Japanese Study of the Effects of AMG (α1-Microglobulin) Reduction Rates on Survival (JAMREDS): A Protocol of a Multicenter Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Recent advances in dialysis therapy have made it possible to remove middle molecules. Removal of small-middle molecules, such as ß2-microglobulin, can now be achieved with conventional hemodialysis (HD), and removal of large-middle molecules has become a target, particularly for α1-microglobulin (AMG, 33 kD). The AMG reduction rate has emerged as a target for improvement of various clinical symptoms, but the effects on prognosis have yet to be determined. The "Japanese study of the effects of AMG (α1-microglobulin) reduction rates on survival" (JAMREDS) was started in April 2020, with the goal of determining if the AMG reduction rate associates with the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. METHODS: JAMREDS is a prospective observational study in patients on HD to examine the effects of: (1) AMG reduction rate on survival outcome and CVD events; (2) dialysis treatment modalities (HD, intermittent infusion hemodiafiltration(iHDF), pre/post-dilution online HDF) on survival and CVD events (based on AMG reduction rates with treatment mode); and (3) AMG reduction rates on survival and CVD events in patients undergoing each therapy (iHDF, pre/post-dilution online HDF). The number of planned subjects was 4,000 in preplanning. Data are collected using RED-Cap, which is an EDC system. A total of 9,930 patients were enrolled at the beginning of the study at 59 registered facilities. The JAMREDS observation period will continue until the end of 2023, after which the data will be cleaned and confirmed before analysis. CONCLUSION: This study may provide new evidence for the relationship between the amount of removed large-middle molecules (such as AMG) and the mortality and CVD risk. Comparisons with convection volumes will also be of interest.

Extracorporeal Techniques in Kidney Failure.

During the last decades, various strategies have been optimized to enhance clearance of a variable spectrum of retained molecules to ensure hemodynamic tolerance to fluid removal and improve long-term survival in patients affected by kidney failure. Treatment effects are the result of the interaction of individual patient characteristics with device characteristics and treatment prescription. Historically, the nephrology community aimed to provide adequate treatment, along with the best possible quality of life and outcomes. In this article, we analyzed blood purification techniques that have been developed with their different characteristics.

Comparison of the pre-dilution and post-dilution methods for online hemodiafiltration.

Online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is a treatment modality using diffusion and ultrafiltration. There are two types of dilution methods in OL-HDF: pre-dilution, which is commonly provided in Japan, and post-dilution, which is commonly provided in Europe. The optimal OL-HDF method for individual patients is not well studied. In this study, we compared the clinical symptoms, laboratory data, spent dialysate, and adverse events of pre- and post-dilution OL-HDF. We conducted a prospective study of 20 patients who underwent OL-HDF between January 1, 2019 and October 30, 2019. Their clinical symptoms and dialysis efficacy were evaluated. All patients underwent OL-HDF every 3 months in the following sequence: first pre-dilution, post-dilution, and second pre-dilution. We evaluated 18 patients for the clinical study and 6 for the spent dialysate study. No significant differences in spent dialysates regarding small and large solutes, blood pressure, recovery time, and clinical symptoms were observed between the pre- and post-dilution methods. However, the serum α1-microglobulin level in post-dilution OL-HDF was lower than that in pre-dilution OL-HDF (first pre-dilution: 124.8 ± 14.3 mg/L; post-dilution: 116.6 ± 13.9 mg/L; second pre-dilution: 125.8 ± 13.0 mg/L; first pre-dilution vs. post-dilution, post-dilution vs. second pre-dilution, and first pre-dilution vs. second pre-dilution: p = 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 1.000, respectively). The most common adverse event was an increase in transmembrane pressure in the post-dilution period. Compared to pre-dilution, the post-dilution method decreased the α1-microglobulin level; however, there were no significant differences in clinical symptoms or laboratory data.

Association of single and serial measures of serum phosphorus with adverse outcomes in patients on peritoneal dialysis: results from the international PDOPPS.

