Decision-making in the treatment of radial head fractures: Delphi methodology.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of partially displaced radial head fractures is determined not only by the type of fracture but also by patient characteristics such as age, occupation, hand dominance, mechanism of injury, and concomitant injuries and comorbidities. The goal of this study was to employ the Delphi method to achieve consensus on the management of patients with radial head fractures, utilizing the experience of the ASES Elbow Fracture-Dislocation Multicenter Study Group and Mayo Elbow Club surgeons. METHODS: The initial survey was sent to participants, which included consent to participate in the study and questions about their experience, knowledge, and interest in participating in the Delphi method. We used both open-ended and category-based questions. The second questionnaire generated 76 variables, and individual questions with mean Likert ratings of <2.0 or >4.0 were deemed significant and merged to form multifactorial clinical scenarios relating to both nonoperative and operative management, respectively. RESULTS: Of the surgeons who responded to the questionnaire, 64% were from the United States, while the remainder were from overseas practices. Years in practice on average were 12.4 years (range, 1-40). Seven of the 76 factors met the criteria of a mean Likert score of <2.0 or >4.0. These factors were as follows: age, block to the range of motion (ROM) after aspiration/injection, crepitation with ROM, tenderness over the distal radioulnar joint and/or interosseous membrane (dorsal forearm), gap and/or displacement >2 mm on imaging, complete loss of contact of the head with the rest of the radius on imaging, and fracture head involvement 30% on imaging. Twenty-two (46%) of the 96 clinical scenarios gained >90% consensus in favor of surgical treatment, whereas 8 (17%) reached >90% consensus in favor of nonoperative treatment. CONCLUSION: Obtaining expert consensus on the treatment of radial head fractures remains challenging. Certain factors such as gap/displacement ≥2 mm without complete loss of contact, ≥30% head involvement with a block to an ROM regardless of tenderness over distal radioulnar joint or interosseous membrane (dorsal forearm), or crepitation when the patient was <80 years of age led to a recommendation of operative treatment in 100% of the surveyed surgeons. Patients older than 80 years with no block to ROM after aspiration/injection, no crepitation with ROM, and no tenderness on distal radioulnar joint/interosseous membrane (dorsal forearm) were recommended for nonoperative treatment regardless of the size of the radial head involvement on imaging.

University female students' perception and prospective practice of female genital mutilation in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) under the guise of female circumcision is still practiced across wider communities in Nigeria despite various dangers associated with it and several efforts to curtail the practice. This study investigated the prevalence of and personal disposition towards female genital mutilation in 345 university undergraduate students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU), South east Nigeria using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The major inclusion criteria for the face-to-face interview were being a female student of MOUAU and consented approval. Associations between various variable were tested with Chi square and statistical significance was established at P < 0.05. There was no association (P = 0.165) between place of birth and circumcision status, whereas state of circumcision had a significant association (P = 0.00001) with willingness to carry out circumcision in daughter in the future. Also, the belief that non-circumcised girls are prone to prone to promiscuity in adulthood had a significant (P = 0.00001) association with prospective circumcision of daughters. The prevalence of circumcision is high in this population (30.1%) with a reasonable number (16.8%) seeing no ills in the practice and expressed willingness to sustain it. Therefore, a strategy to curtail this practice has to focus on creating awareness at correcting this misconception as a learning theme at the tertiary level of education system rather than an assumption of passive knowledge. Further studies involving many universities in the study area and South-eastern Nigeria in particular are suggested to validate the results of this study.

Sexual exposure, awareness, and knowledge of long-acting reversible contraceptives among female university students in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Unplanned and unintended pregnancies have become major medical, social and public health issues worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine sexual exposure, awareness and knowledge of long active reversible contraceptives (LARC) among female undergraduate students in public and private universities in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among 428 female university undergraduates in Ekiti State (208 students in public and 210 students in private) using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. P-value <0.05 was taken as significant. The mean age of respondents was 21.1±2.5years in public and 19.3±2.1years in private university. 53% of public university students and 30% of private university students have had sexual intercourse. While 41.3% of public university students were aware of LARC, 37.1% of the private university students were aware. The knowledge of LARC among the public university students was lower (23.6%) as compared to those in private university (33.3%). We conclude that while sexual exposure is higher among public university students than in private, the awareness of LARC was higher in public than private universities. Continuous campaign programmes to university students on the benefit of LARC is recommended.

