RESUMO
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis with a rapidly increasing prevalence. Disease progression is irreversible, and there is no curative therapy available. During OA onset, abnormal mechanical loading leads to excessive osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in subchondral bone, causing a rapid subchondral bone turnover, cyst formation, sclerosis, and finally, articular cartilage degeneration. Moreover, osteoclast-mediated angiogenesis and sensory innervation in subchondral bone result in abnormal vascularization and OA pain. The traditional Chinese medicine Panax notoginseng (PN; Sanqi) has long been used in treatment of bone diseases including osteoporosis, bone fracture, and OA. In this study we established two-dimensional/bone marrow mononuclear cell/cell membrane chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (2D/BMMC/CMC/TOFMS) technique and discovered that diterbutyl phthalate (DP) was the active constituent in PN inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Then we explored the therapeutic effect of DP in an OA mouse model with anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT). After ACLT was conducted, the mice received DP (5 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 8 weeks. Whole knee joint tissues of the right limb were harvested at weeks 2, 4, and 8 for analysis. We showed that DP administration impeded overactivated osteoclastogenesis in subchondral bone and ameliorated articular cartilage deterioration. DP administration blunted aberrant H-type vessel formation in subchondral bone marrow and alleviated OA pain assessed in Von Frey test and thermal plantar test. In RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells in vitro, DP (20 µM) retarded osteoclastogenesis by suppressing osteoclast fusion through inhibition of the ERK/c-fos/NFATc1 pathway. DP treatment also downregulated the expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP) and d2 isoform of the vacuolar (H+) ATPase V0 domain (Atp6v0d2) in the cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that DP prevents OA progression by inhibiting abnormal osteoclastogenesis and associated angiogenesis and neurogenesis in subchondral bone.
Assuntos
Osteoartrite , Osteoclastos , Animais , Ligamento Cruzado Anterior/metabolismo , Camundongos , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/metabolismo , Osteoartrite/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoartrite/etiologia , Osteoartrite/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Dor/metabolismo , Ácidos FtálicosRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation-related cancer. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are well-known leading causes of HCC. However, the mechanism of the induction of HCC by these virus is still being debated. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of HBV- and HCV-induced inflammation and the role of such immune activation in the tumorigenesis of HCC. It is well established that the recruitment of certain number and type of immune cells to liver is essential for the resolution of HBV and HCV infection and the prevention of subsequent chronic persistent infection. However, in case that the immune response do not completely clear virus, persistent chronic infection occurs, and the perpetual immune response may contribute to chronic damages of the liver. Such chronic inflammatory damages further harm hepatocytes, but not hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). Thus, following chronic damages, HPCs are activated and their dysregulated proliferation ensures survival in the hostile environment, contributing to the tumorigenesis of HCC. Furthermore, accumulating evidence also provides a strong link between HPCs and human hepatocellular carcinoma. Collectively, these findings support a notion that immune response is involved in liver damage during hepatitis virus infection, and the activation and dysregulated differentiation of hepatic progenitor cells promote the tumorigenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/imunologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/imunologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/imunologia , Fígado/imunologia , Células-Tronco/imunologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Hepacivirus/fisiologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Hepatite B Crônica/imunologia , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Hepatite C/imunologia , Hepatite C/virologia , Humanos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/virologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Células-Tronco/patologia , Células-Tronco/virologiaRESUMO
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are modulated by cytokines present in the tumor microenvironment, play an important role in tumor progression. It is well documented that inflammation is an important part of the tumor microenvironment, so we investigated whether stimulation of MSCs by inflammatory cytokines would contribute to their ability to promote tumor growth. We first showed that MSCs could increase C26 colon cancer growth in mice. This growth-promoting effect was further accelerated when the MSCs were pre-stimulated by inflammatory factors IFN-γ and TNF-α. At the same time, we demonstrated that MSCs pre-stimulated by both inflammatory factors could promote tumor angiogenesis in vivo to a greater degree than untreated MSCs or MSCs pre-stimulated by either IFN-γ or TNF-α alone. A hen egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay showed that treatment of MSC-conditioned medium can promote chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis in vitro, especially treatment with conditioned medium of MSCs pretreated with IFN-γ and TNF-α together. This mechanism of promoting angiogenesis appears to take place via an increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which itself takes place through an increase in signaling in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-dependent pathway. Inhibition of HIF-1α in MSCs by siRNA was found to effectively reduce the ability of MSC to affect the growth of colon cancer in vivo in the inflammatory microenviroment. These results indicate that MSCs stimulated by inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α in the tumor microenvironment express higher levels of VEGF via the HIF-1α signaling pathway and that these MSCs then enhance tumor angiogenesis, finally leading to colon cancer growth in mice.