Diarrhea-An uncommon presentation of tertiary adrenal insufficiency following heart transplantation.

Diarrhea following organ transplantation is usually associated with infection and immunosuppression therapy. We describe two patients with diarrhea following orthotopic heart transplantation due to tertiary adrenal insufficiency.

Acute heart transplant graft failure in association with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state.

We report a 38-year-old male with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy requiring left ventricular assist device placement, followed by orthotopic heart transplantation, who presented 18 months post-orthotopic heart transplant with acute graft failure with estimated left ventricular ejection fraction of 5% to 10%, in association with a glucose level of 550 mg/dL, and hemoglobin A1C of 13.8% and a negative pathology for a graft cellular and humoral rejection and no vasculaopthy. His left ventricular ejection fraction improved significantly to 40% to 45% within three days of optimal glucose control.

Park's stitch for a bicuspid aortic valve in a patient on LVAD support.

A central coaptation stitch (Park's stitch) is a simple surgical option in the management of aortic insufficiency in patients with left ventricular assist devices. We describe a 66-year-old male with aortic insufficiency and a bicuspid aortic valve undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation. His aortic insufficiency was successfully addressed with a Park's stitch.

Myocardial infarction & C-reactive protein levels among Mexican adults with arthritis: Findings from the Mexican Health and Aging Study.

Background: Studies of adult populations in high-income countries have found an association between arthritis and myocardial infarction (MI) due to high levels of systemic inflammation. Our objectives were to examine the association between arthritis and MI among Mexican adults and to assess the mediating effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) on this association. Methods: Data came from the 2012, 2015, and 2018 observation waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Our sample included 11,707 participants aged 50 and older with no prior MI before 2012. We used self-reported information for arthritis, joint pain, medication use, and limitations to daily activities in 2012. Logistic regression was used to model the association between arthritis and self-reported MI in 2015 or 2018. We used a sub-sample of 1602 participants to assess the mediating effect of CRP. Results: In the full sample, participants with arthritis that limited their daily activities had higher odds of MI than participants with no arthritis (OR = 1.40; 95 % CI = 1.04-1.88). In the sub-sample, arthritis that limited daily activities was associated with higher mean CRP (5.2 mg/dL; 95 % CI = 4.10-6.21) than arthritis with no limitations (3.5 mg/dL; 95 % CI = 2.93-4.01). However, CRP levels had a small mediating effect, and the relationship between arthritis with physical limitations and MI remained statistically significant. Conclusion: Mexican adults with arthritis that limits their daily activities are at an increased risk for MI. Continued research is needed to identify factors that contribute to this increased risk.

Evaluation of Right-Side Filling Pressure in Patients With Obesity With Heart Failure Using Handheld Ultrasound Score.

The goal of this investigation is to evaluate the accuracy of handheld ultrasound score in assessing right atrial (RA) pressure in patients with obesity with heart failure. We prospectively studied 123 patients with heart failure referred for right-sided cardiac catheterization. Handheld ultrasound was performed before catheterization to evaluate volume status by estimating RA pressure using end-expiratory inferior vena cava (IVC) dimension, IVC respiratory collapsibility, and right internal jugular (RIJ) vein respiratory collapsibility. A 3-point simple score was created using multiple logistic regression. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on body mass index. The performance of this score was assessed using the receiver operating characteristics curve in each subgroup and was compared with the performance of the 2-point score (expiratory IVC dimension, IVC respiratory collapsibility). Median age was 58 years (interquartile range 48 to 65), and 37% were women. The 3-point score including RIJ performed better than did the 2-point score in patients with obesity (area under the curve 0.84 [0.74 to 0.95] vs 0.69 [0.58 to 0.81], p = 0.001). The performance of the scores did not differ in patients without obesity (area under the curve 0.85 [0.74 to 0.95] vs 0.82 [0.71 to 0.93], p = 0.49). In patients with obesity, the 3-point score had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 21% (11% to 31%) for elevated RA pressure ≥10 mm Hg. In conclusion, a 3-point score including both RIJ and IVC assessment performed better in patients with obesity with heart failure and highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation in patients with obesity to achieve an accurate, noninvasive assessment of volume status.

A low-dose thrombolytic infusion protocol for safe and successful treatment of left ventricular assist device thrombosis: a case series.

