Medical students' dietary habits: Motivations and barriers to reaching health goals.

Introduction: It has been well reported that medical students do not follow healthy diets overall. Effectively guiding patients to change their health behavior is a crucial skill for primary care providers and family physicians. Our objective was to investigate medical students' dietary decision-making, including the motivations and barriers that influence their dietary choices. Methods: A self-administered online questionnaire was conducted among preclinical students at one allopathic medical school in the United States. The survey was comprised of questions about students' dietary goals, habits, and the barriers they face in reaching their nutritional ideals. Trends in the percentage of students who selected each survey answer choice were interpreted. Results: Of the 363 preclinical students provided with the optional survey, 71 (19.6%) chose to participate. The participants' dietary decisions were predominately driven by convenience. Most students wanted to eat nutritiously to support their well-being but had been eating less healthily since starting medical school due to financial limitations and limited time. Approximately half (46.5%, 33/71) of the participants stated that they would buy the in-house food provided at the medical school campus more often if it better matched their dietary goals, but 36.6% (26/71) would only do so if the new foods were affordable compared to competitor's prices. Conclusion: There is an opportunity to help medical students meet their dietary goals, which are negatively impacted by personal and structural academic barriers. Further research is needed on the obstacles that institutions face in offering healthy, affordable options to medical students.

Changes in Mental Health among Japanese University Students during the COVID-19 Era: Differences by College Department, Graduate Level, Sex, and Academic Year.

This study compared the effects of academic year, college department, and undergraduate or graduate status on Japanese students' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2021-2023, an online survey was conducted using the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Systems-Japanese (CCAPS-Japanese) to evaluate students' mental health; 9395 undergraduate students (4623 female, 4772 male) and 1169 graduate students (380 female, 789 male) responded. Undergraduate students in medicine had lower levels of depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety than those in other departments. Engineering students exhibited the highest level of academic distress. First-year students had the highest levels of generalized and social anxiety but the lowest level of academic distress. Second-year students had the lowest level of depression, and third-year students had the highest level of academic distress. Among graduate students, first-year students had higher levels of depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, academic distress, and hostility than second-year students. Undergraduates had poorer mental health than graduate students. Females had higher levels of eating concerns than males among undergraduate students. This study revealed that the mental health of university students was affected by various factors. These findings demonstrate the characteristics of university students requiring early support.

Association between asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection, anaemia and mean corpuscular volume of school children in the Volta Region of Ghana.

Background: Although, several studies have reported abnormal Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) values and anaemia associated with malaria infections with a focus on Plasmodium falciparum among patients with complicated and uncomplicated malaria, none has looked at the association with asymptomatic malaria. This study aimed to assess this association. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using 3 mL of blood samples from 549 children aged 5-17 years attending 5 schools selected in the Volta Region. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to the children to obtain demographic data. Blood samples were collected to estimate the children's full blood count (FBC) and malaria status. Data obtained were analysed using STATA 15 software. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Most of the children in this study (49.9%) had normal MCV (81.3-91.3 fL) with an overall malaria prevalence of 55.6 % (95% CI: 51.3-59.8) and anaemia prevalence of 48.6% (95% CI 44.4-52.9). Most anaemic children had normal MCV (81.3-91.3 fL) (49.8, 95% CI 43.7-56.0). The predicted probability of malaria was highly likely among children with normal MCV (81.3-91.3 fL) but with high variability and uncertainty among those with low MCV (<81.3 fL) and high MCV (>91.3 fL). Conclusion: This study shows a reduced predicted probability of malaria among children with low and high MCV, playing a protective function against malaria. Further studies are required to elucidate the interaction.

Risk Factors for Death among Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients due to COVID-19 in a Triple International Border Municipality.