BACKGROUND: While high serum phosphorus levels have been related to adverse outcomes in hemodialysis patients, further investigation is warranted in persons receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: Longitudinal data (2014-17) from the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS), a prospective cohort study, were used to examine associations of serum phosphorus with all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events via Cox regression adjusted for confounders. Serum phosphorus levels were parameterized by four methods: (i) baseline serum phosphorus; (ii) mean 6-month serum phosphorus; (iii) number of months with serum phosphorus >4.5 mg/dL; and (iv) mean area-under-the-curve of 6-month serum phosphorus control. RESULTS: The study included 5847 PD patients from seven countries; 9% of patients had baseline serum phosphorus <3.5 mg/dL, 24% had serum phosphorus ≥3.5 to ≤4.5 mg/dL, 30% had serum phosphorus >4.5 to <5.5 mg/dL, 20% had serum phosphorus ≥5.5 to <6.5 mg/dL, and 17% had serum phosphorus ≥6.5 mg/dL. Compared with patients with baseline serum phosphorus ≥3.5 to ≤4.5 mg/dL, the adjusted all-cause mortality hazard ratio (HR) was 1.19 (0.92,1.53) for patients with baseline serum phosphorus ≥5.5 to <6.5 mg/dL and HR was 1.53 (1.14,2.05) for serum phosphorus ≥6.5 mg/dL. Associations between serum phosphorus measurements over 6 months and clinical outcomes were even stronger than for a single measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Serum phosphorus >5.5 mg/dL was highly prevalent (37%) in PD patients, and higher serum phosphorus levels were a strong predictor of morbidity and death, particularly when considering serial phosphorus measurements. This highlights the need for improved treatment strategies in this population. Serial serum phosphorus measurements should be considered when assessing patients' risks of adverse outcomes.

The Impact of Tunneled Central Venous Hemodialysis Catheter on Mortality of Elderly Hemodialysis Patients Hospitalized in a Long-Term Care Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The association between tunneled central venous hemodialysis catheters (TCVCs) and mortality in hospitalized elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients remains unclear. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted in a long-term care hospital. We evaluated the association between TCVC and mortality in HD patients hospitalized between 2015 and 2020. RESULTS: A total of 463 patients were compared: TCVC group (n = 53) and non-TCVC group (n = 410) including arteriovenous fistula (AVF, n = 369), arteriovenous graft (AVG, n = 30), and superficialized brachial artery (SBA, n = 11). The mean ages were 80 and 78 years in the TCVC and non-TCVC groups, respectively. Overall mortality rates for all-cause and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were higher in the TCVC group than in the non-TCVC group (log-rank, p = 0.01, and p = 0.009). Overall mortality was higher in the TCVC group than in the AVF group (p = 0.04), but there were no significant differences between the TCVC, AVG, and SBA groups. In Cox proportional hazards regression models, age, dialysis vintage, male sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and serum albumin level were associated with all-cause, CVD, and infectious disease (ID) mortalities, but TCVC was not associated with all-cause (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-1.80; p = 0.1), CVD (1.54; 0.99-2.39; p = 0.051), and ID (0.91; 0.48-1.70; p = 0.8) mortalities. Among patients aged ≥80 years, with dialysis vintage ≥7 years and CCI ≥10, the overall mortality rates were comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly HD patients in the long-term care hospital, TCVC was not associated with mortality.

Critical Appraisal of Limitations in the Current Definition/Classification of Uremic Toxins.

Progress in the identification and characterization of uremic retention solutes has refined our understanding of the pathophysiology of the uremic syndrome. Furthermore, the evolution of dialysis and other techniques designed to remove uremic retention solutes offers opportunities to provide a more personalized and targeted treatment for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with an aim to improve outcomes. Considering these developments, a consensus report was recently published that readdressed the 2003 definition and classification of uremic toxins and formulated recommendations for future research to enhance the understanding of uremic retention solutes. In the present work, the authors of a work group that contributed to the consensus report provide a more detailed rationale for the recommendations related to their theme "Critical appraisal of limitations in the current definition/classification of uremic toxins." In summary, the authors propose that the current definition of uremic toxins should remain organized on hemodialysis strategies, membranes, and removal patterns since hemodialysis is the most frequently applied therapeutic strategy to reduce their concentration in advanced CKD. Nevertheless, the work group also acknowledges that any classification based on cutoff values and/or molecular spatial configurations is arbitrary and will likely need to be changed with therapeutic advancements. Furthermore, the current physicochemical classification might be extended to reflect the degree of toxicity of a specific toxin that is likely to support more personalized and targeted dialysis prescriptions and improve the outcomes for patients with CKD.

