ABCB1 Polymorphisms and Cold Pressor Pain Responses: Opioid-Dependent Patients on Methadone Maintenance Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Methadone is a substrate of the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter, which is encoded by ABCB1 (MDR1), and thus, ABCB1 polymorphisms may influence the transport of methadone at the blood-brain barrier, affecting its adverse effects. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the association between ABCB1 polymorphisms and cold pressor pain responses among opioid-dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). METHODS: Malay male opioid-dependent patients receiving MMT (n = 148) were recruited. Cold pressor pain responses (pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain intensity) were measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post-methadone dose. DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyped for ABCB1 polymorphisms including 1236C>T (rs1128503), 2677G>T/A (rs2032582), and 3435C>T (rs1045642) using the allelic discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction. Repeated-measure analysis of variance between-group analysis was used to compare the three cold pressor pain responses and ABCB1 polymorphisms (1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, and 3435C>T) according to genotypes and allelic additive models, genotype dominant and recessive models, haplotypes, and diplotypes. RESULTS: Patients with 2677 GG or 2677G allele had the lowest pain threshold compared with 2677G>T/A genotypes or alleles (p = .007 and .002, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed a significant association between ABCB1 haplotypes and pain threshold (p = .02). Patients with 2677G allele had the lowest pain tolerance compared to those with 2677T and 2677A alleles (2677G < 2677T < 2677A allele carriers; p = .05). In terms of pain intensity scores, patients with 2677 GG or 2677G allele had the highest scores compared to other 2677G>T/A genotypes or alleles (p = .04 and .008, respectively). Haplotype analysis revealed a significant difference between patients with CGC haplotype and those without this haplotype (p = .02). DISCUSSION: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that ABCB1 polymorphisms are associated with cold pressor pain responses among Malay male patients with opioid dependence on MMT. The results may provide an initial prediction on heightened pain sensitivity or hyperalgesia for individuals who are carriers of the ABCB1 polymorphisms.

Relationship Between ABCB1 Polymorphisms and Cold Pain Sensitivity Among Healthy Opioid-naive Malay Males.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous and exogenous opioids are substrates of the permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, which is encoded by the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene. Genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 may contribute to interindividual differences in pain modulation and analgesic responses. We investigated the relationship between ABCB1 polymorphisms and cold pain sensitivity among healthy males. METHODS: Cold pain responses, including pain threshold and pain tolerance, were measured using the cold-pressor test (CPT). DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyped for ABCB1 polymorphisms, including c.1236C>T (rs1128503), c.2677G>T/A (rs2032582), and c.3435C>T (rs1045642), using the allelic discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 152 participants were recruited in this observational study. Frequencies of mutated allele for c.1236C>T, c.2677G>T/A, and c.3435C>T polymorphisms were 56.6%, 49.7%, and 43.4%, respectively. Our results revealed an association of the CGC/CGC diplotype (c.1236C>T, c.2677G>T/A, and c.3435C>T) with cold pain sensitivity. Participants with the CGC/CGC diplotype had 90% and 72% higher cold pain thresholds (87.62 seconds vs. 46.19 seconds, P = 0.010) and cold pain tolerances (97.24 seconds vs. 56.54 seconds, P = 0.021), respectively, when compared with those without the diplotype. CONCLUSION: The CGC/CGC diplotype of ABCB1 polymorphisms was associated with variability in cold pain threshold and pain tolerance in healthy males.

Comparison of Pain Tolerance between Opioid Dependent Patients on Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) and Opioid Naive Individuals.