Irrigation techniques used in spine surgery for surgical site infection prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The greater likelihood of morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stays and poorer long-term outcomes as a result of surgical site infections secondary to spinal surgery makes prophylactic measures an imperative focus. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the available research related to the efficacy of different intraoperative irrigation techniques used in spinal surgery for surgical site infection (SSI) prophylaxis. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search using Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane library pertaining to this topic. Our meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria consist of spine surgeries with intraoperative use of any wound irrigation technique, comparison groups with a different intraoperative irrigation technique or no irrigation, SSI identified with bacterial cultures or clinically in the postoperative period, reported SSI rates. Data extracted from eligible studies included, but was not limited to, SSI rates, irrigation technique and control technique. Exclusion criteria consist of articles with no human subjects, reviews, meta-analyses and case control studies and no details about SSI identification or rates. Pooled risk ratios were calculated. A meta-analysis was performed with a forest plot to determine risk estimates' heterogeneity with I2 index, Q-statistic, and p value under a random-effects model. Funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. All databases were last checked on January, 2022. PROBAST tool was used to assess both risk of bias and applicability concerns. RESULTS: After reviewing 1494 titles and abstracts, 18 articles met inclusion criteria. They included three prospective randomized-controlled trials, 13 retrospective cohort studies, two prospective cohort studies. There were 54 (1.8%) cases of SSIs in the povidone-iodine irrigation group (N = 2944) compared to 159 (4.6%) in the control group (N = 3408). Using intraoperative povidone-iodine wound irrigation produced an absolute risk reduction of 2.8%. Overall risk ratio was 0.32 (95% CI 0.20-0.53, p < 0.00001). In a global analysis, study heterogeneity and synthesizing mostly retrospective data were primary limitations. CONCLUSION: The most evidence exists for povidone-iodine and has Level 2 evidence supporting SSI reduction during spinal surgery. Other antiseptic solutions such as dilute chlorhexidine lack published evidence in this patient population which limits the ability to draw conclusions related to its use in spinal surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II - Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Pre- and post-operative anti-PD-L1 plus anti-angiogenic therapies in mouse breast or renal cancer models of micro- or macro-metastatic disease.

BACKGROUND: There are phase 3 clinical trials underway evaluating anti-PD-L1 antibodies as adjuvant (postoperative) monotherapies for resectable renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); in combination with antiangiogenic VEGF/VEGFR2 inhibitors (e.g., bevacizumab and sunitinib) for metastatic RCC; and in combination with chemotherapeutics as neoadjuvant (preoperative) therapies for resectable TNBC. METHODS: This study investigated these and similar clinically relevant drug combinations in highly translational preclinical models of micro- and macro-metastatic disease that spontaneously develop after surgical resection of primary kidney or breast tumours derived from orthotopic implantation of murine cancer cell lines (RENCAluc or EMT-6/CDDP, respectively). RESULTS: In the RENCAluc model, adjuvant sunitinib plus anti-PD-L1 improved overall survival compared to either drug alone, while the same combination was ineffective as early therapy for unresected primary tumours or late-stage therapy for advanced metastatic disease. In the EMT-6/CDDP model, anti-PD-L1 was highly effective as an adjuvant monotherapy, while its combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy (with or without anti-VEGF) was most effective as a neoadjuvant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our preclinical data suggest that anti-PD-L1 plus sunitinib may warrant further investigation as an adjuvant therapy for RCC, while anti-PD-L1 may be improved by combining with chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant but not the adjuvant setting of treating breast cancer.

A Prototype of an Electromagnetic Induction Sensor for Non-Destructive Estimation of the Presence of Corrosive Chemicals Ensuing Concrete Corrosion.

The corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete often leads to huge unbudgeted expenses for maintaining, monitoring and renovating an infrastructure. This is mainly due to the presence of salts or chemical chlorides that pose a danger to the concrete structures. The determination of the existence of these corrosive salts is vital for defining the service life of concrete. This research looked at developing an electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor for the detection of corrosive salts. The first design adopted a single-loop coil (SLC) concept, and the second was based on a multiple-loop coil (MLC) one using copper wire. Tests were conducted on these two techniques, and with the results obtained, the latter seemed more promising; thus, a prototype sensor was developed using the MLC concept. As this new prototype sensor was able to detect the manifestation of chemical contents in a concrete structure, it could be used as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique for the detection of corrosive chemicals in concrete and has the further possibility of detecting corrosion in concrete.

Regulation and roles of the hyaluronan system in mammalian reproduction.