Long-term effects of contrast media exposure on renal failure progression: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: With the constant need for technique improvement for ensuring correct diagnoses and precise treatment, imaging examinations that use contrast media have become unavoidable and indispensable. However, the long-term effects of contrast media on renal function remain unclear in populations with advanced renal failure. This study aimed to examine the relationship between contrast media exposure and long-term trends in renal function in patients with renal failure. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients with a definitive diagnosis of chronic kidney disease who visited medical institutions in Japan between April 2012 and December 2020. The cohort was divided into contrast agent therapy and non-contrast agent therapy groups. The assessment indices were the number of contrast exposures and renal function decline. Renal function decline was calculated based on observed chronic kidney disease stage trends and glomerular filtration rate correspondence tables sourced from various guidelines. A stratified analysis focusing on changes in renal function while accounting for the acceleration of chronic kidney disease progression was also performed. RESULTS: After adjusting for patient background with propensity score matching, 333 patients each were included in both groups. The observation period was 5.3 ± 2.1 and 4.9 ± 2.2 years per case in the contrast-enhanced and non-contrast-enhanced groups, respectively. The baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate at the beginning of the observation period was 55.2 ± 17.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the contrast-enhanced groups (P = 0.65). Although only slightly different in both groups, the glomerular filtration rate change was 1.1 ± 3.3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year in the contrast agent therapy group and tended to be higher with contrast media exposure. Stratified analysis showed that the annual glomerular filtration rate changes in patients with more contrast media exposures and altered renal function were 7.9 ± 7.1 mL/min/1.73 m2/year and 4.7 ± 3.6 mL/min/1.73 m2/year in the contrast agent therapy and non-contrast agent therapy groups, respectively (1.69 times, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We were able to identify a clinical trend of successful measures for preventing adverse renal outcomes associated with contrast media exposure. However, increased frequency of contrast media exposure has a long-term effect on renal function in patients with altered it. Appropriate treatment choices related to contrast media may control chronic kidney disease.

Variation in Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis Outcomes in the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS).

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis is a significant PD-related complication. We describe the likelihood of cure after a peritonitis episode, exploring its association with various patient, peritonitis, and treatment characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 1,631 peritonitis episodes (1,190 patients, 126 facilities) in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Japan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. EXPOSURE: Patient characteristics (demographics, patient history, laboratory values), peritonitis characteristics (organism category, concomitant exit-site infection), dialysis center characteristics (use of icodextrin and low glucose degradation product solutions, policies regarding antibiotic self-administration), and peritonitis treatment characteristics (antibiotic used). OUTCOME: Cure, defined as absence of death, transfer to hemodialysis (HD), PD catheter removal, relapse, or recurrent peritonitis within 50 days of a peritonitis episode. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Mixed-effects logistic models. RESULTS: Overall, 65% of episodes resulted in a cure. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for cure were similar across countries (range, 54%-68%), by age, sex, dialysis vintage, and diabetes status. Compared with Gram-positive peritonitis, the odds of cure were lower for Gram-negative (AOR, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.30-0.57]), polymicrobial (AOR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.20-0.47]), and fungal (AOR, 0.01 [95% CI, 0.00-0.07]) peritonitis. Odds of cure were higher with automated PD versus continuous ambulatory PD (AOR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.02-1.82]), facility icodextrin use (AOR per 10% greater icodextrin use, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.01-1.12]), empirical aminoglycoside use (AOR, 3.95 [95% CI, 1.23-12.68]), and ciprofloxacin use versus ceftazidime use for Gram-negative peritonitis (AOR, 5.73 [95% CI, 1.07-30.61]). Prior peritonitis episodes (AOR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.74-0.99]) and concomitant exit-site infection (AOR, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.26-0.64]) were associated with a lower odds of cure. LIMITATIONS: Sample selection may be biased and generalizability may be limited. Residual confounding and confounding by indication limit inferences. Use of facility-level treatment variables may not capture patient-level treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes after peritonitis vary by patient characteristics, peritonitis characteristics, and modifiable peritonitis treatment practices. Differences in the odds of cure across infecting organisms and antibiotic regimens suggest that organism-specific treatment considerations warrant further investigation.