Introduction: The severity of COVID-19 in the general population ranges from minimally symptomatic disease to critical illness, which may require hospitalization and progress to death. Methods: A retrospective cohort study carried out with all positive cases of COVID-19 reported in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (PR) between the period from March 2020 to December 2021. Data were collected from Bank Notifies COVID-19 is the name of the information system that provides notifications by professionals of suspected and confirmed cases of the disease. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and calculation of relative risk. Results: 24,647 confirmed cases were identified in the study; among these, 22,211 (90.1%) were not hospitalized and 2436 (9.9%) were hospitalized. Among the 2436 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 947 (38.9%) died and 1489 (61.1%) recovered. Among the 22,211 outpatients, 93 (0.4%) died and 22,118 (99.6%) recovered. An association between death and the following characteristics was identified among the cases that were hospitalized: male gender, all age groups over 40 years, indigenous race/color, hospital staylength of more than 10 days,hospitalization in a Unified Health System (SUS) bed and in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). According to the clinical characteristics of symptoms and comorbidities, the following prevailed:ities dyspnea, intercostal retraction, cyanosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, smoking, lung disease, kidneydisease, neurological disease, neoplasia, and immunodeficiency. Among the cases that were not hospitalized, death was associated with: malegender, all age groups over 50 years, dyspnea, cyanosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neurological disease, neoplasia, and liver disease. Conclusions: Older adults, male, and Caucasian people are commonly affected by COVID-19 and can evolve with aggravation when they have modifiable risk factors such as obesity and smoking, as well as nonmodifiable risk factors such as: cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, renal, hypertension, diabetes, and immunosuppression.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Prevention of Intestinal Helminth Infection among Residents of the Ho Municipality in the Volta Region of Ghana.

Background: This study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and practices of residents in the Ho municipality towards intestinal helminth infections and their prevention. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving questionnaire administration was conducted among randomly sampled residents of the Ho municipality of the Volta Region of Ghana. A minimum sample size of 400 was calculated for subjects using Yamane's formula for population. Pearson's chi-square analysis was done to determine any relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the categories of knowledge, attitude, and practices. Results from data analysis were computed as frequencies and percentages. P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 400 participants, 343 (85.7%) were aware of intestinal helminths, but the majority had poor knowledge of its cause despite 50.5% (202) having good knowledge scores. Most participants (331, 82.8%) had a bad attitude toward preventing the disease. Most (335, 83.8%) of the community members still adhered to the poor practice of open defecation with the excuse of unavailable latrines, and some (143, 35.8%) believe that intestinal helminths are nothing to worry about. Conclusion: Health education should address the perceptions towards preventing intestinal helminthiasis and be complemented by making available public lavatories in the municipality to curb the unacceptable practice of open defecation.

Virus del Ébola: reflexiones sobre la reciente epidemia / Ebola virus: reflections on the recent epidemic

En resumen, con el antecedente de la reciente epidemia por el virus del Ébola, las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias deberán mantenerse con ojos vigilantes, no sólo en los puestos de entrada al país, sino también en las salas de emergencias de todos los hospitales y las unidades de servicios de salud (públicas y privadas). De igual manera, se deben establecer protocolos de diagnostico oportuno, transferencia de pacientes, aislamiento y tratamiento de sostén intensivo; así como es fundamental capacitar suficiente personal sanitario para hacer frente a este tipo de procesos infecciosos. Para ello se deben equipar unidades especiales en las principales ciudades del país. Los ciudadanos, a su vez, en situaciones de este tipo, deben mantener la calma y ser constantemente informados a través de canales oficiales, incluso a fin de reportar cualquier caso sospechoso de manera inmediata. Estas recomendaciones tienen sentido, no solamente por enfermedades que pueden llegar importadas desde el extranjero, sino también ante la eventualidad de brotes que podrían aparecer en el país causados por otros microorganismos.