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Antivirais/metabolismo , Antivirais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Embrião de Galinha , Membrana Corioalantoide/metabolismo , Membrana Corioalantoide/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/farmacologia , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The endotoxin level in the portal and peripheral veins of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients is higher and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall constituent of gram-negative bacteria, has been reported to inhibit tumor growth. However, in this study, we found that LPS-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling was involved in tumor invasion and survival, and the molecular mechanism was investigated, METHODS: Four HCC cell lines and a splenic vein metastasis of the nude mouse model were used to study the invasion ability of LPS-induced HCC cells and the epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. A total of 106 clinical samples from HCC patients were used to evaluate TLR4 expression and analyze its association with clinicopathological characteristics RESULTS: The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that LPS could significantly enhance the invasive potential and induce EMT in HCC cells with TLR4 dependent. Further studies showed that LPS could directly activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling through TLR4 in HCC cells. Interestingly, blocking NF-κB signaling significantly inhibited transcription factor Snail expression and thereby inhibited EMT occurrence. High expression of TLR4 in HCC tissues was strongly associated with both poor cancer-free survival and overall survival in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that TLR4 signaling is required for LPS-induced EMT, tumor cell invasion and metastasis, which provide molecular insights for LPS-related pathogenesis and a basis for developing new strategies against metastasis in HCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/complicações , Endotoxinas/toxicidade , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Criança , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC), which frequently metastasizes to the liver, is one of the three leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that a subset of cells exists among cancer stem cells. This distinct subpopulation is thought to contribute to liver metastasis; however, it has not been fully explored in CRC yet. METHODS: Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect distinct subsets with CD133 and CXCR4 markers in human primary and metastatic CRC tissues. The 'stemness' and metastatic capacities of different subpopulations derived from the colon cancer cell line HCT116 were compared in vitro and in vivo. The roles of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stromal-cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in the metastatic process were also investigated. A survival curve was used to explore the correlation between the content of CD133(+)CXCR4(+) cancer cells and patient survival. RESULTS: In human specimens, the content of CD133(+)CXCR4(+) cells was higher in liver metastases than in primary colorectal tumors. Clonogenic and tumorigenic cells were restricted to CD133(+) cells in the HCT116 cell line, with CXCR4 expression having no impact on the 'stemness' properties. We found that CD133(+)CXCR4(+)cancer cells had a high metastatic capacity in vitro and in vivo. Compared with CD133(+)CXCR4(-) cells, CD133(+)CXCR4(+)cancer cells experienced EMT, which contributed partly to their metastatic phenotype. We then determined that SDF-1/CXCL12 treatment could further induce EMT in CD133(+)CXCR4(+)cancer cells and enhance their invasive behavior, while this could not be observed in CD133(+)CXCR4- cancer cells. Blocking SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction with a CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100 (1,10-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis-1,4,8,11 -tetraazacyclotetradecane octahydrochloride), inhibited metastatic tumor growth in a mouse hepatic metastasis model. Finally, a high percentage of CD133(+)CXCR4(+)cells in human primary CRC was associated with a reduced two-year survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction may have important clinical applications in the suppression of colon cancer metastasis. Further investigations on how high expression of CXCR4 and EMT occur in this identified cancer stem cell subset are warranted to provide insights into our understanding of tumor biology.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Antígeno AC133 , Idoso , Animais , Antígenos CD/genética , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/química , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Glicoproteínas/genética , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Hepáticas/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/enzimologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Peptídeos/genética , Fenótipo , Prognóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptores CXCR4/genéticaRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) generally occurs in the presence of chronic liver injury, often as a sequela of liver fibrosis. Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are known to be capable of forming both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in chronic liver injury, which are also considered a source of myofibroblasts and tumor-initiating cells, under carcinogenic circumstances. However, the underlying mechanisms that activate HPCs to give rise to HCC are still unclear. In current study, the correlation between HPCs activation and liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis was investigated in rats and human specimens. We analyzed the role of HPCs in tumorigenesis, by transplanting exogenous HPCs in a diethylnitrosamine-induced rat HCC model. Our data indicated that HPC activation correlated with hepatic fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. We further found that exogenous HPC infusion promoted liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis, while lipopolysaccharides (LPS) played an important role in this process. However, results of our study indicated that LPS did not induce HPCs to form tumor in nude mice directly. Rather, LPS induced myofibroblast-like morphology in HPCs, which enhanced the tumorigenic potential of HPCs. Further experiments showed that LPS/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling mediated the differentiation of HPCs into myofibroblasts and enhanced the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which led to the aberrant expression of Ras and p53 signaling pathways in HPCs, and finally, promoted the proliferation and malignant transformation of HPCs, by long non-coding RNA regulation. Besides, examination of HCC clinical samples demonstrated that IL-6 and TNF-α production correlated with HPC activation, hepatic fibrosis, and HCC recurrence. Our study indicates that both myofibroblasts and tumor cells are derived from HPCs. HPC-derived myofibroblasts create tumor microenvironment and contribute to the proliferation and malignant transformation of HPCs. Furthermore, LPS present in the chronic liver inflammation microenvironment might play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis, by regulating the plastic potential of HPCs.