Hyaluronan (HA) is a non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan polymer naturally occurring in many tissues and fluids of mammals, including the reproductive system. Its biosynthesis by HA synthase (HAS1-3) and catabolism by hyaluronidases (HYALs) are affected by ovarian steroid hormones. Depending upon its molecular size, HA functions both as a structural component of tissues in the form of high-molecular-weight HA or as a signalling molecule in the form of small HA molecules or HA fragments with effects mediated through interaction with its specific cell-membrane receptors. HA is produced by oocytes and embryos and in various segments of the reproductive system. This review provides information about the expression and function of members of the HA system, including HAS, HYALs and HA receptors. We examine their role in various processes from folliculogenesis through oocyte maturation, fertilisation and early embryo development, to pregnancy and cervical dilation, as well as its application in assisted reproduction technologies. Particular emphasis has been placed upon the role of the HA system in pre-implantation embryo development and embryo implantation, for which we propose a hypothetical sequential model.

Influence of hyaluronan on endometrial receptivity and embryo attachment in sheep.

An increasing number of reports suggests a role of hyaluronan (HA) in female reproduction and interest in its application in assisted reproduction is rising. However, there are contrasting data about the effectiveness of adding HA to the embryo-transfer medium on improving pregnancy rates. Using sheep as an experimental model, the studies reported here analysed the impact of HA infusion into the uterus on embryo attachment to uterine luminal epithelium (LE) and expression of selected markers of uterine receptivity. On Day 14 after natural mating (pre-attachment), uterine horns were infused with either (n=4 each): PBS (control), HA (1mg mL-1), HA+hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2; 300IU mL-1) or 4-methyl-umbelliferone (HA-synthesis inhibitor; 4MU, 1mM). HA immunostaining on uterine sections collected on Day 17 was negative in the 4MU group and weak in the HA+Hyal2 group. In contrast to 4MU, which resulted in 100% attachment, HA infusion blocked embryo attachment in all treated animals. This was accompanied by the disappearance of mucin 1 and increased expression of osteopontin and CD44v6 in the LE of uteri with attached embryos. In conclusion, the presence of HA at the embryo-maternal interface during embryo implantation resulted in reduced endometrial receptivity and inhibited the interaction of trophoblasts with the LE, whereas clearance of HA favoured embryo attachment.

Pulmonary Arterio-Venous Malformation (PAVM): A Rare Case Report.

A 6-year-old boy from Comilla, was admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital with exertional dyspnea, central cyanosis, clubbing and was finally diagnosed as pulmonary Arterio-Venous Malformation (PAVM) by bubble contrast echocardiography, and pulmonary CT angiography. As PAVM is rare in children, it is often not thought of in differential diagnoses and the diagnosis remains in disguise. In this report, we described the clinical presentation of 6-year-old child with PAVM and also how to investigate the case to get the diagnosis.

A Young Boy with L-asparaginase-Induced Seizure.

L-Asparaginase is a critical component in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. It is known to cause coagulation abnormalities, thrombosis and hemorrhage in the central nervous system in addition to vasculitis and hypersensitivity reactions. This syndrome generally occurs after a few weeks of therapy and may occur after L-asparaginase therapy is completed. Seizures are uncommon symptoms. We report a case of seizure associated with L-asparaginase therapy but no evidence of hemorrhagic or thrombotic cerebrovascular events, completed in the department of Hematology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University during March & April 2016.

Anthropometric Study of Face on Bangladeshi Adult Garo Male.

The present cross sectional descriptive type of study provides a standard for Bangladeshi Garo male regarding physiognomical face height, morphological face height and maximum facial breadth in Mymensingh Sadar, Haluaghat, Madhuopor Upazilas from July 2015 to June 2016. An attempt has been made out to find out correlation of stature with the parameters and to measure different face index. The current study also generates different face types on the basis of morphological face index. The study was done on 121 Garo male between 25-45 years of age in Bangladesh. The measurements were taken by digital Vernier caliper and spreading caliper. The stature was measured in anatomical position with stadiometer. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel and SPSS software. A significant positive correlation of stature was observed with physiognomical and morphological face height. But maximum facial breadth shows a non significant correlation with stature. The results of present study may be useful for physical anthropologist, Forensic Medicine experts, plastic and reconstructive surgeons.

An Anthropometric Study of Bimalleolar Breadth and its Relationship with Stature on Bangladeshi Garo People.

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at different areas of Mymensingh (Haluaghat, Vatikashor and Kachijhuly) from July 2015 to June 2016 on 101 Bangladeshi Garo people. Among them 60 were male and 41 were female. Sample collection was done by nonrandom purposive sampling technique. Mixed ethnicity and any kind of foot deformity resulting either from congenital or physical injury were excluded to construct standard measurement for Garo ethnicity. Bimalleolar breadth was measured using slide calipers. The subjects were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The maximum right and left bimalleolar breadth for male was found 8.32cm and 8.34cm respectively; minimum was 5.42cm and 5.43cm respectively. In case of female maximum right and left bimalleolar breadth was 9.63cm and 9.64cm respectively and minimum was 5.41cm for both feet. In this study, difference of mean bimalleolar breadth of male and female were statistically analyzed by using students unpaired 't' test which was highly significant. Correlation was done with stature and found significant in case of male but non-significant in case of female.