Burden of Kidney Disease, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Employment Among Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis and In-Center Hemodialysis: Findings From the DOPPS Program.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Individuals faced with decisions regarding kidney replacement therapy options need information on how dialysis treatments might affect daily activities and quality of life, and what factors might influence the evolution over time of the impact of dialysis on daily activities and quality of life. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 7,771 hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) participants from 6 countries participating in the Peritoneal and Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Studies (PDOPPS/DOPPS). PREDICTORS: Patient-reported functional status (based on daily living activities), country, demographic and clinical characteristics, and comorbidities. OUTCOME: Employment status and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) including Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) instrument physical and mental component summary scores (PCS, MCS), kidney disease burden score, and depression symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D] score > 10). ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Linear regression (PCS, MCS, kidney disease burden score), logistic regression (depression symptoms), adjusted for predictors plus 12 additional comorbidities. RESULTS: In both dialysis modalities, patients in Japan had the highest PCS and employment (55% for HD and 68% for PD), whereas those in the United States had the highest MCS score, lowest kidney disease burden, and lowest employment (20% in HD and 42% in PD). After covariate adjustment, the association of age, sex, dialysis vintage, diabetes, and functional status with PROs was similar in both modalities, with women having lower PCS and kidney disease burden scores. Lower functional status (score <11) was strongly associated with lower PCS and MCS scores, a much greater burden of kidney disease, and greater likelihood of depression symptoms (CES-D, >10). The median change in KDQOL-based PROs was negligible over 1 year in participants who completed at least 2 annual questionnaires. LIMITATIONS: Selection bias due to incomplete survey responses. Generalizability was limited to the dialysis populations of the included countries. CONCLUSIONS: Variation exists in quality of life, burden of kidney disease, and depression across countries but did not appreciably change over time. Functional status remained one of the strongest predictors of all PROs. Routine assessment of functional status may provide valuable insights for patients and providers in anticipating outcomes and support needs for patients receiving either PD or HD.

International Comparisons of Native Arteriovenous Fistula Patency and Time to Becoming Catheter-Free: Findings From the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Optimizing vascular access use is crucial for long-term hemodialysis patient care. Because vascular access use varies internationally, we examined international differences in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) patency and time to becoming catheter-free for patients receiving a new AVF. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2,191 AVFs newly created in 2,040 hemodialysis patients in 2009 to 2015 at 466 randomly selected facilities in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) from the United States, Japan, and EUR/ANZ (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand). PREDICTORS: Demographics, comorbid conditions, dialysis vintage, body mass index, AVF location, and country/region. OUTCOMES: Primary/cumulative AVF patency (from creation), primary/cumulative functional patency (from first use), catheter dependence duration, and mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Outcomes estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS: Across regions, mean patient age ranged from 61 to 66 years, with male preponderance ranging from 55% to 66%, median dialysis vintage of 0.3 to 3.2 years, with 84%, 54%, and 32% of AVFs created in the forearm in Japan, EUR/ANZ, and United States, respectively. Japan displayed superior primary and cumulative patencies due to higher successful AVF use, whereas cumulative functional patency was similar across regions. AVF patency associations with age and other patient characteristics were weak or varied considerably between regions. Catheter-dependence following AVF creation was much longer in EUR/ANZ and US patients, with nearly 70% remaining catheter dependent 8 months after AVF creation when AVFs were not successfully used. Not using an arteriovenous access within 6 months of AVF creation was related to 53% higher mortality in the subsequent 6 months. LIMITATIONS: Residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need to reevaluate practices for optimizing long-term access planning and achievable AVF outcomes, especially AVF maturation. New AVFs that are not successfully used are associated with long-term catheter exposure and elevated mortality risk. These findings highlight the importance of selecting the best access type for each patient and developing effective clinical pathways for when AVFs fail to mature successfully.

Vasculopathy plays an important role during the development and relapse of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis with conventional peritoneal dialysis solutions.