Assuntos
Lipopolissacarídeos/fisiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/etiologia , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Carcinogênese , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Feminino , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miofibroblastos/citologia , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Transdução de Sinais , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Metastasis and recurrence severely impact the treatment effect of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC complicated with cholestasis is more prone to recurrence and metastasis. Previous studies have implicated pathogenesis of HCC by bile acid; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown yet. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) is one of most important component of bile acid (BA). In the present study, the role of GCDC in HCC cells invasion was detected by in vitro and in vivo assays. GCDC was found to significantly enhance the invasive potential of HCC cells; Further studies showed that GCDC could induce autophagy activation and higher invasive capability in HCC cells. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) reversed this phenomenon. Subsequently, the correlation between TBA expression level and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed in HCC patients. Clinically, high TBA level in HCC tissue was found to be associated with more invasive and poor survival in HCC patients. Mechanistic study showed that bile acid induced autophagy by targeting the AMPK/mTOR pathway in HCC cells. Therefore, our results suggest that bile acid may promote HCC invasion via activation of autophagy and the level of bile acid may serve as a potential useful indicator for prognosis of HCC patients.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Ácido Glicoquenodesoxicólico/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/fisiologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Feminino , Ácido Glicoquenodesoxicólico/farmacologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade NeoplásicaRESUMO
Normally, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are activated and differentiate into hepatocytes or bile ductular cells to repair liver damage during liver injury. However, it remains controversial whether the abnormal differentiation of HPCs occurs under abnormal conditions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the microenvironment, promotes liver fibrosis. In the present study, HPCs promoted liver fibrosis in rats following carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment. Meanwhile, the LPS level in the portal vein was elevated and played a primary role in the fate of HPCs. In vitro, LPS inhibited the hepatobiliary differentiation of HPCs. Concurrently, HPCs co-cultured with LPS for 2 weeks showed a tendency to differentiate into myofibroblasts (MFs). Thus, we conclude that LPS promotes the aberrant differentiation of HPCs into MFs as a third type of descendant. This study provides insight into a novel differentiation fate of HPCs in their microenvironment, and could thus lead to the development of HPCs for treatment methods in liver fibrosis.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/genética , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Cirrose Hepática/genética , Transplante de Células-Tronco , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Actinas/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Tetracloreto de Carbono , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/genética , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas Hedgehog/agonistas , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/patologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/induzido quimicamente , Cirrose Hepática/metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática/patologia , Masculino , Miofibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Miofibroblastos/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Transdução de Sinais , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/agonistas , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/genética , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/metabolismo , Proteína Gli3 com Dedos de Zinco/agonistas , Proteína Gli3 com Dedos de Zinco/genética , Proteína Gli3 com Dedos de Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Defects of the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45ß (Gadd45ß) play an important role in the progression of tumor and confer resistance to chemotherapy. However, the role of Gadd45ß in the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is still not clear. Purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Gadd45ß on the apoptosis of liver cancer cells, and the possible mechanism was examined. RESULT: In this study, we first confirmed the decreased expression of Gadd45ß in human liver cancer tissues and human liver cancer cell lines, when compared to the peri-tumor liver tissue and normal liver cells. And, it was found that Gadd45ß could inhibit the stemness of liver cancer cells, enhancing the apoptosis of cancer cells induced by chemotherapy. Furthermore, the results showed that HCC tissues and cell lines showed a higher methylation status in Gadd45ß promoter than that in peri-tumor tissues and normal liver cells. Methylation was then reversed by pretreatment of SMMC-7721 and Hep-3B with 5-azacytidine which is the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. And the 5-azacytidine decreased the stemness of SMMC-7721 and Hep-3B, enhanced the sensitivity of SMMC-7721 and Hep-3B to cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS: Methylation mediated Gadd45ß expression inhibited the stemness of liver cancer cells, promoting the chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Thus Gadd45ß may be the potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
RESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, and over 50% of patients will develop hepatic metastasis during the course of their disease. CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) have been revealed as regulatory molecules involved in the spreading and progression of a variety of tumors. Here we have shown that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) promoted the migratory capacity of colon cancer cells in vivo and in vitro, which correlated with the activation of SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurrence. Additionally, we found that LPS-induced CXCR4 expression and EMT through NF-κB signaling pathway activation. And inhibition of NF-κB pathway, which recovered the epithelial phenotype and attenuated CXCR4 expression, inhibited cell migratory capacity. Clinically, high levels of CXCR4 always correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC patients. In conclusion, LPS participate in the whole process of hepatic metastasis of CRC, not only causing liver damage resulting in the production of SDF-1α, but also enhancing the invasive potential of CRC cells by promoting CXCR4 expression and EMT occurrence, which would contribute to the enhancement of cell migration and invasion.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Mesoderma/patologia , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CXCL12/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Masculino , Mesoderma/efeitos dos fármacos , Mesoderma/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Prognóstico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
STING (also known as MITA) is critical for host defence against viruses and the activity of STING is regulated by ubiquitination. However, the deubiquitination of STING is not fully understood. Here, we show that ubiquitin-specific protease 13 (USP13) is a STING-interacting protein that catalyses deubiquitination of STING. Knockdown or knockout of USP13 potentiates activation of IRF3 and NF-κB and expression of downstream genes after HSV-1 infection or transfection of DNA ligands. USP13 deficiency results in impaired replication of HSV-1. Consistently, USP13 deficient mice are more resistant than wild-type littermates to lethal HSV-1 infection. Mechanistically, USP13 deconjugates polyubiquitin chains from STING and prevents the recruitment of TBK1 to the signalling complex, thereby negatively regulating cellular antiviral responses. Our study thus uncovers a function of USP13 in innate antiviral immunity and provides insight into the regulation of innate immunity.
Assuntos
Herpes Simples/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Proteases Específicas de Ubiquitina/fisiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células HEK293 , Herpes Simples/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/imunologia , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NF-kappa B/imunologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Poliubiquitina/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/imunologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Ubiquitinação/imunologia , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
The biological behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are complex mainly due to heterogeneity of progressive genetic and epigenetic mutations as well as tumor environment. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway is regarded to be a prototypical example for stromal-epithelial interactions during developmental morphogenesis, wound healing, organ regeneration and cancer progression. And p53 plays as an important regulator of Met-dependent cell motility and invasion. Present study showed that 2 HCC cell lines, Hep3B and HepG2, displayed different invasive capacity when treated with HGF which was secreted by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We found that HGF promoted Hep3B cells invasion and migration as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurrence because Hep3B was p53 deficient, which leaded to the c-Met over-expression. Then we found that HGF/c-Met promoted Hep3B cells invasion and migration by upregulating Snail expression. In conclusion, HGF/c-Met signaling is enhanced by loss of p53 expression, resulting in increased ability of invasion and migration by upregulating the expression of Snail.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Células Estreladas do Fígado/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/fisiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/enzimologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Células Hep G2 , Células Estreladas do Fígado/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Invasividade Neoplásica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/metabolismoRESUMO
Due to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), persistence and relapse of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are common after treatment with existing anti-cancer therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a crucial role in aggravating HCC, but information about the effect of LPS on CSCs of HCC remains scant. Here, we report that the stemness of CD133(+) CSCs sorted from the human HCC cell line Huh7 was maintained well when cells were cultured with LPS. The reduction of CD133 expression was much lesser in cultured CSCs in the presence of LPS. In response to LPS stimulation, CSCs showed an increase in their activity of clonogenesis and tumorigenesis. LPS also supported maintaining CSC abilities of migration, invasion, and chemo-resistance. Treatment with HIF-1α-specific siRNA significantly reduced CD133 expression by CSCs at both mRNA and protein levels. Further, the expression of HIF-1α and CD133 was reduced in LPS-stimulated CSCs when the NF-κB inhibitor was added to the cell culture. HIF-1α-specific siRNA also effectively counteracted the effect of LPS on maintaining CSC abilities of migration and invasion. These data indicate that LPS, an important mediator in the liver tumor microenvironment, supports the maintenance of CSC stemness through signaling of the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway. Our current study highlights LPS as a potential target for developing new therapeutic approaches to eliminate CSCs during the treatment of HCC.