Background: Pump thrombosis is a serious complication of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) therapy. In this study, we aim to report a novel protocol of an intermittent, low-dose, and slow infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase). Case summary: We treated seven LVAD pump thrombosis events (HeartMate® II and HeartWare) in four patients with a median age of 52 years (31-63), and all were female. The protocol was applied from January 2015 to December 2018, and it consisted of an intermittent, low-dose, and slow infusion of systemic thrombolytic therapy in the intensive care unit. This therapy resulted in successful resolution of pump thrombosis in six out of seven events. Bleeding complication occurred in one patient, which included a ruptured haemorrhagic ovarian cyst and a small cerebellar intra-parenchymal haemorrhage. All patients were discharged home in a stable condition, except one patient who died during hospitalization because of severe sepsis, pump thrombosis with subsequent pump exchange, and multi-organ failure. Discussion: A low-dose, prolonged, and systemic thrombolytic infusion protocol is an effective and relatively safe treatment that can lead to a sustained resolution of pump thrombosis with low bleeding complications and failure rates.

Cardiac Contractility Modulation in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review of Literature.

Heart failure is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in guideline-directed medical therapy and improvements in device-based therapies, patients with advanced heart failure have high rates of mortality regardless of ejection fraction. For patients with reduced ejection fraction who meet criteria, cardiac resynchronization therapy or implantable cardiac defibrillators are options available to improve outcomes. However, not all heart failure patients meet those criteria. Cardiac contractility modulation is an innovative therapy that serves to improve functional outcomes and quality of life, while also modifying pathologic gene expression and preventing further remodeling. In this article, we aim to discuss the major clinical trials investigating cardiac contractility modulation as a suitable therapy for patients with advanced heart failure.

Short Term Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Drug Eluting Stents: A Comprehensive Review of Literature.

Percutaneous coronary intervention with a drug eluting stent requires administration of dual anti platelet therapy (DAPT) to prevent thrombotic complications. Optimal duration of this therapy remains unclear especially for patients with high bleeding risk. Since the risk of stent thrombosis is highest immediately following stent implantation, longer term DAPT therapy may confer additional risk of harm rather than benefit for this subset of patients. Hence, short duration DAPT therapy may be a reasonable alternative. Multiple studies have demonstrated their noninferiority compared to traditional duration of DAPT in preventing thrombotic complications following stent implantation while at the same time keeping bleeding risk at a minimum. Here, we discuss short duration DAPT as a treatment option and summarize the major clinical trials that were conducted recently demonstrating the results of short duration DAPT.

Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implant Among Patients With A Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Nationwide Analysis.

There is a paucity of data regarding the temporal trends and outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implant (TAVI) among patients with a previous coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. We queried the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2016 to 2019) for hospitalized patients who underwent TAVI using the appropriate International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision procedural codes. A multivariable regression analysis was used to adjust for the patients' and hospitals' characteristics in comparing the study groups. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The final analysis included 237,829 patients who underwent TAVI, of whom 42,671 (17.9%) had a previous CABG. During the study period, there was a decrease in the proportion of patients with previous CABG who underwent TAVI (21.0% in 2016 vs 15.5% in 2019, ptrend = 0.01), although there was no change in their in-hospital mortality rate (1.08% in 2016 vs 1.25% in 2019, ptrend = 0.43). Patients with a previous CABG were younger and less likely to be women than those without a previous CABG. TAVI among those with a previous CABG was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69 to 0.91), similar rate of ischemic stroke (aOR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.93) and permanent pacemaker implant (aOR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.05). Patients with a previous CABG had a lower all-cause 90-day readmission (odds ratio 0.95, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.06) but higher readmission for transient ischemic attack. Among those with a previous CABG, female gender and chronic kidney disease stage ≥3 were independently associated with a higher in-hospital mortality, whereas obesity was associated with a lower in-hospital mortality. In conclusion, there was a decrease in the proportion of patients with a previous CABG among those who underwent TAVI. TAVI among those with a previous CABG was not associated with increased in-hospital adverse events or 90-day all-cause readmissions.

Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Relation With Cardiovascular Disease in Cisgender Women and Transgender People.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the association of testosterone replacement therapy (TTh) with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD-specific outcomes, in cisgender women and transgender population, and to determine whether this association varies by menopausal status. METHODS: In 25 796 cisgender women and 1580 transgender people (≥30 years old) who were enrolled in the Optum's deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart Database (2007-2021), we identified 6288 pre- and postmenopausal cisgender women and 262 transgender people diagnosed with incident composite of CVD (coronary artery disease [CAD], congestive heart failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction). Prediagnostic prescription of TTh was ascertained for this analysis. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the independent association of TTh with incident CVD. RESULTS: We found a 24% increased risk of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.15-1.34), 26% risk of CAD (HR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.14-1.39), and a 29% risk of stroke (HR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.45) after comparing cisgender women who used TTh with nonusers. Stratification by age group showed similar effects of TTh on CVD, CAD, and stroke. Among transgender people, TTh did not increase the risk of composite CVD, including by age stratification. CONCLUSION: Use of TTh increased the risk of CVD, CAD, and stroke among cisgender women but not among transgender people. TTh is becoming more widely accepted in women, and it is the main medical treatment for transgender males. Therefore, use of TTh should be further investigated for the prevention of CVD.

