit compared to those treated with insulin injections. These findings should be examined in a large, prospective trial.

Diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy.

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy is an opportunity for women at risk for complications during pregnancy and beyond to change their life course to improve outcomes for themselves and their offspring. Providers of diabetes care during pregnancy complicated by hyperglycemia in pregnancy have the unique opportunity to make a significant difference.

Perinatal outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus by race/ethnicity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if racial/ethnic differences exist in perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies with GDM cared for by the Sweet Success: California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program (CDAPP) between 2001 and 2004 at inpatient obstetric and neonatal services in California. There were a total of 26,411 women with gestational diabetes who were subgrouped by four races/ethnicities: Caucasian, African-American, Latina, and Asian. The chi-squared test was used to compare the dichotomous outcomes and p<0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to control for potential confounders. Perinatal outcomes, including severity of GDM, cesarean delivery (CD), birthweight, preterm birth, intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission were compared. RESULTS: Compared to Caucasians, African-Americans had higher odds of primary CD [aOR=1.29, 95% CI (1.05?1.59)] while lower odds were seen in Latinas [aOR=0.84, 95% CI (0.75-0.94)] and Asians [aOR=0.86, 95% CI (0.77-0.96)]. Asians had lower odds [aOR=0.58 (95% CI 0.48-0.70)] of birthweight >4000 g. African-Americans had highest odds of IUFD [aOR=5.93 95% CI (1.73-20.29)]. There were no differences in NICU admission. CONCLUSION: Perinatal outcomes in women diagnosed with GDM differ by racial/ethnic group. Such variation can be used to individually counsel women with GDM.