Assuntos
Antígeno AC133/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígeno AC133/genética , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Invasividade Neoplásica , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Fenótipo , Interferência de RNA , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Transfecção , Carga Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF1ß) was initially identified as a liver-specific transcription factor. It is a homeobox transcription factor that functions as a homodimer or heterodimer with HNF1α. HNF1ß plays an important role in organogenesis during embryonic stage, especially of the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Mutations in the HNF1ß gene cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5), renal cysts, genital malformations, and pancreas atrophy. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of HNF1ß is associated with cancer risk in several tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and prostate cancer. HNF1ß also regulates the expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor cells, which indicates that HNF1ß may play an important role in stem cell regulation. In this review, we discuss some of the current developments about HNF1ß and tumor, the relationship between HNF1ß and stem/progenitor cells, and the potential pathogenesis of HNF1ß in various tumors.
RESUMO
Development of a tumor is a very complex process, and invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors are hallmarks and are difficult problems to overcome. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in controlling tumor fate and autophagy induced by the tumor microenvironment is attracting more and more attention. Autophagy can be induced by several stressors in the tumor microenvironment and autophagy modifies the tumor microenvironment, too. Autophagy has dual roles in tumor growth. In this review, we discussed the interaction between autophagy and the tumor microenvironment and the paradoxical roles of autophagy on tumor growth at different stages of tumor development.
RESUMO
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia is frequently observed in patients with chronic liver diseases. However, the exact mechanism underlying the high level of antibody formation is not fully understood. In our study, we provide evidence for the functional role of the liver and the stimulation of plasma cell proliferation in hyperimmunoglobulinemia. We collected sera from patients with chronic liver diseases, and the level of serum immunoglobulins in patients was examined; this was also investigated in animal models of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. An end-to-side microsurgical portacaval shunt was used to mimic liver dysfunction in rats. We used portal vein serum and inferior vena cava serum to immunize healthy rats and mice in order to confirm the function of the healthy liver in disposing of antigens and endotoxins from the gut. For the analysis of the state of plasma cell activation, plasma cells from mice were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD138 and FITC-conjugated anti-BrdU for flow cytometry analysis. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia was observed both in patients with chronic liver diseases and in related animal models, and high plasma LPS levels were also observed. There was a significant increase in the activation and proliferation of plasma cell in mice immunized with antigens or LPS-positive serum compared with controls that were immunized with antigens and LPS-negative serum. We confirmed that the healthy liver plays an important role in disposing of antigens and endotoxins derived from the gut. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia in chronic liver diseases mainly arises due to the collateral circulation secondary to portal hypertension, gut antigens and endotoxins that bypass the liver and reach the antibody-producing cells.