Plant Based Diet and Its Effect on Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally and here in the United States. Diet has a major impact on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. An unhealthy diet is the most significant potential behavioral and modifiable risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Despite these established facts, dietary interventions are far less frequent than pharmaceutical and procedural interventions in the management of cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effects of a plant-based diet on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been demonstrated in a number of recent clinical studies. The significant findings of each study are discussed in this review article, highlighting the role of a healthy plant-based diet in improving cardiovascular outcomes. From a clinician's standpoint, the knowledge and understanding of the facts and data points from these recent clinical studies would ensure more effective patient counseling on the substantial benefits of dietary interventions.

Effect of statins and testosterone replacement therapy on incident cardiovascular disease among male hormone-related cancer survivors.

Purpose: Statins and testosterone replacement therapy (TTh) have been previously linked with prostate, colorectal and male breast cancer (hereinafter we will refer as hormone related cancers [HRCa]), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is a poor understanding about the combined association of statins and TTh with incident CVD among HRCa survivors and a matched cancer-free cohort. Methods: We identified 44,330 men of whom 22,165 were previously diagnosed with HRCa, and 22,165 were age-and index-matched cancer-free in SEER-Medicare 2007-2015. Pre-diagnostic prescription of statins and TTh prior to CVD development was ascertained for this analysis in the two matched cohorts. Weighted multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate the independent and combined associations of statins and TTh with CVD. Results: We found that use of statins (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.46-0.55) and TTh (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67-0.97) were each independently inversely associated with incident CVD in the overall sample. TTh plus statins was also inversely associated with CVD. Associations were similar in the matched cancer-free cohort. Among HRCa survivors, only statins and combination of TTh plus statins (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44-0.98) were inversely associated with CVD, but the independent use of TTh was not associated with CVD. Conclusion: In general, pre-diagnostic use of statins and TTh, prior to CVD development, independently or in combination, were inversely associated with CVD in the overall, cancer-free population, and among HRCa survivors (mainly combination). Independent effects and combination of statins and TTh remained to be confirmed with specific CVD outcomes among HRCa survivors.

In-Hospital Outcomes of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Heart failure patients.

In-hospital outcomes of chronic total occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (CTO PCI) in heart failure patients has not been evaluated on a national base and was the focus of this investigation. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2008 to 2014 to identify adults with single vessel CTO PCI for stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Patients were divided into 3 groups: patients without heart failure, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were studied using relevant statistics. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to assess in-hospital mortality, acute renal failure, and the use of mechanical support devices. Of 112,061 inpatients with SIHD from 2008 to 2014 undergoing CTO PCI, 21,185 (19%) had HFrEF and 3309 (3%) had HFpEF. Compared to patients without heart failure, HFrEF and HFpEF patients were older (mean age 69.2 vs 66.3, 70.3 vs 66.3 respectively, P < 0.001), had more comorbidities and higher acute in-hospital complications. HFrEF patients had higher adjusted in-hospital mortality [AOR 1.73, 95% CI (1.21-2.48)], acute renal failure [AOR 2.68, 95% CI (2.34-3.06)], and need for mechanical support [AOR 2.76, 95% CI (2.17-3.51)]. Compared to patients without heart failure, HFpEF patients had similar mortality and need for mechanical support, but higher incidence of acute renal failure. Older age was significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality. chronic total occlusion PCI in patients with heart failure is associated with higher in-hospital morbidity and mortality and warrants further investigation to optimize health care delivery.

Heart Failure With Stable Mildly-reduced Ejection Fraction: Prognosis and Predictors of Outcomes.

