Rotini-like MXene@LCE Actuator with Diverse and Programmable Actuation Based on Dual-mode Synergy.

Liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) exhibits muscle-like actuation upon order-disturbed stimulus, offering ample room for designing soft robotic systems. Multimodal LCE is demonstrated to unleash the potential to perform multitasks. However, each actuation mode is typically isolated. In contrast, coordination between different actuation modes based on an MXene-doped LCE is realized, whose actuation can be triggered either by directly heating/cooling or using near-infrared light due to the photo-thermal effect of MXene. As such, the two activation modes (heat and light) not only can work individually to offer stable actuation under different conditions but also can collaborate synergistically to generate more intelligent motions, such as achieving the brake and turn of an autonomous rolling. The principle therefore can diversify the design principles for multifunctional soft actuators and robotics.

Novel self-healing and recyclable fire-retardant polyvinyl alcohol/borax hydrogel coatings for the fire safety of rigid polyurethane foam.

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has attracted great attention as an insulation material, but its inherent flammability restricts its practical application. Developing a sustainable fire-retardant strategy that can improve its fire safety is particularly desirable and challenging. Herein, novel fire-retardant hydrogel coatings based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and borax are proposed and applied in RPUF, and the self-healing, recyclability and flame retardant properties of the coatings are investigated. The dynamic and reversible cross-linked networks based on the borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds endow the hydrogels with excellent repairability, recyclability, and elasticity. Compared with a neat RUPF, the coated RPUF exhibited improved fire-retardant properties without the inherent advantages being influenced and can be reflected by the 8% increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI), 20% reduction in total heat release (THR), and 25% decrease in total smoke production (TSP) with the coatings, along with a rapid self-quenching behavior. The novel hydrogel coatings provide a new strategy for the development of flame-retardant coatings, demonstrating the potential of the next generation of self-healing hydrogel coatings to reduce the fire risk of the RPUF.

A self-healing, recyclable, and degradable fire-retardant gelatin-based biogel coating for green buildings.

Wood is one of the oldest building materials and commonly employed in construction. However, the inherent fire hazard of wood restricts its practical application. Application of fire retardant coatings has been proved to be a highly efficient method for improving the fire retardancy of structural materials during combustion. However, developing sustainable, renewable and environmentally-friendly coatings is challenging because of the dependence on traditional flame retardants. In this study, a self-healable, fully-recyclable and biodegradable biogel coating was proposed, derived entirely from natural and food-safe constituents, which has rarely been demonstrated for wood safety. A uniform and strongly-adhesive coating could be obtained on wood surfaces via a facile preparation process without compromising the inherent mechanical properties of wood. Meanwhile, the coating showed excellent self-healing properties after damage, full degradability and good recyclability when disposed. Remarkably, biogel-coated wood exhibited enhanced fire-retardant properties, reflected by a 24.0% decrease in peak heat release rate and 17.2% reduction in total heat release with a 350 µm thick coating, along with a sixfold enhancement in ignition delay time and self-extinguishing behavior. We merged all merits in one fire-retardant coating which can be easily reproduced, and is low cost and scalable, making the biogel-coated wood a promising candidate for widespread application in green buildings.

Green, tough and highly efficient flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam enabled by double network hydrogel coatings.

Designing eco-friendly fireproof rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) that can completely stop fire ignition or spread has significant technological implications, which has been proved to be extremely challenging. Herein, a novel green strategy based on double network hydrogel coating was developed to enhance the flame retardancy of RPUF via a facile casting and curing process. This strategy can create a homogeneous hydrogel fire-resistant layer with strong adhesion on the outermost surface of the substrate. Due to good water holding capacity and excellent thermal management properties, the hydrogel coating showed excellent fire retardancy. As a proof-of-concept, polyacrylic-polydopamine (PAAm-PDA) double network hydrogel coating was applied to an extremely flammable RPUF substrate. Compared with the neat foam, the PAAm-PDA coated RPUF exhibited an overall improvement in fire-safety performance, including a rapid self-quenching behavior, a six-fold enhancement in time to ignition (TTI), and 39.7% and 42.2% decreases in the mean heat release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. Furthermore, the tough hydrogel-coated RPUF possessed enough mechanical properties to meet the requirement of its practical applications. Benefiting from its low cost, easy-to-process and eco-friendly characteristics, this hydrogel fireproof coating strategy provides a new direction for developing green and safe structural materials with widespread use.