BACKGROUND: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy. The causative factors of EPS remain unclear. Pathological studies of the peritoneum affected by EPS and relationships with clinical factors including PD solutions remain lacking. The objective of this study was to examine peritoneal samples from EPS patients and to identify the associations of peritoneal pathology with different clinical factors. METHODS: Peritoneal specimens were obtained at the time of surgical enterolysis in Tsuchiya General Hospital from 1993 to 2016. A total of 223 PD patients were enrolled and analyzed. Tissues were fixed with formalin and processed with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, as well as immunohistochemical staining for CD31 and CD68. RESULTS: Evaluations could be made in 174 patients who received surgical enterolysis. Conventional or pH-neutral low-glucose degradation product PD solutions were utilized during PD treatment. The conventional PD solution group showed less angiogenesis (P = 0.013) but more severe vasculopathy, in the form of a lower ratio of luminal diameter to vessel diameter (L/V ratio) (P < 0.001) in association with longer PD treatment. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models revealed that L/V ratio (per 0.1 increase, hazard ratio = 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.77-0.99, P = 0.047) was significantly associated with a lower incidence of EPS relapse. In contrast, most of the cases in the pH-neutral solution group showed milder vasculopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The pathology of EPS differed between conventional and pH-neutral solution groups. Vasculopathy was related to the development and relapse of EPS in the conventional solution group.

Association between Dialysis Modality and Infectious Diseases: Peritoneal Dialysis versus Hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: For dialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease, infectious diseases (IDs) are the most common causes of hospitalization and death. However, the association between dialysis modality and IDs remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the dialysis modality and IDs. METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study compared the emergency hospitalization and mortality for IDs between peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. After propensity score matching, the risk factors were evaluated by the Cox proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS: A total of 260 patients were compared - 130 of 135 PD and 130 of 706 HD patients. When the modality-specific ID (PD-catheter ID/peritonitis- and vascular access-related ID) was excluded, no significant differences in emergency hospitalization and mortality rates for overall IDs were observed between the PD and HD groups. Serum ferritin (HR, 2.17; CI, 1.06-4.43; p = 0.03) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (HR, 1.24; CI, 1.01-1.52; p = 0.04) were significant predictors of emergency hospitalization for IDs, whereas age (HR, 1.12; CI, 1.05-1.19; p < 0.001), male (HR, 3.38; CI, 1.01-11.3; p = 0.048), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (HR, 6.87; CI, 2.18-21.7; p = 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (HR, 10.7; CI, 3.55-32.1; p < 0.001), and CCI (HR, 1.79; CI, 1.27-2.52; p < 0.001) were significant predictors of ID mortality. When modality-specific ID was included, the emergency hospitalization rate for overall IDs was higher in the PD groups, and PD was a significant predictor of emergency hospitalization for IDs, whereas no significant difference in mortality rate for overall IDs was found between the PD and HD groups. CONCLUSIONS: ID events were not associated with dialysis modality when modality-specific ID was excluded, whereas the risk of modality-specific IDs was higher in PD than HD. Serum ferritin and ALP as well as age, male sex, CRP, and CCI were the risk factors for ID events.

Association between Dialysis Modality and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comparison between Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: In patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common causes of hospitalization and death. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the association between dialysis modality and CVDs. METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study compared the emergency hospitalization and mortality of patients with CVDs who underwent peritoneal dialysis (PD) versus hemodialysis (HD). After propensity score matching, the risk factors were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 260 patients were matched: 130 of 135 PD (75 men; age, 65.4 years; dialysis vintage, 3.3 years) and 130 of 706 HD (70 men [p = 0.5]; 66.6 years [p = 0.4]; dialysis vintage, 3.1 years [p = 0.5]) patients. Emergency hospitalization rates (hospitalizations/person-years) for overall CVDs (0.138 vs. 0.066, p = 0.002) and pulmonary edema (0.048 vs. 0.019, p = 0.03) were significantly higher in patients who underwent PD than those who underwent HD. The log-rank test revealed that all-cause and CVD mortalities were significantly higher in PD (both p < 0.001). Mortality rates (deaths/person-years) for overall CVDs (0.058 vs. 0.015, p < 0.002), cerebrovascular disease (0.019 vs. 0.004, p = 0.03), and ischemic heart disease (0.010 vs. 0, p = 0.02) were significantly higher in PD. The Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that PD and age were significant predictors of emergency hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 2.70; 95% CI 1.53-4.77; p = 0.001) and mortality (HR 4.41; 95% CI 1.66-11.72; p = 0.003) for CVDs. CONCLUSIONS: PD is a risk factor for emergency hospitalization and mortality associated with CVDs in dialysis patients with ESKD. Strict control of body fluid balance may prevent cardiovascular events in patients undergoing PD.