PURPOSE: This study compared pain sensitivity among opioid dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and opioid naive subjects. METHODS: The three hundred participants comprised 152 opioid naive subjects and 148 opioid dependent patients. Opioid naive subjects had not taken any opioids including morphine and methadone to their best knowledge and were presumed so after two consecutive negative urine screenings for drugs. All opioid dependent patients were stabilized in treatment, defined as having been enrolled in the program for more than one month with no change of methadone dosage over the past one month. Excluded from the study were individuals with chronic or ongoing acute pain and individuals with a history of analgesics ingestion within 3 d before the cold pressor test (CPT). Pain tolerance to CPT was evaluated at 0 h, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post-methadone dose. RESULTS: Patients exhibited a significantly shorter mean pain tolerance time of 34.17 s (95% CI 24.86, 43.49) versus 61.36 (52.23, 70.48) [p < 0.001] compared with opioid naive subjects. Time-dependent mean pain tolerance was also significantly different when naive subjects were compared to patients (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed hyperalgesia amongst patients on MMT, as manifested by their quicker hand withdrawal. The complaints of pain in this population should not be underestimated and the pain should be evaluated seriously and managed aggressively.

Relationship between ABCB1 polymorphisms and serum methadone concentration in patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).

BACKGROUND: Methadone is a substrate of the permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, which is encoded by the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene. Large interindividual variability in serum methadone levels for therapeutic response has been reported. Genetic variations in ABCB1 gene may be responsible for the variability in observed methadone concentrations. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the associations of ABCB1 polymorphisms and serum methadone concentration over the 24-hour dosing interval in opioid-dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). METHODS: One hundred and forty-eight male opioid-dependent patients receiving MMT were recruited. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from whole blood and genotyped for ABCB1 polymorphisms [i.e. 1236C>T (dbSNP rs1128503), 2677G>T/A (dbSNP rs2032582), and 3435C>T (dbSNP rs1045642)] using the allelic discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after the dose. Serum methadone concentrations were measured using the Methadone ELISA Kit. RESULTS: Our results revealed an association of CGC/TTT diplotype (1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, and 3435C>T) with dose-adjusted serum methadone concentration over the 24-hour dosing interval. Patients with CGC/TTT diplotype had 32.9% higher dose-adjusted serum methadone concentration over the 24-hour dosing interval when compared with those without the diplotype [mean (SD) = 8.12 (0.84) and 6.11 (0.41) ng ml-1 mg-1, respectively; p = 0.033]. CONCLUSION: There was an association between the CGC/TTT diplotype of ABCB1 polymorphisms and serum methadone concentration over the 24-hour dosing interval among patients on MMT. Genotyping of ABCB1 among opioid-dependent patients on MMT may help individualize and optimize methadone substitution treatment.

High allele frequency of CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) in a Negrito's subtribe population in Malaysia; Aboriginal people of Jahai.

BACKGROUND: CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms modulate inter-individual variations in the human body's responses to various endogenous and exogenous drug substrates. To date, little is known about the CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms among the aboriginal populations of the world, including those in Malaysia. AIM: To characterise and compare the CYP2C9 polymorphisms (CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C9*4 and CYP2C9*5) between one of Malaysia's aboriginal populations, Jahai, with the national major ethnic, Malay. To also compare the allele frequencies from these two populations with available data of other aboriginal populations around the world. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The extracted DNA of 155 Jahais and 183 Malays was genotyped for CYP2C9 polymorphisms using a nested multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction technique. The results were confirmed by DNA direct sequencing. RESULTS: Genotyping results revealed that CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*4 and CYP2C9*5 were absent in Jahais, while only the latter two were absent in Malays. The CYP2C9*3 allelic frequency in Jahais was 36.2%, making them the most frequent carriers of the allele thus far reported in any ethnic group from Southeast Asia. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of CYP2C9*3 and the absence of CYP2C9*2 in Jahais suggest that genetic drift may be occurring in this ethnic group. This is the first study to determine the CYP2C9 polymorphisms in an aboriginal population in Malaysia.

Report: Demographic profiles and sleep quality among patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in Malaysia.