Customized Preparation of Heat-Resistant Fully Flexible Sensors Based on Coaxial 3D Printing.

The conventional behavior recognition strategy for wearable sensors used in high-temperature environments typically requires an external power supply, and the manufacturing process is cumbersome. Herein, we present a rational design strategy based on fully flexible printable materials and a customized device-manufacturing process for skin-conformable triboelectric nanogenerator sensors. In detail, using high temperature-resistant ink and 3D printing technology to manufacture a coaxial triboelectric nanogenerator (C-TENG) sensor, the C-TENG exhibits high stretchability (>400%), a wide working range (>250 °C), and high output voltage (>100 V). The C-TENG can be worn on various parts of the human body, providing a robust skin-device interface that recognizes diverse human behaviors. Using machine learning algorithms, behaviors such as walking, running, sitting, squatting, climbing stairs, and falling can be identified, achieving 100% behavior recognition accuracy through the selective input and optimization of an appropriate dataset. This paper provides a research perspective for the customization, extension, and rapid fabrication of heat-resistant, fully flexible TENGs.

Facile fabrication of a novel self-healing and flame-retardant hydrogel/MXene coating for wood.

To improve flame retardancy of wood, a novel high-water-retention and self-healing polyvinyl alcohol/phytic acid/MXene hydrogel coating was developed through facile one-pot heating and freeze-thaw cycle methods, and then painted on wood surface. The coating exhibit excellent self-healing property and significantly enhanced water-retention property (water content ≥ 90 wt%), due to the increased hydrogen bonds within the coating system with the presence of MXene nanosheets. Compared to pristine wood, the flame retardancy of coated wood is greatly improved, such as passed V0 rating in UL-94 test, increasing time to ignition (TTI, from 32 to 69 s), and decreased heat release rate and total heat release by 41.6% and 36.14%. The cooling effect and large thermal capacity of high-water-retention hydrogel, and physical barrier effects for flammable gas products, heat and oxygen by MXene nanosheets and the compact char layer formed during combustion play key roles in the flame retardancy enhancements of the wood. High thermal stability of MXene nanosheets is another beneficial factor. The detailed flame-retardant and self-healing mechanisms were proposed.

Multifunction E-Skin Based on MXene-PA-Hydrogel for Human Behavior Monitoring.

Hydrogels have attracted significant attention in various fields, such as smart sensing, human-machine interaction, and biomedicines, due to their excellent flexibility and versatility. However, current hydrogel electronic skins are still limited in stretchability, and their sensing functionality is often single-purpose, making it difficult to meet the requirements of complex environments and multitasking. In this study, we developed an MXene nanoplatelet and phytic acid-coreinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite, denoted as MXene-PA-PVA. The strong hydrogen bonds formed by the interaction of the different components and the enhancement of chain entanglement result in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the PVA/PA/MXene composite hydrogel. This improvement is reflected in an increase of 271.43% in the maximum tensile strain and 35.29% in the maximum fracture stress. Moreover, the composite hydrogel exhibits excellent adhesion, water retention, heat resistance, and conductivity properties. The PVA/PA composite material combined with MXene demonstrates great potential for use as multifunctional sensors for strain and temperature detection with a strain-sensing sensitivity of 3.23 and a resistance temperature coefficient of 8.67. By leveraging the multifunctional characteristics of this composite hydrogel, electronic skin can accurately monitor human behavior and physiological reactions. This advancement opens up new possibilities for flexible electronic devices and human-machine interactions in the future.