Vascular access management after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using a calcium alginate sheet: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Management of vascular access (VA) is essential in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, VA often fails and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is required. Conventional hemostasis at the puncture site is associated with complications. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of a hemostatic wound dressing made of calcium alginate at the puncture site of VA after PTA and evaluate other factors affecting hemostasis. METHODS: After PTA for VA, 200 HD patients were randomized to a calcium alginate sheet (CA) group (n = 100) or a no drug-eluting sheet (control) group (n = 100). We recorded time to hemostasis at the puncture site every 5 min, noting any complications. RESULTS: In the CA group, rates of hemostatic achievement at 5, 10, 15 and >15 min were 57, 25, 8 and 10%, respectively. In the control group, the rates were 39, 28, 14 and 19%, respectively. Rates of hemostatic achievement at 5 min were significantly higher in the CA group (P = 0.01). In logistic regression analysis, factors affecting hemostasis within 5 min were use of the CA sheet [odds ratio (OR) 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-4.37], platelet count ≤100 000/µL (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.04-0.69), number of antithrombotic tablets used per day ≥1 tablet (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.26-0.94) and upper arm VA (OR 0.16; 95% CI 0.03-0.55). CONCLUSIONS: A CA sheet can safely reduce time to hemostasis at the puncture site after PTA, and should be considered for treating patients with a bleeding tendency.

Increased Frequency of In-Center Hemodialysis as Rescue Therapy: Impact on Hospitalization for Acute Cardiovascular Events.

BACKGROUND: The intermittency of conventional hemodialysis (HD) leads to an increase in cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of in-center frequent HD (FHD, 4-6 times a week) as a rescue option for cardiovascular events. METHOD: Patients who failed to achieve fluid volume control with conventional HD (thrice a week) were administered FHD. A total of 52 patients were divided into 2 groups by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): low ejection fraction (LEF [n = 26], LVEF < 55%) and normal ejection fraction (NEF [n = 26], LVEF ≥55%). Mortality and hospitalization rates were evaluated. RESULTS: All-cause mortality tended to be higher in the LEF than in the NEF group (p = 0.09). The 1-year hospitalization rate for acute cardiovascular events decreased in both LEF (1.24-0.89; p = 0.049) and NEF (0.36-0.16; p = 0.01) groups. In Cox regression models, LVEF < 55% (hazard ratio 3.81; 95% CI 1.15-12.66; p = 0.03) was identified as the risk factor for hospitalization for acute cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: In-center FHD may decrease acute cardiovascular events.

Impact of Hybrid Therapy Comprising Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis on Acute Cardiovascular Events.

BACKGROUND: The impact of hybrid therapy comprising peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis on cardiovascular events in PD patients remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of hybrid therapy on cardiovascular events. METHODS: A total of 93 PD patients undergoing hybrid therapy for ≥3 years were divided into 2 groups according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): lower ejection fraction (LEF [n = 29], LVEF < 60%) and normal ejection fraction (NEF [n = 64], LVEF ≥60%). Hospitalization rates and echocardiographic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: The 1-year hospitalization rate for acute cardiovascular events decreased after the therapy initiation in both groups (LEF: 0.36-0.11, p = 0.02 and NEF: 0.43-0.06, p < 0.001). In generalized linear mixed models, LVEF (44 ± 15%) improved at 1, 2, and 3 years after initiation (53 ± 18, 55 ± 17, and 58 ± 7%; p < 0.05) in the LEF group, whereas, in the NEF group, LVEF (68 ± 5%) was maintained at 1, 2, and 3 years after initiation (67 ± 8, 67 ± 9, and 68 ± 9%; p > 0.05). Mitral inflow E velocity to tissue Doppler e' ratio was maintained at the same level at 1-3 years after initiation in both groups. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI; 189 ± 41 g/m2) was decreased at 1 (178 ± 35 g/m2; p = 0.8), 2 (160 ± 45 g/m2; p = 0.008), and 3 (166 ± 47 g/m2; p = 0.05) years after initiation in the LEF group, whereas in the NEF group, LVMI (157 ± 45 g/m2) was maintained at 1, 2, and 3 years after initiation (153 ± 40, 155 ± 54, and 158 ± 52 g/m2; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hybrid therapy decreased acute cardiovascular events and improved systolic cardiac function in PD patients in the LEF group.