Poor sleep quality was frequently reported by opioid dependence patients during methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). The study investigated a sample of patients on MMT to investigate the severity and prevalence of sleep problems in MMT patients. We evaluated sleep quality and disturbances of 119 Malay male patients from MMT clinics in Kelantan, Malaysia between March and July 2013 using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)-Malay version. Patients' demographic, clinical data, past drug history and methadone treatment variables were recorded. Patients averaged 37.5 years of age (SD 6.79) and their mean age of first time illicit drug use was 19.3 years (SD 4.48). Their mean age of entering MMT was 34.7 years (SD 6.92) and the mean duration in MMT was 2.8 years (SD 2.13). The mean current daily dosage of methadone was 77.8 mg (SD 39.47) and ranged from 20 to 360 mg. The mean global PSQI score was 5.6 (SD 2.79) and 43.7% patients were identified as 'poor sleepers' (global PSQI scores >5). This study confirms the poor overall sleep quality among patients on MMT. The prevalence and severity of sleep problems in MMT patients should not be underestimated.

Facile, regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of spiro-pyrrolidine and pyrrolizine derivatives and evaluation of their antiproliferative activities.

A number of novel spiro-pyrrolidines/pyrrolizines derivatives were synthesized through [3+2]-cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with 3,5-bis[(E)-arylmethylidene]tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyridinones 2a-n. Azomethine ylides were generated in situ from the reaction of 1H-indole-2,3-dione (isatin, 3) with N-methylglycine (sarcosine), phenylglycine, or proline. All compounds (50 µM) were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231), leukemia lymphoblastic (CCRF-CEM), and ovarian carcinoma (SK-OV-3) cells. N-α-Phenyl substituted spiro-pyrrolidine derivatives (5a-n) showed higher antiproliferative activity in MDA-MB-231 than other cancer cell lines. Among spiro-pyrrolizines 6a-n, a number of derivatives including 6a-c and 6i-m showed a comparable activity with doxorubicin in all three cell lines. Among all compounds in three classes, 6a, 6b, and 6m, were found to be the most potent derivatives showing 64%, 87%, and 74% antiproliferative activity in MDA-MB-231, SK-OV-3, and CCRF-CEM cells, respectively. Compound 6b showed an IC50 value of 3.6 mM in CCRF-CEM cells. These data suggest the potential antiproliferative activity of spiro-pyrrolidines/pyrrolizines.

A facile three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalised dispiropyrrolidines acting as antimycobacterial agents.

A series of fourteen dispiropyrrolidines were synthesized using [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions and were screened for their antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv in HTS (High Throughput Screen). Most of the compounds showed moderate to good activity with MIC of less than 20 µM. Compound 4'-(4-bromophenyl)-1'-methyldispiro[acenaphthylene-1,2'-pyrrolidine-3',2″-indane]-2,1″(1H)-dione (4c) was found to be the most active with MIC of 12.50 µM.

A regio- and stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of new-fangled dispiropyrrolothiazoles as antimycobacterial agents.

A series of dispiropyrrolothiazoles compounds were synthesized using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and were screened for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv and INH resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Two of them were showing good activity with MIC of less than 1 µM. Compound (5f) was found to be the most active with MIC of 0.210 and 8.312 µM respectively.

AChE inhibitor: a regio- and stereo-selective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of novel substituted 5,6-dimethoxy spiro[5.3']-oxindole-spiro-[6.3″]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1″-one-7-(substituted aryl)-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazole.

Pyrrolothiazolyloxindole analogues share vital pharmacological properties, considered useful in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was synthesis and evaluate pyralothiazolyloxindole analogues if possess acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. The easily accessible one-pot synthesis of these compounds resulted to be significantly less difficult and expensive than that of donepezil. Several compounds possess anti-cholinesterase activity in the order of micro and sub-micromolar. Particularly, compound was the most potent inhibitors of the series against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme with IC(50) 0.11µmol/L.

Antimycobacterial activity: a facile three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalised dispiropyrrolidines.

A series of twelve dispiropyrrolidines were synthesized using [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H(37)Rv and INH resistant M. tuberculosis strains using agar dilution method, four of them showed good activity with MIC of less than 1 µM. Compound 4'-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-1'-methyldispiro[indan-2,2' pyrrolidine-3',2″-indan]-1,3,1″-trione (4b) was found to be the most active with MIC of 0.1215 and 5.121 µM, respectively.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 6, 7-dimethoxy-3-(4-pyridyl)-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-2-yl-4-substituted phenylmethanone/ethanone derivatives.

