Deep Sedation with Intravenous Anesthesia Is Associated with Outcome in Patients Undergoing Cryoablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.

Whether deep sedation with intravenous anesthesia will affect the recurrence after cryoballoon ablation (CBA) of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is yet to be examined. Thus, in this study, we hypothesize that there is difference in terms of the recurrence between local anesthesia and deep sedation with intravenous anesthesia after an index ablation procedure.In total, 109 patients were enrolled and received CBA, of which 68 (58.2 years) patients underwent pulmonary vein (PV) isolation with a local anesthesia (group 1) and 41 patients (63.2 years) underwent PV isolation with deep sedation using intravenous anesthesia (group 2).During the index procedure, isolation of all major PVs was achieved in 66 patients in group 1 and in 41 patients in group 2. There was no difference in non-PV triggers between the two groups. The periprocedural complication was found to be similar between the two groups (2.9% in group 1 and 4.9% in group 2). Further, 17 patients in group 1 and 4 patients in group 2 experienced recurrences after a follow-up of 19.3 months (P = 0.019). Repeat procedures revealed similar PV reconnection rates between the two groups. It has also been noted that the number of reconnected PV and incidence of atypical flutter seem to increase in group 1.Deep sedation with intravenous anesthesia during CBA for paroxysmal AF is safe and had a better long-term outcome than those with local anesthesia.

Effective prediction of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy using a novel program of gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography.

AIMS: The limitation of QRS duration as a surrogate measure for left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) patient selection encourages seeking alternatives to QRS duration. Exploring the potential of an analysis program of electrocardiographically gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (GMPS) for the estimation of LVMD to predict CRT response. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-four patients undergoing CRT for advanced heart failure caused by non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy were studied. Gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomographies were performed in the setting of temporary CRT suspension after 1 week of CRT adoption. The GMPS data were computed with a novel program capable of segmental LV time-volume analysis. When a brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) value decreased >50% at 6-month follow-up, the patient was defined as a CRT responder. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for identification of responders were analysed for standard deviation of time to end systole (TES-SD) among 17 LV segments. Linear regression analyses demonstrated that an increase in percentage reduction in BNP level at 6-month follow-up was predicted by an increase in TES-SD (R(2) = 0.21, P = 0.023). The TES-SD in responders (n = 15, 62.5%) was higher than that in non-responders (100 ± 51 vs. 41 ± 17 ms, P = 0.0008). A cutoff value of TES-SD >49 ms predicted responders with 100% sensitivity and 78.8% specificity and the area under the ROC curve was 0.881 for TES-SD (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The estimation of LVMD using this novel GMPS program could be an alternative or a complementary approach to QRS duration in CRT patient selection. This finding warrants further assessment of our approach in larger studies.

Impact of pacing and high-pass filter settings on ventricular bipolar electrograms in implantable cardioverter defibrillator systems. - Implication of predictors for inappropriate therapy caused by oversensing of repolarization electrograms-.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of T wave oversensing with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) systems remains to be clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirteen consecutive patients who underwent ICD implantations were included. The depolarization (R) and repolarization (T) of bipolar electrograms during baseline, AAI and DDD modes, and an isoproterenol (ISO) infusion were evaluated. The R wave amplitude during DDD was significantly lower as compared to that during the other conditions in all high-pass filter settings. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the T wave amplitude during the DDD as compared to the other conditions. With the DDD, there was a significantly higher incidence of a T/R ratio of greater than 0.25 as compared to that with the other conditions. T wave amplitude in Brugada syndrome was significantly higher than that in non-Brugada syndrome. The existence of Brugada syndrome and T/R ratio during the AAI with a high-pass filter setting of 10/20 Hz was an excellent predictor of T wave oversensing in the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: DDD had a significant impact on the R wave amplitude reduction and the T/R ratio during AAI can be predictors of T wave oversensing. These findings have important implications for inappropriate shocks due to T wave oversensing.

Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders (Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism) as Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation.

Risk factors including cardiometabolic and endocrine disorders have a significant impact on atrial remodeling causing atrial fibrillation (AF). Diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism are strong independent risk factors for AF and worsen outcomes of rhythm control strategies. An early diagnosis and intervention for these risk factors combined with rhythm control strategies may improve the overall cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the AF risk factors diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease, and discusses the impact of the modification of these risk factors on primary and secondary prevention of AF.

The novel electrophysiology of complex fractionated atrial electrograms: insight from noncontact unipolar electrograms.