MXene Coatings: Novel Hydrogen Permeation Barriers for Pipe Steels.

MXenes are a new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials with promising applications in many fields because of their layered structure and unique performance. In particular, the physical barrier properties of two-dimensional nanosheets make them suitable as barriers against hydrogen. Herein, MXene coatings were prepared on pipe steel by a simple spin-coating process with a colloidal suspension. The hydrogen resistance was evaluated by electrochemical hydrogen permeation tests and slow strain rate tests, and the corrosion resistance was assessed by potentiodynamic polarization. The results reveal that MXene coatings offer excellent hydrogen resistance and corrosion protection by forming a barrier against diffusion. Experimentally, the hydrogen permeability of the MXene coating is one third of the substrate, and the diffusion coefficient decreases as well. The mechanistic study indicates that the hydrogen resistance of the MXene coatings is affected by the number of spin-coated layers, while the concentration of the d-MXene colloidal suspension determines the thickness of a single coating. However, damage to the sample surface caused by the colloidal suspension that contains H+ and F- may limit the improvement of the hydrogen resistance. This paper reveals a new application of 2D MXene materials as a novel efficient barrier against hydrogen permeation and the subsequent alleviation of hydrogen embrittlement in the steel substrate.

Fire-safe unsaturated polyester resin nanocomposites based on MAX and MXene: a comparative investigation of their properties and mechanism of fire retardancy.

Recently, MXene, as a novel graphene-like nanomaterial, has been found to bestow good flame-retardant and smoke-suppression properties to polymers mainly due to the physical barrier effect of its 2D nanosheets. However, a comprehensive investigation of its chemical components as an important factor for these properties has not been conducted to date. To address this issue, herein, MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and MAX (Ti3AlC2) were introduced into unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) at same amounts (2.0 wt%). Their structures are different (multilayer for MXene and bulk for MAX), but the chemical components are similar; therefore, it is important to study the influence of the chemical components of MXene on the fire-safety properties of polymers. In this study, 2 wt% MAX was added to the UPR, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total smoke production (TSP), and carbon monoxide production (COP) of the resulting material were reduced by 11.04%, 19.08%, and 15.79%, respectively; these findings demonstrate the important role of the chemical components of MAX: Ti exerts a catalytic attenuation effect on the UPR nanocomposites during combustion. Moreover, a better fire-safety property of the MXene/UPR nanocomposites (reduction of PHRR by 29.56%, TSP by 25.26%, and COP by 31.58%) than that of the MAX/UPR nanocomposites was achieved, which was due to the physical barrier effect of the MXene nanosheets. This study verifies that in addition to the physical barrier effect, the chemical components play a very important role in the fire safety enhancement of MXene-based nanocomposites.

Underwater writable and heat-insulated paper with robust fluorine-free superhydrophobic coatings.

Since its invention invented in China, paper has been widely used in the world for quite a long time. However, some intrinsic defects servely hinder its application in some extreme conditions, such as underwater or in fire. Herein, a bio-inspired durable paper with robust fluorine-free coatings was fabricated via a two-step spray-deposition technique. It not only consisted of modified SiO2 microspheres and nanoparticles, but also contained an epoxy resin, endowing the paper with multifunctional properties. First, this bio-inspired functional paper showed excellent superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties with a high static water contact angle (WCA) of 162.7 ± 0.5° and a low sliding angle (SA) of 5.7 ± 0.6°. Moreover, it possessed unusual repellent properties toward multiple aqueous-based liquids and heat-insulated properties. Second, this paper could be used for writing underwater and maintained satisfactory superhydrophobic performance for a long time with a WCA of 153.3 ± 1.8°. Besides, its high mechanical robustness was also experimentally confirmed in harsh working conditions, such as strong acid/alkali, boiling water, abrasion, bending, and folding. Compared with conventional paper, it is anticipated that this bio-inspired functional paper would be really competitive and demonstrate great potential in the field of underwater and fire-proof applications.