Assuntos
Antígenos/metabolismo , Endotoxinas/metabolismo , Hipergamaglobulinemia/etiologia , Hepatopatias/complicações , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Hipergamaglobulinemia/imunologia , Hipergamaglobulinemia/metabolismo , Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Hepatopatias/imunologia , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs), a small subset of tumor cells, are involved in tumor initiation, progression, recurrence and metastasis. In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), TICs are enriched with cell surface markers and play a key role in chemotherapy resistance, tumor invasion and migration. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), acting as a receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been reported to be responsible for carcinogenesis, invasion, metastasis and cancer progression. In our study, two HCC cell lines and a splenic vein metastasis of the nude mouse model were used to study the invasive ability of TLR4 positive HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem-like features were also detected in TLR4 positive HCC cells. A total of 88 clinical samples from HCC patients were used to evaluate the association of TLR4 and stem-cell marker expression, and the relationship between TLR4 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. The in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that TLR4 positive HCC cells displayed significantly enhanced invasion and migration, and stem-like properties were also detected in TLR4 positive HCC cells. Clinically, TLR4 expression levels were found to be significantly higher in HCC tissues with microvascular invasion. Additionally, high expression of TLR4 in HCC tissues was strongly associated with both early recurrence and poor survivals in patients. Our results indicated that there was a relationship between TLR4 expression and CSC's features, TLR4 may act as a CSC marker, prompting tumor invasion and migration, which contributes to the poor prognosis of HCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Adulto , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Prognóstico , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Carga TumoralRESUMO
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1B) is involved in the hepatobiliary specification of hepatoblasts to cholangiocytes during liver development, and is strongly expressed throughout adult biliary epithelium. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of HNF-1B in different pathologic subtypes of primary liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and the relationship between HNF-1B expression, clinicopathological features and prognosis. We retrospectively investigated 2 cohorts of patients, including 183 HCCs and 69 ICCs. The expression of HNF-1B was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found that HNF-1B expression was associated with pathological subtype of primary tumor, and HNF-1B expression in HCC tissue may be associated with the change of phenotype on recurrence. The HNF-1B expression was positively correlated with biliary/HPC (hepatic progenitor cell) markers expression. Further, multivariable analysis showed that HNF-1B expression was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease-free survival of HCC patients. However, no correlation between HNF-1B expression and survival was found in ICC patients. In summary, HCC with high HNF-1B expression displayed biliary phenotype and tended to show poorer prognosis. HNF-1B-positive malignant cells could be bipotential cells and give rise to both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic lineages during tumorigenesis.
Assuntos
Ductos Biliares/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Fator 1-beta Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Fenótipo , Prognóstico , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis and recurrence. Here, we sought to characterize intratumoral and peritumoral expression of HBsAg and its specific receptors in HBsAg-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and further examined their correlation with the recurrence-free survival (RFS). HCC tissue and adjacent normal tissue specimens were acquired from HBsAg-positive patients. The presence of HBsAg and receptors, as well as hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) were detected by tissue microassay and immunohistochemistry. Necroinflammatory activity was evaluated by HE staining. The mean IOD of HBsAg and HBV DNA in the intratumoral tissues was markedly lower than that in the peritumoral tissues (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis further showed a significant correlation between the expression of HBsAg and NTCP (r = 0.461, P < 0.001) or ASGPR (r = 0.506, P < 0.001) in peritumoral tissues. And the peritumoral HBsAg and receptors presented a positive association with necroinflammatory activity (P < 0.05). Inflammation induced by HBV infection presented a positive association with HPCs activation (P < 0.05). Additionally, due to lack of HBV receptors, HPCs was not preferentially infected with HBV, but activated HPCs had a significant correlation with HBsAg expression in peritumoral tissues, and the peritumoral HPCs activation was associated with RFS of HCC patients, therefore, the overexpression of HBsAg and receptors in peritumor were also with higher recurrence risk (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lack of HBV receptors resulted in scant HBV infection in tumor cells, and overexpression of HBsAg and receptors in peritumor was strongly associated with higher recurrence risk in HCC patients.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Hepatite B/complicações , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Receptor de Asialoglicoproteína/análise , Receptor de Asialoglicoproteína/biossíntese , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Criança , DNA Viral/análise , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/análise , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/virologia , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos Dependentes de Sódio/análise , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos Dependentes de Sódio/biossíntese , Simportadores/análise , Simportadores/biossíntese , Análise Serial de Tecidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a crucial component of immune cells infiltrated in tumor microenvironment, have been found to be associated with progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying the crosstalk between TAMs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HCC. Mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the effects of TAMs on mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6 cells in vivo and vitro. A total of 90 clinical samples had pathology-proven HCC were used to evaluate the distribution of TAMs and CSCs and analyze their value in predicting the prognosis. In the study, we have found that the number of TAMs has a positive correlation with the density of CSCs in the marginal of human HCC. Our results show that, cocultured with TAM-conditioned medium (CM) promoted CSC-like properties in Hepa1-6 cells, which underwent EMT and gained higher invasive capability. TAMs secreted more transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-beta1) than other phenotypes of macrophage. Furthermore, depletion of TGF-beta1 blocked acquisition of CSC-like properties by inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced EMT. High expression of CD68 in the EpCAM positive expression HCC tissues was strongly associated with both poor cancer-free survival and overall survival in patients. Our results indicate that the TAMs promote CSC-like properties via TGF-beta1-induced EMT and they may contribute to investigate the prognosis of HCC.