Mortality and disability from tobacco-related diseases in Brazil, 1990 to 2015. / Mortalidade e incapacidade por doenças relacionadas à exposição ao tabaco no Brasil, 1990 a 2015.

INTRODUCTION:: The global tobacco epidemic has taken pandemic proportions, with about 1.3 billion users and 6 million annual deaths. This study aimed to analyze the trends in mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung, lips, oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus cancer in Brazil between 1990 and 2015. METHODS:: The study was made possible through a partnership between the Metrics and Health Assessment Institute (IHME), University of Washington, Ministry of Health and the GBD Brazil technical group, using estimates from the Global Disease Charge 2015 study. RESULTS:: The mortality rates due to COPD fell; in 1990, it was 64.5/100,000 inhabitants and in 2015, 44.5, a decrease of 31%. For the various types of cancer related to smoking, the decrease was in a lower proportion than for COPD. For lung cancer, rates were 18.7/100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 18.3 in 2015. For women, there is an upward curve for lung cancer from 1990 to 2015, with an increase of 20.7%. DISCUSSION:: The study points to smoking as a risk factor for premature mortality and disability due to COPD and cancer. The significant reduction in tobacco prevalence in recent decades could explain reductions in tobacco-related disease trends. The higher mortality from lung cancer in women may express the delayed increase in smoking in this gender. CONCLUSION:: Nationwide actions taken in the last decades have had a great effect on reducing mortality from tobacco-related diseases, but there are still major challenges, especially when it comes to women and young people.

Burden of disease by lower respiratory tract infections in Brazil, 1990 to 2015: estimates of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study. / Carga de doença por infecções do trato respiratório inferior no Brasil, 1990 a 2015: estimativas do estudo Global Burden of Disease 2015.

INTRODUCTION:: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) present significant incidence and mortality in the world. This article presents the impact of LRTIs in the burden of disease, according to the metrics used in the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2015) for Brazil in 1990 and 2015. METHODS:: Analysis of estimates from the GBD 2015: years of life lost due to premature death (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost due to death or disability (DALYs = YLLs + YLDs). RESULTS:: LRTIs were the third cause of mortality in Brazil in 1990 and 2015, with 63.5 and 47.0 deaths/100,000 people, respectively. Although the number of deaths increased 26.8%, there was a reduction of 25.5% in mortality rates standardized by age, with emphasis on children under 5 years of age. The disability indicators, as measured by the DALYs, demonstrate a progressive reduction of the disease burden by LRTIs. DISCUSSION:: Despite the reduction in mortality rates in the period, LRTIs were an important cause of disability and still the third cause of death in Brazil in 2015. The increase in the number of deaths occurred due to the increase in population and its aging. The reduction in mortality rates accompanied the improvement of socioeconomic conditions, broader access to health care, national availability of antibiotics, and vaccination policies adopted in the country. CONCLUSION:: Despite the current socioeconomic difficulties, there has been a progressive reduction of the LRTIs load effect in Brazil, mostly in mortality and disability, and among children under 5 years of age.

Diagnostic accuracy of respiratory diseases in primary health units.

Respiratory diseases are responsible for about a fifth of all deaths worldwide and its prevalence reaches 15% of the world population. Primary health care (PHC) is the gateway to the health system, and is expected to resolve up to 85% of health problems in general. Moreover, little is known about the diagnostic ability of general practitioners (GPs) in relation to respiratory diseases in PHC. This review aims to evaluate the diagnostic ability of GPs working in PHC in relation to more prevalent respiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory infections (ARI), tuberculosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 3,913 articles were selected, totaling 30 after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They demonstrated the lack of consistent evidence on the accuracy of diagnoses of respiratory diseases by general practitioners. In relation to asthma and COPD, studies have shown diagnostic errors leading to overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis depending on the methodology used. The lack of precision for the diagnosis of asthma varied from 54% underdiagnosis to 34% overdiagnosis, whereas for COPD this ranged from 81% for underdiagnosis to 86.1% for overdiagnosis. For ARI, it was found that the inclusion of a complementary test for diagnosis led to an improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Studies show a low level of knowledge about tuberculosis on the part of general practitioners. According to this review, PHC represented by the GP needs to improve its ability for the diagnosis and management of this group of patients constituting one of its main demands.

