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Background: The prevalence and usefulness of MetS in determining CVD risk in at-risk populations are influenced by its definition. In a cohort of HIV-positive Nigerians, we evaluated MetS based on various defining criteria, their agreement with one another, and their association to a CVD endpoint, Carotid-Intimal-Media-Thickness (CIMT). Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 145 HIV-positive individuals who were enrolled in HIV clinics at the Faith Alive Foundation and Jos University Teaching Hospital in Jos, Nigeria, were randomly chosen. Biophysical and anthropometric measurements including blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, and hip-circumference, as well as clinical records, CIMT, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile, were assessed. Result: The median (Interquartile range) age of the participants was 41 (35-88) years, and the majority (71.7%) were females. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) by the Adult Treatment Panel-III (ATP), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria were 30.3%, 32.4%, and 35.2% respectively. MetS by all criteria was more prevalent among females and participants ≥ 40 years, p<0.05. Low HDLc (93.6-95.5%), Central obesity (86.3-95.5%), and hypertension (80.9-86.4%) were the most frequent components of MetS. HIV-related parameters were not associated with MetS. The overall agreement among MetS criteria was almost perfect between IDF and JIS criteria (k=0.94); and strong between IDF vs., ATP (k=0.82) and ATP vs. JIS (k=0.89). There was no significant difference in the median CIMT in PLHIV with and without MetS across all defining criteria. Conclusion: The prevalence of MetS in PLHIV is relatively high, particularly among females and older individuals. The correlations between the defining criteria were fairly strong and consistent across subpopulations of PLHIV. MetS based on these criteria, however, do not significantly correlate with rising CIMT.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is evolving into a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the burden of HIV remains high. Atherosclerosis underlie progression to CVD. We therefore examined the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and its association with traditional and non-traditional risk factors for CVD in Nigerian HIV-infected adults. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study involving randomly selected stable HIV-infected patients with undetectable viral load attending HIV clinics at the Jos University Teaching Hospital and Faith Alive Foundation in Jos, Nigeria. Demographic data, biophysical measurements, cardiovascular risk factors and information regarding HIV-related factors, fasting serum lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and Carotid-Intima-Media-Thickness (CIMT) were assessed. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined using a cut-off value of mean CIMT ≥ 0.78 mm. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences® (SPSS) software version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the association between risk factors of CVD and subclinical atherosclerosis. The statistical significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: a total of 148 HIV adults (70.9% being females) on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) were included in this study. The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 7.4%. Among subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA), 63.6% were males and 81.8% were hypertensive. Elevated blood glucose, lipids and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), HIV-related parameters (duration of HIV infection, antiretroviral regimen, CD4+ cell count), current smoking status, alcohol use, were not significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis (p>0.05). Male gender [OR(95%CI=4.91(1.36-17.77)], age [OR(95%CI)=1.14(1.06-1.23)], hypertension [OR(95%CI=14.4(3.03-71.86)] and metabolic syndrome [OR(95%CI=8.34(1.73-40.18)] were significantly associated with SCA at bivariate analysis. After adjusting for age, sex and antiretroviral regimen, only increasing age [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) (95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.12(1.01-1.25)] and hypertension [AOR (95%CI)=10.67 (1.31-87.18)], remained as independent predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA). CONCLUSION: the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis among HIV-infected adults is high in Nigeria. It is significantly associated with increasing age and hypertension. Traditional CVD risk factors such as dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus and obesity were not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in this population.