Establishment of a highly efficient flame-retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams based on bi-phase flame-retardant actions.

Rigid polyurethane foam (PU), one of the most promising wall insulation materials, exhibits high flammability and fire risk. In this work, PU/EG/HQ composites with highly effective flame retardancy were fabricated by adding two kinds of flame retardants, expandable graphite (EG) and 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-hydro-9-oxa-10-phosphorylphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO-HQ), during the synthesis of polyurethane. Thermal stability and flammability were evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL-94 vertical flame results, and cone colorimeter tests. The as-synthesized PU/EG/HQ composites showed a high LOI value, a maximum peak heat release rate (PHRR) value which was decreased by 58.5% and an increased char yield at 800 °C. They also achieved UL-94 V-0 classification. SEM and Raman spectra indicated that the "worm-like" intumescent char layer with a graphitized structure and the formed viscous liquid film were vital factors in the enhancement of the flame retardancy of polyurethane foam in the condensed phase. TG-IR results show that the release of toxic volatiles and flammable gases from the PU/EG/HQ samples was remarkably decreased compared with the release from pure PU. This work associates a gas-solid biphase flame retardancy mechanism with the incorporation of two types of flame retardant and presents an effective method for the synthesis of bi-phase flame-retardant polymers.

Ultrathin Beta-Nickel hydroxide nanosheets grown along multi-walled carbon nanotubes: A novel nanohybrid for enhancing flame retardancy and smoke toxicity suppression of unsaturated polyester resin.

Novel nanohybrid (ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs) obtained by ultrathin Beta-Nickel hydroxide (ß-Ni(OH)2) nanosheets grown along multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was successfully synthesized and then incorporated into UPR to prepare UPR/ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs nanocomposites. Structure of ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs nanohybrid was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy measurements. Compared with single CNTs or ß-Ni(OH)2, the dispersion of ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs in UPR was improved greatly. And the UPR/ß-Ni(OH)2-CNTs nanocomposites exhibited significant improvements in flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties, including decreased peak heat release rate by 39.79%, decreased total heat release by 44.87%, decreased smoke release rate by 29.86%, and increased tensile strength by 12.1%. Moreover, the amount of toxic volatile from UPR nanocomposites decomposition was dramatically reduced, and smoke generation was effectively inhibited during combustion. The dramatical reduction of fire hazards can be ascribed to the good dispersion, the catalytic charring effect of ß-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and physical barrier effect of stable network structure consisted of ß-Ni(OH)2 and CNTs.

Mechanical, thermal and fire performance of an inorganic-organic insulation material composed of hollow glass microspheres and phenolic resin.

HYPOTHESIS: Organic foamy materials possess good thermal insulation properties and inorganic materials are non-combustible. Hence, it is possible to develop a kind of organic-inorganic lightweight thermal insulation materials with excellent fire safety. EXPERIMENTS: Hollow glass microsphere (HGM), as one kind of lightweight noncombustible inorganic material, was chosen as the filling material. Phenolic resin (PR), as the flame retardant polymeric material, was used as binding material. A series of HGM/PR composites with various PR/HGM mass ratio were prepared. Properties, such as apparent density, microstructure, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, burning behavior and flame retardancy of the specimens were determined, respectively. FINDINGS: The results show that the surface of HGM particles is coated by a layer of cured PR and the HGM powder is glued together firmly from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. With the increase of PR/HGM mass ratio, both of apparent density and mechanical strength of HGM/PR composites increase, but thermal conductivity and limiting oxygen index (LOI) values decrease, all of the specimens still possess high LOI value (>50%). What's more, no flaming combustion (merely partial carbonization) and hardly any smoke can be observed during the burning process, which indicates the HGM/PR composites possess excellent flame retardant property and fire safety.

Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of poly (ε-caprolactone) biocomposites reinforced with nano-hydroxyapatite decorated graphene.