Mortalidade e incapacidade por doenças relacionadas à exposição ao tabaco no Brasil, 1990 a 2015 / Mortality and disability from tobacco-related diseases in Brazil, 1990 to 2015

RESUMO: Introdução: A epidemia global do tabaco já assumiu proporções de pandemia, com cerca de 1,3 bilhão de usuários e 6 milhões de mortes anuais. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as tendências de mortalidade por doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e câncer de pulmão, lábios, cavidade oral, faringe e esôfago, no Brasil, entre 1990 e 2015. Métodos: O estudo foi viabilizado mediante parceria entre o Instituto Métricas e Avaliação em Saúde (IHME), da Universidade de Washington, Ministério da Saúde e o grupo técnico GBD Brasil, utilizando análise de estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças 2015. Resultados: As taxas de mortalidade por DPOC caíram, já que, em 1990, foi de 64,5/100.000 habitantes e, em 2015, 44,5, queda de 31%. Para os vários tipos de câncer relacionados ao tabaco, a queda foi em menor proporção do que a verificada para DPOC. A mortalidade por câncer de pulmão permaneceu estável, com taxa de 18,7/100.000 habitantes, em 1990, e 18,3/100.000 habitantes, em 2015. Entre as mulheres, observa-se curva ascendente, com aumento de 20,7%. Discussão: O estudo aponta o tabaco como fator de risco para mortalidade prematura e incapacidades por DPOC e câncer. A importante redução da prevalência do tabaco nas últimas décadas poderia explicar reduções nas tendências de doenças relacionadas com o tabaco. A maior mortalidade por câncer de pulmão em mulheres pode expressar o aumento tardio do tabagismo nesse sexo. Conclusão: Ações nacionais nas últimas décadas têm tido grande efeito na diminuição da mortalidade de doenças relacionadas ao tabaco, mas ainda há grandes desafios, principalmente quando se trata de mulheres e jovens.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The global tobacco epidemic has taken pandemic proportions, with about 1.3 billion users and 6 million annual deaths. This study aimed to analyze the trends in mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung, lips, oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus cancer in Brazil between 1990 and 2015. Methods: The study was made possible through a partnership between the Metrics and Health Assessment Institute (IHME), University of Washington, Ministry of Health and the GBD Brazil technical group, using estimates from the Global Disease Charge 2015 study. Results: The mortality rates due to COPD fell; in 1990, it was 64.5/100,000 inhabitants and in 2015, 44.5, a decrease of 31%. For the various types of cancer related to smoking, the decrease was in a lower proportion than for COPD. For lung cancer, rates were 18.7/100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 18.3 in 2015. For women, there is an upward curve for lung cancer from 1990 to 2015, with an increase of 20.7%. Discussion: The study points to smoking as a risk factor for premature mortality and disability due to COPD and cancer. The significant reduction in tobacco prevalence in recent decades could explain reductions in tobacco-related disease trends. The higher mortality from lung cancer in women may express the delayed increase in smoking in this gender. Conclusion: Nationwide actions taken in the last decades have had a great effect on reducing mortality from tobacco-related diseases, but there are still major challenges, especially when it comes to women and young people.

Carga de doença por infecções do trato respiratório inferior no Brasil, 1990 a 2015: estimativas do estudo Global Burden of Disease 2015 / Burden of disease by lower respiratory tract infections in Brazil, 1990 to 2015: estimates of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

