RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rupture of isolated iliac artery dissections is a life-threatening event and has not been associated with cystic medial degeneration (CMD) Erdheim-Gsell. METHODS: A young man presented to our emergency unit in a critical hemodynamic condition. Computed tomography scan feigned the rupture of an internal iliac artery. RESULTS: Surprisingly, we found a ruptured dissection of the common iliac artery during open surgery. Reconstruction was done by Dacron graft interposition between common and internal iliac artery and external iliac artery implantation into the graft. Histology revealed CMD. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous iliac artery dissection and rupture can be caused by CMD and requires immediate surgical intervention.
Assuntos
Aneurisma Roto/etiologia , Dissecção Aórtica/etiologia , Cistos/etiologia , Aneurisma Ilíaco/etiologia , Túnica Média/patologia , Adulto , Dissecção Aórtica/diagnóstico , Dissecção Aórtica/fisiopatologia , Dissecção Aórtica/cirurgia , Aneurisma Roto/diagnóstico , Aneurisma Roto/fisiopatologia , Aneurisma Roto/cirurgia , Implante de Prótese Vascular , Cistos/diagnóstico , Cistos/fisiopatologia , Cistos/cirurgia , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Aneurisma Ilíaco/diagnóstico , Aneurisma Ilíaco/fisiopatologia , Aneurisma Ilíaco/cirurgia , Masculino , Ruptura Espontânea , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Túnica Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Túnica Média/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Notch signalling regulates cell fate in most tissues, promoting precursor cell proliferation in some, but differentiation in others. Accordingly, downregulation or overactivity variously contributes to cancer development. So far, little is known about Notch pathway activity and function in the normal urothelium and in urothelial carcinoma (UC). We have therefore investigated expression of Notch pathway components in UC tissues and cell lines and studied the function of one receptor, NOTCH1, in detail. METHODS: Expression of canonical Notch pathway components were studied in UC and normal bladder tissues by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR and in UC cell lines and normal cultured urothelial cells by qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Pathway activity was measured by reporter gene assays. Its influence on cell proliferation was investigated by γ-secretase inhibition. Effects of NOTCH1 restoration were followed by measuring cell cycle distribution, proliferation, clonogenicity and nuclear morphology. RESULTS: NOTCH1 and its ligand, DLL1, were expressed at plasma membranes and in the cytoplasm of cells in the upper normal urothelium layer, but became downregulated in UC tissues, especially in high-stage tumours. In addition, the proteins were often delocalized intracellularly. According differences were observed in UC cell lines compared to normal urothelial cells. Canonical Notch pathway activity in reporter assays was repressed in UC cell lines compared to normal cells and a mammary carcinoma cell line, but was induced by transfected NOTCH1. Inhibitors of Notch signalling acting at the γ-secretase step did not affect UC cell proliferation at concentrations efficacious against a cell line with known Notch activity. Surprisingly, overexpression of NOTCH1 into UC cell lines did not significantly affect short-term cell proliferation, but induced nuclear abnormalities and diminished clonogenicity. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that canonical Notch signalling is suppressed in urothelial carcinoma mainly through downregulation of NOTCH1. These findings can be explained by proposing that canonical Notch signalling may promote differentiation in the urothelium, like in many squamous epithelia, and its suppression may therefore be advantageous for tumour progression. As an important corollary, inhibition of canonical Notch signalling is unlikely to be efficacious and might be counter-productive in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma.
Assuntos
Carcinoma/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Carcinoma/genética , Carcinoma/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Ligantes , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transporte Proteico , Receptor Notch1/genética , Receptor Notch1/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/genética , Proteínas Serrate-Jagged , Ensaio Tumoral de Célula-Tronco , Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologiaRESUMO
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
RESUMO
Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common cancer of the urinary bladder causes severe morbidity and mortality, e.g. about 40.000 deaths in the EU annually, and incurs considerable costs for the health system due to the need for prolonged treatments and long-term monitoring. Extensive aberrant DNA methylation is described to prevail in urothelial carcinoma and is thought to contribute to genetic instability, altered gene expression and tumor progression. However, it is unknown how this epigenetic alteration arises during carcinogenesis. Intact methyl group metabolism is required to ensure maintenance of cell-type specific methylomes and thereby genetic integrity and proper cellular function. Here, using two independent techniques for detecting DNA methylation, we observed DNA hypermethylation of the 5'-regulatory regions of the key methyl group metabolism genes ODC1, AHCY and MTHFR in early urothelial carcinoma. These hypermethylation events are associated with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation which is commonly associated with genetic instability. We therefore infer that hypermethylation of methyl group metabolism genes acts in a feed-forward cycle to promote additional DNA methylation changes and suggest a new hypothesis on the molecular etiology of urothelial carcinoma.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Neoplasias Urológicas/genética , Urotélio/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias Urológicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Urotélio/patologiaRESUMO
To obtain T2* values in histologically evaluated healthy ovine intervertebral discs of the cervical and lumbar spine. Intervertebral discs of nine sheep and nine lambs underwent histological assessment with the modified Boos score for grading of disc degeneration. Discs with a score <10 points (maximum = 40 points) underwent T2* mapping (n = 64). Mid-sagittal T2* values were obtained in five regions: Anterior annulus fibrosus, anterior nucleus pulposus, central nucleus pulposus, posterior nucleus pulposus, and posterior annulus fibrosus. We noted a zonal T2* distribution with high values in the central nucleus and low T2* values in the anterior and posterior annulus fibrosus. The T2* values were higher in lamb than in sheep IVDs for both cervical and lumbar spine (p < 0.001). The T2* values were also higher in the cervical than in the lumbar spine (p = 0.029 for sheep and p < 0.001 for lamb IVDs). The T2* values obtained in these ovine intervertebral discs can serve as baseline values for future T2* measurements both in health and disease.