In this work, hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorods decorated on graphene nanosheets (HAP-Gs) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The structure, elemental composition and morphology of the HAP-Gs hybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and Transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, the hybrids were incorporated into poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) via a solution blending method. Optical images and scanning electron microscopy observation revealed not only a well dispersion of HAP-Gs hybrids but also a strong interfacial interaction between hybrids and PCL matrix. The influence of HAP-Gs hybrids on the crystallization behavior, crystal structure, thermal stability, mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the PCL nanocomposites was investigated in detail. The results showed that the crystallization temperature of PCL was enhanced obviously, but the crystal structure was not affected by the incorporation of HAP-Gs hybrids. The mechanical properties of PCL bionanocomposites were improved obviously.

Ultrathin Nanosheets of Organic-Modified ß-Ni(OH)2 with Excellent Thermal Stability: Fabrication and Its Reinforcement Application in Polymers.

ß-Nickel hydroxide (ß-Ni(OH)2), which combines two-dimensional (2D) structure and the catalytic property of nickel-containing compounds, has shown great potential for the application in polymer nanocomposites. However, conventional ß-Ni(OH)2 exhibits large thickness, poor thermal stability, and irreversible aggregation in polymer matrices, which limits its application. Here, we use a novel phosphorus-containing organosilane to modify the ß-Ni(OH)2 nanosheet, obtaining a new ß-Ni(OH)2 ultrathin nanosheet with excellent thermal stability. When compared to pristine ß-Ni(OH)2, the organic-modified ß-Ni(OH)2 (M-Ni(OH)2) maintains nanosheet-like structure, and also presents a small thickness of around 4.6 nm and an increased maximum degradation temperature by 41 °C. Owing to surface organic-modification, the interfacial property of M-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets is enhanced, which results in the exfoliation and good distribution of the nanosheets in a PMMA matrix. The addition of M-Ni(OH)2 significantly improves the mechanical performance, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of PMMA/M-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites, including increased storage modulus by 38.6%, onset thermal degradation temperature by 42 °C, half thermal degradation temperature by 65 °C, and decreased peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 25.3%. Moreover, it is found that M-Ni(OH)2 alone can catalyze the formation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during the PMMA/M-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite combustion, which is a very helpful factor for the flame retardancy enhancement and has not been reported before. This work not only provides a new 2D ultrathin nanomaterial with good thermal stability for polymer nanocomposites, but also will trigger more scientific interest in the development and application of new types of 2D ultrathin nanomaterials.

MoS2 nanolayers grown on carbon nanotubes: an advanced reinforcement for epoxy composites.

In the present study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) wrapped with MoS2 nanolayers (MoS2-CNTs) were facilely synthesized to obtain advanced hybrids. The structure of the MoS2-CNT hybrids was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. Subsequently, the MoS2-CNT hybrids were incorporated into EP for reducing fire hazards. Compared with pristine CNTs, MoS2-CNT hybrids showed good dispersion in EP matrix and no obvious aggregation of CNTs was observed. The obtained nanocomposites exhibited significant improvements in thermal properties, flame retardancy and mechanical properties, compared with those of neat EP and composites with a single CNT or MoS2. With the incorporation of 2.0 wt % of MoS2-CNT hybrids, the char residues and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the EP composite was significantly increased. Also, the addition of MoS2-CNT hybrids awarded excellent fire resistance to the EP matrix, which was evidenced by the significantly reduced peak heat release rate and total heat release. Moreover, the amount of organic volatiles from EP decomposition was obviously decreased, and the formation of toxic CO was effectively suppressed, implying the toxicity of the volatiles was reduced and smoke production was obviously suppressed. The dramatically reduced fire hazards were generally ascribed to the synergistic effect of MoS2 and CNTs, containing good dispersion of MoS2-CNT hybrids, catalytic char function of MoS2 nanolayers, and physical barrier effects of MoS2 nanolayers and CNT network structure.

Novel CuCo2O4/graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrids: Highly effective catalysts for reducing CO generation and fire hazards of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites.

