Probing the interaction of anti-HIV drug Darunavir with dsDNA and HSA using electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements.

Investigation of electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug provides important information related to the efficacy of the drug in relation with its interaction with several important biomolecules. In the present investigation we have developed an electrochemical and spectroscopic method for the detection of anti-HIV drug Darunavir (DRV) using the carbon paste as the working electrode. The analytical method has generated the detection limit of 1.86 µM (S/N = 3). The electrochemical investigations have also been carried out for the exploration of the interaction of DRV with double stranded deoxyribose nucleic acid DNA (dsDNA) and human serum albumin (HSA). Electrochemical investigations were supported from the spectroscopic measurements in evaluating the interaction. The results obtained from voltammetric and spectroscopic experiments shows strong interaction between the drug and the macromolecules. It has been observed that DRV forms strong complexes with HSA and dsDNA with the formation constants of 2.7 × 104 and 4.2 × 104 M-1 respectively. The formation constants are varied with the pH of the solution, which leads to the assertion of the mechanism of the interaction between DRV and dsDNA.

Electrochemical synthesis of carbon nano spheres and its application for detection of ciprofloxacin.

Carbon nano spheres (CNSs) were synthesized by single step electrochemical synthesis route in ultra-pure water as a medium of synthesis. Characterization of synthesized CNSs was carried out using atomic force microscope (AFM), particle size analyzer, zeta potential analyzer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements, from which the information about the morphology and functional groups present on the surface of the particles are obtained. The particle size of the CNSs was found to be 6 nm. FTIR spectrum shows the presence of functional groups such as -OH, C≡C, C = C and on the CNSs. Electrochemical and spectroscopic experiments were conducted to determine the interaction of the drug molecule ciprofloxacin (Cf) with CNSs, strong interaction between Cf and CNSs leads to the development of analytical method of detection of Cf using CNSs as the pre-concentrating agent. The detection of limit of the present method is obtained as 0.15 µM at (S/N) ratio of 3. CNSs can be considered as a potential candidate for the fabrication of sensor for high sensitive determination of Cf.

Interaction of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) on manganese dioxide: XPS and electrochemical investigations.

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) synthesized by solid-state reaction was characterized and sorption of As(III) and As(V) on it was studied in batch mode using 76As radiotracer. Arsenic removal efficiency was ∼98 % in the pH range of 3-9. Solvent extraction study indicated that >95% of arsenic is present as As(V) after sorption. A new electrochemical method was developed for explaining the arsenic-manganese interactions. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry measurements were carried out which indicated the difference in the interaction of As(III) and As(V) with MnO2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out in which the 3p3/2 binding energy peak of As(III) and As(V) standards was compared with the binding energy peaks observed for arsenic sorbed on manganese dioxide. The binding energy peaks of arsenic on MnO2 were matching with that of As(V), irrespective of the oxidation state of arsenic taken for sorption. The study confirmed that irrespective of the initial oxidation state, arsenic was sorbed on MnO2 as As(V); during the oxidation of As(III) by MnO2, manganese was reduced to Mn(II) and the Mn(II) formed during sorption was sorbed on the surface creating fresh surface promoting further sorption. Based on the observations, a mechanism of sorption has been proposed.

Probing the interaction of ciprofloxacin and E. coli by electrochemistry, spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.

Under the present investigation, effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on Escherichia coli has been investigated using electrochemical, spectroscopic and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. Investigation reveals the interaction pattern of CIP with E. coli. The CIP essentially interacts with the outer membrane protein F (OmpF), the formation constant of the complex forms between CIP and the OmpF active sites over E. coli is obtained as log Kf of 12.1. Spectroscopic measurements are carried out, which supports the electrochemical measurements on the interaction between CIP and E. coli, at a higher concentration, CIP induces lysis of the E. coli cell membrane. Spectroscopic investigations further reveals that the FeS containing proteins present inside the E. coli cells released out through the ruptured cell membrane of E. coli. Different degrees of detrimental effects on E. coli has been observed when exposed to different concentrations of the drugs. The microscopic images obtained from the AFM scans of E. coli in presence of CIP shows deformation of the E. coli cell wall and its rupture with increasing concentrations of CIP.

Spectro-electrochemistry of ciprofloxacin and probing its interaction with bovine serum albumin.

In the present investigation the electrochemical behaviour of the drug, Ciprofloxacin (Cf) and its interaction with the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is reported. UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Spectro-electrochemical measurements were carried out to quantify the charge transfer process in Cf. Analysis of the results obtained from cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements indicated the electrochemical oxidation of Cf followed mixed adsorption and diffusion control process. The spectro-electrochemical investigations were carried out and the modification of the spectral peaks were monitored to obtain the mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation process of Cf. Interaction of Cf with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) were investigated using electrochemical, spectroscopic and spectro-electrochemical experiments. Important electro-kinetic parameters like; the electron transfer property, binding constant and diffusivity of the Cf/BSA complex were investigated. Electrochemistry with an ultra-microelectrode was utilised to investigate the diffusivity of the drug and its complex with BSA, which supports the strong binding of Cf with BSA.