RESUMO: Introdução: Infecções do trato respiratório inferior (ITRi) apresentam incidência e mortalidade significativas no mundo. Este artigo apresenta o impacto das ITRi na carga de doença, segundo as métricas utilizadas no estudo Global Burden of Disease 2015 (GBD 2015) para o Brasil, em 1990 e 2015. Métodos: Análise de estimativas do GBD 2015: anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (YLLs), anos vividos com incapacidade (YLDs) e anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapacidade (DALYs = YLLs + YLDs). Resultados: As ITRi foram a terceira causa de mortalidade no Brasil em 1990 e 2015, com 63,5 e 47,0 mortes/100 mil habitantes, respectivamente. Embora o número absoluto de óbitos tenha aumentado 26,8%, houve redução de 25,5% nas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade, sendo a redução mais marcante em menores de 5 anos. Também houve redução progressiva da carga da doença, expressa em DALYs. Discussão: Apesar da redução da carga da doença no período, as ITRi foram importante causa de incapacidade e a terceira causa de mortes no Brasil em 2015. O aumento do número de óbitos ocorreu devido ao aumento e envelhecimento populacional. A redução das taxas de mortalidade acompanhou a melhora das condições socioeconômicas, do acesso mais amplo aos cuidados de saúde, da disponibilidade nacional de antibióticos e das políticas de vacinação adotadas no país. Conclusão: Apesar das dificuldades socioeconômicas vigentes, constatou-se uma redução progressiva da carga das ITRi, principalmente na mortalidade e na incapacidade, e entre os menores de cinco anos de idade.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) present significant incidence and mortality in the world. This article presents the impact of LRTIs in the burden of disease, according to the metrics used in the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD 2015) for Brazil in 1990 and 2015. Methods: Analysis of estimates from the GBD 2015: years of life lost due to premature death (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost due to death or disability (DALYs = YLLs + YLDs). Results: LRTIs were the third cause of mortality in Brazil in 1990 and 2015, with 63.5 and 47.0 deaths/100,000 people, respectively. Although the number of deaths increased 26.8%, there was a reduction of 25.5% in mortality rates standardized by age, with emphasis on children under 5 years of age. The disability indicators, as measured by the DALYs, demonstrate a progressive reduction of the disease burden by LRTIs. Discussion: Despite the reduction in mortality rates in the period, LRTIs were an important cause of disability and still the third cause of death in Brazil in 2015. The increase in the number of deaths occurred due to the increase in population and its aging. The reduction in mortality rates accompanied the improvement of socioeconomic conditions, broader access to health care, national availability of antibiotics, and vaccination policies adopted in the country. Conclusion: Despite the current socioeconomic difficulties, there has been a progressive reduction of the LRTIs load effect in Brazil, mostly in mortality and disability, and among children under 5 years of age.

Diagnostic accuracy of respiratory diseases in primary health units / Precisão diagnóstica de doenças respiratórias em unidades primárias de saúde.

Respiratory diseases are responsible for about a fifth of all deaths worldwide and its prevalence reaches 15% of the world population. Primary health care (PHC) is the gateway to the health system, and is expected to resolve up to 85% of health problems in general. Moreover, little is known about the diagnostic ability of general practitioners (GPs) in relation to respiratory diseases in PHC. This review aims to evaluate the diagnostic ability of GPs working in PHC in relation to more prevalent respiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory infections (ARI), tuberculosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 3,913 articles were selected, totaling 30 after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They demonstrated the lack of consistent evidence on the accuracy of diagnoses of respiratory diseases by general practitioners. In relation to asthma and COPD, studies have shown diagnostic errors leading to overdiagnosis or underdiagnosis depending on the methodology used. The lack of precision for the diagnosis of asthma varied from 54% underdiagnosis to 34% overdiagnosis, whereas for COPD this ranged from 81% for underdiagnosis to 86.1% for overdiagnosis. For ARI, it was found that the inclusion of a complementary test for diagnosis led to an improvement in diagnostic accuracy. Studies show a low level of knowledge about tuberculosis on the part of general practitioners. According to this review, PHC represented by the GP needs to improve its ability for the diagnosis and management of this group of patients constituting one of its main demands.

As doenças respiratórias acometem 15% da população do planeta e respondem por 1/5 dos óbitos no mundo. Espera-se que a atenção primária à saúde (APS), primeira instância da assistência médica, solucione até 85% dos problemas de saúde em geral. Pouco se sabe a respeito da habilidade de médicos generalistas da APS em relação ao diagnóstico das doenças respiratórias. Esta revisão refere-se à habilidade diagnóstica de médicos generalistas que atuam na APS em relação às doenças respiratórias mais prevalentes, como doenças respiratórias agudas (IRA), tuberculose, asma e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Dentre 3.913 artigos, 30 foram selecionados após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Ficou demonstrada a carência de dados consistentes sobre a acurácia dos diagnósticos de doenças respiratórias elaborados por generalistas. Em relação à asma e à DPOC, os estudos demonstram erros diagnósticos que levam ao sobrediagnóstico ou ao subdiagnóstico, dependendo da metodologia usada. A imprecisão do diagnóstico de asma variou de 54% de subdiagnóstico a 34% de sobrediagnóstico; para DPOC, houve variação de 81% de subdiagnóstico a 86,1% de sobrediagnóstico; para IRA, verificou-se que a inclusão de exame complementar de auxílio diagnóstico melhora sua acurácia. Os estudos demonstram um baixo nível de conhecimento sobre tuberculose por parte dos generalistas. De acordo com esta revisão, a APS, na figura do médico generalista, necessita aprimorar sua capacidade de diagnóstico e o manejo desse grupo de pacientes, que constitui uma de suas principais demandas.