Novel spinel copper cobaltate (CuCo2O4)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) (named C-CuCo2O4) nanohybrids with different weight ratios of g-C3N4 to CuCo2O4 were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. Then the nanohybrids were added into the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix to prepare TPU nanocomposites using a master batch-melt compounding approach. Morphological analysis indicated that CuCo2O4 nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on g-C3N4 nanosheets. Thermal analysis revealed that C-CuCo2O4-7 (proportion of g-C3N4 to CuCo2O4 of 93/7) was an optimal nanohybrid for the properties improvement of TPU. Incorporation of C-CuCo2O4-7 into TPU led to significant improvements in the onset decomposition temperature, temperature at maximal mass loss rate and char yields. The heat release rate and total heat release of TPU/C-CuCo2O4-7 decreased by 37% and 31.3%, respectively, compared with those of pure TPU. Furthermore, the amounts of pyrolysis gaseous products, including combustible volatiles and carbon monoxide (CO), were remarkably reduced, whereas, non-flammable gas (carbon dioxide) increased. Excellent dispersion of C-CuCo2O4-7 in TPU host was achieved, due to the synergistic effect between g-C3N4 and CuCo2O4. Enhancements in the thermal stability and flame retardancy were attributed to the explanations that g-C3N4 nanosheets showed the physical barrier effect and catalytic nitrogen monoxide (NO) decomposition, and that CuCo2O4 catalyzes the reaction of CO with NO and increased char residues.

Influence of g-C3N4 nanosheets on thermal stability and mechanical properties of biopolymer electrolyte nanocomposite films: a novel investigation.

A series of sodium alginate (SA) nanocomposite films with different loading levels of graphitic-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) were fabricated via the casting technique. The structure and morphology of nanocomposite films were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results suggested that thermal stability of all the nanocomposite films was enhanced significantly, including initial thermal degradation temperature increased by 29.1 °C and half thermal degradation temperature improved by 118.2 °C. Mechanical properties characterized by tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis measurements were also reinforced remarkably. With addition of 6.0 wt % g-C3N4, the tensile strength of SA nanocomposite films was dramatically enhanced by 103%, while the Young's modulus remarkably increased from 60 to 3540 MPa. Moreover, the storage modulus significantly improved by 34.5% was observed at loadings as low as 2.0 wt %. These enhancements were further investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and real time Fourier transform infrared spectra. A new perspective of balance was proposed to explain the improvement of those properties for the first time. At lower than 1.0 wt % loading, most of the g-C3N4 nanosheets were discrete in the SA matrix, resulting in improved thermal stability and mechanical properties; above 1.0 wt % and below 6.0 wt % content, the aggregation was present in SA host coupled with insufficient hydrogen bondings limiting the barrier for heat and leading to the earlier degradation and poor dispersion; at 6.0 wt % addition, the favorable balance was established with enhanced thermal and mechanical performances. However, the balance point of 2.0 wt % from dynamic mechanical analysis was due to combination of temperature and agglomeration. The work may contribute to a potential research approach for other nanocomposites.

The influence of titanate nanotube on the improved thermal properties and the smoke suppression in poly(methyl methacrylate).

The well-dispersed poly(methyl methacrylate)/titanate nanotube (PMMA/TNT) composites were synthesized by in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in ethanol solution. Thermal stability and the glass transition temperature of the composites are significantly enhanced with a proper amount of TNTs. The comparison between PMMA/TNTs and PMMA/TiO(2) composites suggests the formation of network in PMMA/TNTs composite. The coaction of dehydration and the network is believed to be the crucial factor which improves the thermal properties. TG-FTIR analysis shows that the amount of organic volatiles of PMMA is significantly reduced and the non-flammable CO(2) is generated after incorporating TNTs. It implies the reduced toxicity of the volatiles. The possible mechanism of the smoke suppression is proposed as the dehydration and adsorption effect of TNTs.