Pattern of Anti-hypertensives Usage in Hypertension with or without Comorbidities in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Hypertension is a chronic illness associated with high morbidity & mortality. A large number of antihypertensive drugs alone or in various combinations are available and physicians need to choose the most appropriate drug for a particular patient. The standard treatment guidelines and drug utilization studies at regular intervals help physicians to prescribe drugs rationally. The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of antihypertensive in hypertension with or without ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus at Department of Cardiology in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh from July 2015 to October 2015. It was an observational type of descriptive cross sectional study. The study was performed among 400 hypertensive patients in Cardiology department in MMCH who received antihypertensive drug. Out of 400 hypertensive patients 67% were male and 33% were female. Maximum patients (54%) found in 40 - <60 years age group and ≤60 years age group (37.5%). Mean age of the patients was 55.02±12.47 years. Mean systolic BP was 146.74±28.28 and diastolic BP was 90.60±14.27mmHg. In overall prescription combination therapy (63.25%) was prescribed more frequently than mono-therapy (36.75%). In monotherapy ramipril was the most commonly prescribed (27.89%) antihypertensive drug and ARB was the most commonly prescribed group (37.41%). In our study 5 groups of antihypertensive were found (ARB, ACEI, BB, Diuretics, and CCB). In combination therapy 2-drugs combination were found most frequently (37.50%) and ACEI + Diuretics (23.72%) was the most common combination followed by ARB + Diuretics (12.25%), ACEI + BB (11.86%). Average number of antihypertensive drug per prescription was 1.9.

Correlation of Stature with Foot Length in 5-10 Years Aged Bangladeshi Children.

This cross sectional, descriptive and analytic type study was conducted among 5-10 years aged Bangladeshi children at different areas of Mymensingh district (Fulpur, Muktagacha, Fulbaria, Trisal and Haluaghat) on 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) from January 2016 to December 2016. Sample collection was done by nonrandom purposive sampling technique. Any kind of foot deformity resulting either from congenital or physical injury were excluded to construct standard measurement. The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5 to 10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding foot length, to measure correlation of stature with foot length and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Stature of the subject was measured with the stadiometer and foot length was measured using slide calipers. The children were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean foot length of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male were 16.72±1.11cm, 17.12±.72cm, 19.04±1.27cm, 19.10±.76cm, 20.11±1.25cm and 20.88±1.01cm respectively and those of same aged female were 16.44±1.2cm, 17.85±0.50cm, 18.53±0.76cm, 19.14±0.58cm, 19.87±1.88cm and 20.95±1.36cm respectively. Correlation between stature and foot length was made. Foot length showed non- significant positive correlation with stature in 5 years old male and female, 6 years old male, 7 years old male and female, 8 years old male and female, 9 years old and 10 years old female. In case of 9 years and 10 years old male, it showed significant positive correlation with stature. Comparison of foot length between male and female children was done by Unpaired Students 't' test which was statistically non-significant.

A retroperitoneal extra-renal wilms' tumour: A case report.

Wilms' tumour originates predominantly in the renal tissue; in rare cases it can also arise from extra-renal sites accounting for 0.5-1% of cases of Wilms' tumours seen. A diagnosis of extra-renal Wilms' cannot be easily established with clinical and radiological features except when the histological facts are provided. Wilms' tumours arising from extra-renal sites may not be different in clinical features, protocol of treatment and outcome from a typical intra renal Wilms' tumour. A 2-year-old boy presented with an asymptomatic abdominal swelling for 3 months. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scans revealed an extra-renal mass. Intravenous urogram (IVU) showed prompt excretion bilaterally. Post excision histology of the tumour confirmed a Wilms' tumour.

Cytoskeletal motor-driven active self-assembly in in vitro systems.

Molecular motor-driven self-assembly has been an active area of soft matter research for the past decade. Because molecular motors transform chemical energy into mechanical work, systems which employ molecular motors to drive self-assembly processes are able to overcome kinetic and thermodynamic limits on assembly time, size, complexity, and structure. Here, we review the progress in elucidating and demonstrating the rules and capabilities of motor-driven active self-assembly. We focus on the types of structures created and the degree of control realized over these structures, and discuss the next steps necessary to achieve the full potential of this assembly mode which complements robotic manipulation and passive self-assembly.

Variations of Weight of Prostate Gland in Different Age Groups of Bangladeshi Cadaver.