Heart failure with mildly-reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) of 40%-49% is an under-recognized type of heart failure. The prognosis and predictors of outcomes of stable mildly-reduced ejection fraction (EF) of 1 year are unclear. This is a retrospective study. Included patients had stable left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) for at least 1 year (n = 609) and were classified into 3 groups based on LVEF. Clinical outcome measures were all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and HF hospitalization (HFH). In patients with stable HFmrEF of one year, the predictors of clinical outcomes and hospital length of stay (LOS) were studied. Patients with stable HFmrEF had lower HFH rate compared to stable HFrEF with HR = 0.52 (95% CI = 0.39-0.70), P = 0.0001, and a higher HFH rate compared to stable HFpEF with HR = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.01-1.50), P = 0.032. Mortality rates were similar between all groups. In the stable HFmrEF patients, beta-blockers caused lower cardiac mortality, and CKD had fewer HFH. Unfavorable predictors were loop diuretics for mortality, and higher NYHA class for HFH. Smoking and CKD were associated with a longer hospital stay. Stable HFmrEF patients with at least one HF admission had higher mortality. Patients with stable HFmrEF had a lower HFH rate compared to stable HFrEF and higher HFH rate compared to stable HFpEF. In patients with stable HFmrEF, CKD, NYHA class, beta-blockers, and loop diuretics were predictors of clinical outcomes. Smoking and CKD were predictors of hospital LOS.

Accurate Estimation of Right-Filling Pressure Using Handheld Ultrasound Score in Patients with Heart Failure.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of bedside assessment of inferior vena cava (IVC) and right internal jugular (RIJ) vein in predicting right atrial (RA) pressure in heart failure patients. METHODS: We prospectively studied 124 heart failure patients who were referred to our catheterization laboratory for right heart catheterizations to assess hemodynamics and to guide heart failure management. Just prior to the procedure, a handheld ultrasound examination was performed in each patient. The volume status was assessed by estimating RA pressure using end-expiratory IVC dimension, IVC respiratory collapsibility, and RIJ respiratory collapsibility. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on invasive RA pressure value. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with RA ≥10 mm Hg; a 3-point simple score was then created. The performance of this score was assessed using the receiver operating characteristics curve. RESULTS: In this study 124 heart failure patients were included; median age was 59 years (interquartile range 48-65), and 40% were female. RIJ respiratory collapsibility <50%, end-expiratory IVC dimension ≥21 mm, and respiratory collapsibility <50% were significantly associated with elevated RA pressure, and were used to build the score. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for the 3-point score was 0.84 (0.77-0.92), and it performed better than 2-point score using IVC characteristics alone (AUC 0.84 [0.77-0.92] vs 0.75 [0.67-0.83]; P = .003). Of 124 patients, 90 patients (72.5%) had concordant RA pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. CONCLUSION: Concomitant ultrasound assessment of RIJ and IVC correlated better with RA pressure than IVC alone. A simple 3-point score can provide a useful and easily accessible tool to estimate volume status, and further guide management of heart failure patients.

Association of total and free testosterone with cardiovascular disease in a nationally representative sample of white, black, and Mexican American men.

Associations of total testosterone (T) and calculated free T with cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain poorly understood. Particularly how these associations vary according to race and ethnicity in a nationally representative sample of men. Data included 7058 men (≥20 years) from NHANES. CVD was defined as any reported diagnosis of heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Total T (ng/mL) was obtained among males who participated in the morning examination. Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were conducted. We found associations of low T (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.17-2.11), low calculated free T (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.10-2.17), total T (Q1 vs Q5), and calculated free T (Q1 vs Q5) with CVD after adjusting for estradiol and SHBG. In disease specific analysis, low T increased prevalence of MI (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.08-2.75) and HF (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.08-2.82), but a continuous increment of total T reduced the prevalence of CAD. Similar inverse associations were identified among White and Mexican Americans, but not Blacks (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.49-1.76). Low levels of T and calculated free T were associated with an increased prevalence of overall CVD and among White and Mexican Americans. Associations remained in the same direction with specific CVD outcomes in the overall population.

Percutaneous Repair of Mitral Regurgitation: A Comprehensive Review of Literature.

Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular disease in the US and the second most common worldwide. Left untreated, it can lead to the development of heart failure, giving rise to increased mortality rates. Mitral valve intervention is usually indicated in severe mitral regurgitation at the onset of symptoms, even if the function of the left ventricle is preserved. A surgical approach is generally favored according to current guidelines, with excellent clinical outcomes. However, the emergence of novel data from contemporary trials indicates that percutaneous, catheter-based approach may have similar improvements in mortality outcomes while maintaining a superior safety profile when compared to the surgical approach. Here, we discuss transcatheter mitral valve repair as a treatment option for mitral regurgitation and summarize the major clinical trials which were recently conducted on transcatheter repair.