In summary, with the antecedent of the recent virus epidemic of Ebola, government and health authorities should remain vigilant, not only at the entry points to the country, but also in the emergency rooms of all hospitals and health service units (public and private). Similarly, protocols must be established for timely diagnosis, patient transfer, isolation and intensive support treatment; A) Yes how is it essential to train Sufficient health personnel to deal with this type of infectious processes. For this they must equip special units in Main cities of the country. The citizens, in turn, in situations of this type, they must keep the calm down and be constantly informed through official channels, even in order to report any suspect case immediately. These recommendations They make sense, not just for diseases that may come imported from abroad, but also before the eventuality outbreaks that could appear in the country caused by other microorganisms.

The epidemiology of cutaneour leishmaniasis / The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis

An epidemiologic survey was conducted in an area of sutrolical rainforest in Northwest Ecuador with followin objectives; (1) to determine the prevalencie of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), (2) to identify the leishmania species cusing human disease, (3) to investigate the major CL clinical manifestations, (4) to study cellular and humoral inmune response indicators, and (5) to identify risk factors associated with the disease, Half of the 466 subjects had laboratory and clinical evidencie of either current (14 for cent) or piror disease (33 for cent). Subjects with c urrent disease had an average of 2.6+-1.9 lesions with a mean size of 8.4 +-19.4 cms. The parasite species isolated from subject lesions were: Leismania guyanesis (63 for cent. L. panamensis (33 for cent) and L. brazilensis (4 for cent). Subjects with CL exhibited the highest serum IgG an IgM concentrations (p<0.0001). Lesion number (t=2.9, p=0.007) and size (t=3.8, p=0.0004) was predictive or serum IgG levels. The Montenegro skin test induration size was correlated positively with ulcer number (t=2.2, p=0.038). Age<5 yrs (AOR=1.5, 95 for cent C.I.=0.48-2.35), adult male gender (AOR=2.8.95 for centC.I.=1.1-7.8), and wood and/or cane exterior house walls (AOR=1.8,95 for cent CI=1.4-2.5) were associated with an increased for CL. In contrast, electric home lighting was associated with decreased risk (AOR=0.7, 95 for cent CI=0.4-2.3). The results suggest that it may be possible to modify a portion of the risk for CL by making changes in the housing evironment which may help to reduce the amount of contact with the vector...

Ethnomedical Knewledge, Attitudes, and treatment practices related to cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic Ecuadorian population

La leishmaniasis cutanea (LC) es una zoonosis que representa un problema de salud publica en el Ecuador, al igual que en la mayoría de países latinoamericanos. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre los conocimientos etnomedicos y prácticas terapéuticas en esta enfermedad. Se realizaron dos estudios en los que se investigó el uso de los tratamientos para la LC en una área endémica de Ecuador. alrededor del 80 por ciento de los adultos mencionaron al menos un tipo de tratamiento tradicional o convencional para la LC. De los 175+ métodos terapéuticos especificados, una tercera parte correspondió al uso tópico de hierbas, leche o resina de árboles, frutas, u otras plantas autoctonas. Los otros métodos incluyen antibióticos, varios ácidos, productos químicos, polvos, pomadas, lacas, productos derivados del petróleo, agua u objetos calientes y varios productos animales. Menos del 25 por ciento mencionó al Glucantimer, el tratamiento convencional que se usa actualmente en LC. La mayoría de estos métodos son probablemente inocuos; sin embargo, algunos de ellos como ácidos, agentes cáusticos y metales calientes incrementan la lesión y dan como resultado cicatrices más grandes y profundas en relación a la que causa la ulcera de la LC. En forma adicional, la aplicación de sustancias como el cloro, gasolina, mercurio y plomo en las úlceras abiertas pueden ser carciongénicas o causar defectos en los fetos de mujeres em barazadas. Es importante considerar que varios de estos métodos tradicionales pueden tener valor terapéutico, entre los que se pueden mencionar el agua caliente y las plantas que contienen alcaloides, terpenos y otros componenetes naturales con actividad antiprotozoaria; por consiguiente, su valor potencial debe ser investigado como alternativas terapéuticas en la LC.