Now a days, benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate are the most common disorders in men. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh to find out the difference in weight of the prostate gland of Bangladeshi people in relation to age. The present study was performed on 67 postmortem human prostate gland collected from the morgue in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College by non random purposive sampling technique. The specimens were collected from Bangladeshi cadaver of age ranging from 10 to 80 years. All the specimens were grouped into three categories - Group A (upto 18 years), Group B (19 to 45 years) and Group C (above 45 years) according to age. Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The weight of the prostate gland were measured and recorded. The mean weight of the prostate gland was 10.13gm in Group A, 17.27gm in Group B and 22.50gm in Group C. Variance analysis shows that mean differences of weight of the prostate were highly significant among all age groups. The weight of prostate gland was found to increase with increased age. For statistical analysis, differences between age groups were analyzed by using students unpaired 't' test. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the weight of prostate gland of Bangladeshi people.

Anthropometric Study of Carrying Angle on Bangladeshi Garo People.

The present study was designed to construct an anthropometric data of 20-40 years aged 104 Bangladeshi Garo people (60 male and 44 female) regarding carrying angle and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Participants were selected through purposive sampling for this cross sectional, observational, descriptive and analytic type study which was carried out in different areas of Mymensingh district (Haluaghat, Mymensingh Sadar), Bangladesh from July 2015 to June 2016. The carrying angles of both side were measured by goniometer. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel and SPSS software. Carrying angle was found to be higher in males but angle of inclination was higher in females. Comparison of differences of means between male and female was statistically significant. The results of present study would be useful for Anthropologist and Forensic Medicine experts.

Study of Prostatic Volume and its Variations in Different Age Groups of Bangladeshi Cadaver.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma of the prostate are the most common disorders of Bangladeshi male in recent years. Volume of the prostate is necessary to estimate the amount of BPH adenoma to determine the appropriate therapy or to select the surgical approach. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is preferred for small glands and open prostatectomy for larger ones. Decrease in prostatic mass after hormonal manipulation or radiation therapy can be used as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy. The effect of prostate volume on biopsy outcome was assessed and was noted that there was an inverse relationship in between size of the gland and prostate cancer. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to find out the difference in volume of the prostate gland of Bangladeshi people in relation to age. The present study was performed on 67 postmortem human prostate gland collected from the morgue in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College by non random purposive sampling technique. The specimens were collected from Bangladeshi cadaver of age ranging from 10 to 80 years. All the specimens were grouped into three categories: Group A (upto 18 years), Group B (19 to 45 years) and Group C (above 45 years) according to age. Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The volume of the prostate gland were measured and recorded. The mean volume of the prostate gland was 13.75ml in Group A, 24.44ml in Group B and 29.72ml in Group C. Variance analysis shows that mean differences of volume of the prostate were highly significant among all age groups. The volume of prostate gland was found to be increased with increasing age. For statistical analysis, differences between age groups were analyzed by using students unpaired 't' test. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the volume of prostate gland of Bangladeshi people.

Effect of novel curcumin-encapsulated chitosan-bioglass drug on bone and skin repair after gamma radiation: experimental study on a Wistar rat model.

Radiation therapy contributes to a significant increase in bone osteoporosis and skin loss. Various natural health products might be beneficial to reduce bone and skin alterations. Curcumin (CUR) medicines derived from natural plants have played an important role in health care. This study aims at synthesizing and evaluating the performance therapy of CUR-encapsulated bioglass-chitosan (CUR-BG-CH). In vitro, the antioxidant assay was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free-radical (DPPH) scavenging and the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The CUR-BG-CH antimicrobial effects were tested in liquid media. In vivo, after rat (60) Co γ-radiation, the tissue wound-healing process was studied by grafting CUR and CUR-BG-CH in femoral condyle and dorsal skin rat tissue. The antioxidant studies indicated that CUR-BG-CH quenches free radicals more efficiently than unmodified CUR and had effective DPPH (91%) and superoxide anion (51%) radical scavenging activities. The CUR-BG-CH biomaterial exhibited an important antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The histomorphometric parameters showed amelioration in CUR-BG-CH-treated rats. An improved mechanical property was noticed (33.16 ± 5.0 HV) when compared with that of unmodified CUR group (23.15 ± 4.9 HV). A significant decrease in tumour necrosis factor-α cytokine production was noted in the CUR-BG-CH rats (90 pg/ml) as compared with that of unmodified CUR group (240 pg/ml). The total amount of hydroxyproline was significantly enhanced (33.5%) in CUR-BG-CH group as compared with that of control. Our findings suggested that CUR-BG-CH might have promising potential applications for wound healing.