Safety of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Aortic Aneurysm: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of data regarding the outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) among patients with thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysms (AA). Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we explored the safety of TAVR among patients with a diagnosis of AA. METHODS: We queried the National Inpatient Sample database (2012-2017) for hospitalized patients undergoing TAVR, using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for endovascular TAVR. Reports show that > 95% of endovascular TAVR in the US is via transfemoral access, so our population are mostly patients undergoing transfemoral TAVR. Using propensity score matching, we compared the trends and outcomes of TAVR procedures among patients with versus without AA. RESULTS: From a total sample of 29,517 individuals who had TAVR procedures between January 2012 and December 2017, 910 had a diagnosis of AA. In 774 matched-pair analysis, all-cause in-hospital mortality was similar in patients with and without AA OR 0.63 [(95% CI 0.28-1.43), p = 0.20]. The median length of stay was higher in patients with AA: 4 days (IQR 2.0-7.0) versus 3 days (IQR 2.0-6.0) p = 0.01. Risk of AKI [OR 1.01 (0.73-1.39), p = 0.87], heart block requiring pacemaker placement [OR 1.17 (0.81-1.69), p = 0.40], aortic dissection [OR 2.38 (0.41-13.75), p = 0.25], acute limb ischemia [OR 0.46 (0.18-1.16), p = 0.09], vascular complications [OR 0.80 (0.34-1.89), p = 0.53], post-op bleeding [OR 1.12 (0.81-1.57), p = 0.42], blood transfusion [OR 1.20 (0.84-1.70), p = 0.26], and stroke [OR 0.58 (0.24-1.39), p = 0.25] were similar in those with and without AA. CONCLUSIONS: Data from a large nationwide database demonstrated that patients with AA undergoing TAVR are associated with similar in-hospital outcomes compared with patients without AA.

Role of Pocket Ultrasound in Assessing Intravascular Volume to Guide Management in Heart Failure Patients with Renal Impairment.

INTRODUCTION: Inpatient management of patients with heart failure (HF) and renal impairment is challenging. We sought to evaluate the role of pocket ultrasound (US)-guided management of this patient population. METHODS: We prospectively included patients with acute HF exacerbation and renal impairment admitted to the HF service in our University hospital from January 2017 to August 2018. We compared the outcomes of patients who received US-guided management with those who received standard of care management. The main study outcome was the change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Multivariable logistic analysis was used to adjust for basic demographics and risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 211 patients with renal impairment presenting with acute HF exacerbation (mean age 66.8 ± 14.6 years, 41% females, 62% white) were enrolled in the study, of whom 69 (32.7%) received US-guided management and 151 (68%) received standard of care management. The change in the eGFR was significantly lower in US-guided group than in the group receiving standard of care (1.1 ± 4.3% vs. - 11.15 ± 2.9%; p = 0.04). No significant difference was observed between the patient groups in the length of stay (6.45 ± 0.38 vs. 6.44 ± 0.56; days; p = 0.98) and in the 30-day HF readmission rate (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 0.28-5.6; p = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided management of patients admitted with acute HF exacerbation and renal impairment may be beneficial in preserving kidney function. US provides a simple easily accessible tool to guide the management of patients with HF.

Age-specific trends and outcomes of hospitalizations with acute heart failure in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the age-specific temporal trends, in-hospital outcomes and readmissions for acute heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data on the age-specific differences in the trends and outcomes of hospitalizations with acute HF. METHODS: The National Inpatients Sample database years 2002-2016 and the National Readmissions Database years 2013-2016 were used to identify primary hospitalizations for acute HF. We analyzed the age-specific temporal trends, in-hospital outcomes, and readmissions for acute HF. RESULTS: The annual rate of hospitalizations for acute HF declined from 456 per 100,000 people in 2002 to 356 per 100,000 people in 2016 (Ptrend < 0.001). The decline was observed among all age groups, except those aged 18-44 years. There was a decline in in-hospital mortality among all age groups, except for those aged 18-34 years. Compared with 18-34 years, adjusted in-hospital mortality was lower among 35-44 years (odds ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-0.82) and 45-54 years (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.83-0.91) but higher among 55-64 years (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.54-1.67) and ≥ 75 year (OR 2.54; 95% CI 2.44-2.64). Compared with 18-34 years, 30-day HF-related readmissions were significantly lower in older age groups (>34 years). CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide contemporary analysis demonstrated a decline in the annual rates of hospitalizations with acute HF across all age categories except those aged 18-44 years. There was a reduction in rates of in-hospital mortality among middle-aged and older patients, but not in those aged 18-34. In-hospital mortality exhibited a dichotomous relationship with age. There was an inverse relationship between age and 30-days HF readmissions.