A Clinical Significance of Intermittent Infusion Hemodiafiltration Using Backfiltration of Ultrapure Dialysis Fluid Compared to Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent infusion hemodiafiltration -(I-HDF) using repeated infusion of ultrapure dialysis fluid through a dialysis membrane or sterile nonpyrogenic substitution fluid was developed to prevent a rapid decrease in blood pressure by increasing the patient's circulating blood volume, to enhance the plasma refilling rate by improving peripheral circulation, and to enhance solute transfer from the extravascular space to the intravascular space by enhancing the plasma refilling rate. Furthermore, the effect of fouling caused by attachment of proteins to the membrane as a result of ultrafiltration can be reduced by backflushing of the membrane with the purified dialysate in I-HDF. Although there have been several clinical trials of I-HDF, there have been no comparisons of the clinical significance of and indications for -I-HDF with those of conventional hemodialysis (HD). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this multicenter randomized controlled crossover trial was to compare the clinical significance of -I-HDF with that of HD in Japan. METHOD: Patients were randomized to receive HD, I-HDF, and HD (group A) or I-HDF, HD, and I-HDF (group B) in that order for 14 weeks each. The sample size of 70 was determined based on the operability and patient availability. Treatment outcomes were evaluated 5 and 14 weeks after the start of each treatment period. The patients received 4-h treatment sessions with no changes in session duration or anticoagulant therapy during the study. I-HDF was performed using a GC-110N dialysis machine. Two hundred milliliters of ultrapure dialysis fluid were infused at a rate of 150 mL/min by backfiltration every 30 min during treatment. The first and last infusions were performed 30 min after the start and 30 min before the end of treatment, respectively. The total estimated infusion volume per session was 1.4 L (i.e., 200 mL × 7 infusions). I-HDF is a type of online HDF with a small fluid replacement volume. An ABH-P polysulfone membrane hemodiafilter was used for -I-HDF and a class 1 or 2 hemodialyzer with a polysulfone membrane not coated with vitamin E and approved by the Japanese reimbursement system was used for HD. The primary outcomes were the Short Form-36 version 2 summary scores for quality of life and the visual analog scale scores for clinical symptoms. Secondary outcomes were vital signs, number of interventions, and pre-treatment blood test results. These variables were evaluated 1 week before at the start of the study, and at 5 and 14 weeks after the start of each treatment period. The removal characteristics of the various solutes were evaluated when possible on the first day of each treatment period. All patients provided written informed consent to participate. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients in group A and 32 patients in group B completed the trial. There were no differences in the primary or secondary outcomes between I-HDF and HD. Serum α1-microglobulin (MG) levels at 14 weeks were significantly lower for I-HDF than for HD. During treatment, the removal rates for urea and creatinine, which are low molecular weight substances, were significantly lower during I-HDF than during HD. In contrast, the ß2-MG and α1-MG removal rates were significantly higher during I-HDF than during HD. Furthermore, there was significantly less albumin leak during I-HDF than during HD. The solute removal results reflect the difference in pore size between the hemodiafilter used for I-HDF and the hemodialyzer used for HD and the difference in convective transport attributable to filtration between the 2 methods. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that the removal rates of low molecular weight substances are significantly lower and those of medium to high molecular weight substances are significantly higher with I-HDF than with HD. They also indicate that there is significantly less albumin leak during I-HDF than during HD, meaning that I-HDF may be a particularly suitable dialysis modality for patients with malnutrition and the elderly in Japan.

International Differences in the Location and Use of Arteriovenous Accesses Created for Hemodialysis: Results From the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).