BACKGROUND: The noncontact mapping (NCM) system possesses the merit of global endocardial recording for unipolar and activation mapping. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the unipolar electrogram characteristics and activation pattern over the bipolar complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) sites during atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Twenty patients (age 55 +/- 11 years old, 15 males) who underwent NCM and ablation of AF (paroxysmal/persistent = 13/7) were included. Both contact bipolar (32-300 Hz) and NCM virtual unipolar electrograms (0.5-300 Hz) were simultaneously recorded along with the activation pattern (total 223 sites, 11 +/- 4 sites/patient). A CFAE was defined as a mean bipolar cycle length of

Electrophysiologic characteristics and catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia with more than one focus.

BACKGROUND: Information about the electrophysiologic characteristics and long-term outcome of catheter ablation in patients with multiple focal atrial tachycardia (AT) is limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrophysiologic characteristics and long-term outcome of catheter ablation in patients with multiple focal AT. METHODS: Two hundred fifty-one patients who were referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation of focal AT were included for analysis. RESULTS: Forty-four patients who had focal AT with more than one focus were identified. Comparing focal AT with a single focus to that with more than one focus, the existence of a left atrial focus, cardiovascular comorbidity, nonparoxysmal tachycardia, shortest tachycardia cycle length, success rate of the ablation, and procedure time all differed. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that a left atrial focus, cardiovascular comorbidity, and shortest tachycardia cycle length were independent predictors of focal AT with more than one focus. Noncontact mapping of the right atrium revealed larger low-voltage zone and longer total activation time for focal AT with more than one focus. Patients who had focal AT with more than one focus and a failed ablation had a greater number of focal ATs and mechanisms of nonparoxysmal tachycardia. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that only the number of focal ATs predicted a failed ablation. CONCLUSION: Focal ATs with more than one focus have different electrophysiologic characteristics. This study provides new insight into the development and atrial remodeling of focal AT with multiple foci.

Gender differences of electrophysiological characteristics in focal atrial tachycardia.

Gender differences of supraventricular tachycardias such as atrioventricular nodal re-entry, atrioventricular re-entry, and atrial fibrillation have been reported. There is little evidence of the effect of gender on focal atrial tachycardia (FAT). The study consisted of 298 patients who were referred to this institution for radiofrequency catheter ablation of FAT from October 1992 to April 2008 and included 156 men (52%) and 142 women (48%). Men were significantly older than women (57.9 +/- 18.2 vs 47.2 +/- 19.0 years old, p <0.001). Women had more associated arrhythmias (17.0% vs 28.9%, p = 0.01), mostly due to an increased incidence of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia. Men had more cardiovascular co-morbidities (19.9% vs 9.9%, p = 0.02), a mechanism of increased automaticity (19.1% vs 8.1%, p = 0.01), and nonparoxysmal tachycardia (14.7% vs 4.4%, p = 0.01). No gender differences were noted among FAT number, left atrial involvement, shortest tachycardia cycle, success rate of catheter ablation, or recurrence rate of FAT. Mean duration of follow-up was 63.2 +/- 47.5 months. Premenopausal women had a lesser cardiovascular co-morbidity (15.3% vs 4.3%, p = 0.04) and a greater incidence of a mechanism of increased automaticity (13.4% vs 2.9%, p = 0.03). In conclusion, gender differences in electrophysiologic characteristics were noted in FAT.

Role of the right atrial substrate in different types of atrial arrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: The regional distribution of the low-voltage zones (LVZs) may relate to the maintenance of atrial arrhythmias in the right atrium (RA). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the RA substrate characteristics in different types of atrial arrhythmias originating from RA and left atrium (LA). METHODS: Forty-five patients (35 men, age = 62 +/- 15 years) with RA atypical atrial flutter (n = 15, group 1), RA atrial fibrillation (AF; n = 15, no PV initiating foci, group 2), and LA AF (n = 1 5, no RA arrhythmias, group 3) referred for three-dimensional EnSite mapping were included. Voltage and activation maps were visualized. RESULTS: The mean voltage of the RA was lower in group 2, and compared with group 3, a voltage reduction during atrial pacing was evident in groups 1 and 2. The fixed LVZs (independent of the rhythm) were mostly located along the lower crista terminalis (CT). A functional extension of the LVZ was located on the CT in 84% of patients, sinus venosa in 18%, and free-wall region in 27%, forming the borders of the slow conduction isthmus for the reentrant circuits. The number of slow conduction isthmuses was 1.3 +/- 0.9, 2.2 +/- 1.0, and 0.87 +/- 0.74, for the groups 1-3 patients, respectively (P <.05). Radiofrequency ablation connecting the LVZs successfully eliminated those isthmuses. The long-term follow-up revealed that 66% of the patients remained in sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Single and multiple slow conduction isthmuses bordered by the fixed and functional LVZs were critical for the reentrant circuits in the RA. The conduction isthmuses could be identified by their substrate characteristics and ablated successfully.