A series of 6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-pyridyl)-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-2-yl-4-substituted phenylmethanone/ethanone derivatives were synthesized and in vitro activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and INHR-MTB were carried out. Among the synthesized compounds, compound (4h) 6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-pyridyl)-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-2-yl-4-pyridyl methanone was found to be the most active agent against MTB and INHR-MTB with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.22 µM.

Synthesis and discovery of novel hexacyclic cage compounds as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase.

Hexacyclic derivatives share vital pharmacological properties, considered useful in Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was synthesis and its evaluation for acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity of novel hexacyclic analogues. Compound 4f, showed potent inhibitory activity against acetyl cholinesterase enzyme with IC(50) 0.72 µmol/L.

Antimycobacterial activity: synthesis of novel 3-(substituted phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-3a,4-dihydro-3H-indeno[1,2-c]isoxazole analogues.

In this study, a series of novel 3-(substituted phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-3a,4-dihydro-3H-indeno[1,2-c]isoxazole analogues were synthesized and evaluated for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H(37)Rv and isoniazid resistant M. tuberculosis (INHR-MTB). All the newly synthesized compounds were showing moderate to high inhibitory activities. The compound 6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-chloro phenyl)-4H-indeno[1,2-c]isoxazole (4b) was found to be the most promising compound, active against MTB H(37)Rv and INHR-MTB with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.22 and 0.34 µM.

Discovery of novel methanone derivatives acting as antimycobacterial agents.

A series of pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was carried out. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds (4d) and (4f) 4-aminophenyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-2-ylmethanone and 4-aminophenyl-6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-2-ylmethanone were found to be the most active agent against M. tuberculosis H37Rv with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 µg/mL.

Ethyl 1-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)eth-yl]-2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phen-yl]-1H-1,3-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl-ate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(26)H(32)N(4)O(4), consists of two independent mol-ecules. In both mol-ecules, the eth-oxy groups are each disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.695 (4):0.305 (4) and 0.877 (2):0.123 (2). The dihedral angles between the benzimidazole ring system and the adjacent benzene ring in the two mol-ecules are 41.41 (5) and 31.46 (5)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N inter-actions.

(E)-2-(4-Bromo-benzyl-idene)indan-1-one.

In the title compound, C(16)H(11)BrO, the dihydro-indene ring system is approximately planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.008 (2) Å. The mean plane of this ring system forms a dihedral angle of 3.73 (11)°, with the bromo-substituted benzene ring. In the crystal, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into sheets parallel to the ab plane and further stabilization is provided by weak C-H⋯π inter-actions involving the bromo-substituted benzene rings.

4'-[5-(4-Fluoro-phen-yl)pyridin-3-yl]-1'-methyl-dispiro-[indan-2,2'-pyrrolidine-3',2''-indan]-1,3,1''-trione.

In the title compound, C(32)H(23)FN(2)O(3), the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation. The monoketo- and diketo-substituted five-membered rings are in envelope and half-chair conformations, respectively. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by an intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via inter-molecular C-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. The crystal structure is further consolidated by C-H⋯π inter-actions.

2-[(E)-4-(Dimethyl-amino)-benzyl-idene]indan-1-one.

In the title compound, C(18)H(17)NO, the dihydro-indene ring system is approximately planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.041 (2) Å. This ring system is almost coplanar with the benzene ring, making a dihedral angle of 5.22 (9)°. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains along the b axis.

(E)-2-[4-(Trifluoro-meth-oxy)benzyl-idene]indan-1-one.

In the title compound, C(17)H(11)F(3)O(2), the dihydro-indene ring is approximately planar with a maximum deviation of 0.024 (2) Šand makes a dihedral angle of 3.17 (8) Šwith the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are inter-connected by C-H⋯O inter-actions, forming an infinite chain along the c axis.