BACKGROUND: Vascular access practice is strongly associated with clinical outcomes. There is substantial international variation in the use of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and grafts (AVGs), as well as AVF maturation time and location. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Hemodialysis patients participating in the prospective Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) from the United States, Japan, and Europe/ANZ (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand), including 3,850 patients receiving 4,247 new AVFs and 842 patients receiving 1,129 new AVGs in 2009 to 2015. AVF location trends were based on 38,868 AVFs recorded in DOPPS 1 to 5 cross-sections (1996-2015). PREDICTORS: Demographics, comorbid conditions, dialysis vintage, body mass index, facility percentage AVF use, median blood flow rate, and AVF location. OUTCOMES: AVF location; successful AVF/AVG use (≥30 days of continuous use); time-to-first successful AVF/AVG use (maturation). RESULTS: During DOPPS 1 to 5, the percentage of AVFs created in the lower arm was consistently ≥93% in Japan and 65% to 77% in Europe/ANZ, but in the United States, this value declined from 70% (DOPPS 1) to 32% (DOPPS 5). Patient characteristics associated with AVF location differed by region. Successful AVF use was 87% in Japan, 67% in Europe/ANZ, and 64% in the United States, whereas successful AVG use was 86%, 75%, and 78%, respectively. Successful AVF use was greater for upper- versus lower-arm AVFs in the United States, with little difference in Europe/ANZ and the opposite pattern in Japan. Median time until first successful AVF use was 10 days in Japan, 46 days in Europe/ANZ, and 82 days in United States; until first successful AVG use: 6, 24, and 29 days, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Potential measurement error related to chart data abstraction in multiple hemodialysis facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Large international differences exist in AVF location, predictors of AVF location, successful use of AVFs, and time to first AVF/AVG use, challenging what constitutes best practice. The large US shift from lower- to upper-arm AVFs raises serious concerns about long-term health implications for some patients and how policies and practices aimed at increasing AVF use have affected AVF placement location.

Is There Enough Evidence to Prove That Hemodiafiltration Is Superior?

The evidence concerning online hemodiafiltration (HDF) includes the following: (1) the increase of removal of uremic toxin, (2) the prevention of dialysis rerated hypotension, (3) the recovery of survival, and (4) the recovery of dialysis related uncertain symptoms. Although clinical evidence has been noted, the hypothesis of the efficacy of HDF are still indefinite and require further precise research.

Effect of Oral Alfacalcidol on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Without Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis: The J-DAVID Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Patients with chronic kidney disease have impaired vitamin D activation and elevated cardiovascular risk. Observational studies in patients treated with hemodialysis showed that the use of active vitamin D sterols was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality, regardless of parathyroid hormone levels. Objective: To determine whether vitamin D receptor activators reduce cardiovascular events and mortality in patients without secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing hemodialysis. Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized, open-label, blinded end point multicenter study of 1289 patients in 207 dialysis centers in Japan. The study included 976 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis with serum intact parathyroid hormone levels less than or equal to 180 pg/mL. The first and last participants were enrolled on August 18, 2008, and January 26, 2011, respectively. The final date of follow-up was April 4, 2015. Interventions: Treatment with 0.5 µg of oral alfacalcidol per day (intervention group; n = 495) vs treatment without vitamin D receptor activators (control group; n = 481). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was a composite measure of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarctions, hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, stroke, aortic dissection/rupture, amputation of lower limb due to ischemia, and cardiac sudden death; coronary revascularization; and leg artery revascularization during 48 months of follow-up. The secondary outcome was all-cause death. Results: Among 976 patients who were randomized from 108 dialysis centers, 964 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (median age, 65 years; 386 women [40.0%]), and 944 (97.9%) completed the trial. During follow-up (median, 4.0 years), the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular events occurred in 103 of 488 patients (21.1%) in the intervention group and 85 of 476 patients (17.9%) in the control group (absolute difference, 3.25% [95% CI, -1.75% to 8.24%]; hazard ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 0.94-1.67]; P = .13). There was no significant difference in the secondary outcome of all-cause mortality between the groups (18.2% vs 16.8%, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.83-1.52]; P = .46). Of the 488 participants in the intervention group, 199 (40.8%) experienced serious adverse events that were classified as cardiovascular, 64 (13.1%) experienced adverse events classified as infection, and 22 (4.5%) experienced malignancy-related serious adverse events. Of 476 participants in the control group, 191 (40.1%) experienced cardiovascular-related serious adverse events, 63 (13.2%) experienced infection-related serious adverse events, and 21 (4.4%) experienced malignancy-related adverse events. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients without secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, oral alfacalcidol compared with usual care did not reduce the risk of a composite measure of select cardiovascular events. These findings do not support the use of vitamin D receptor activators for patients such as these. Trial Registration: UMIN-CTR Identifier: UMIN000001194.