Solution-processable low-voltage carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with high-krelaxor ferroelectric polymer gate insulator.

Achieving energy-efficient and high-performance field-effect transistors (FETs) is one of the most important goals for future electronic devices. This paper reports semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube FETs (s-SWNT-FETs) with an optimized high-krelaxor ferroelectric insulator P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) thickness for low-voltage operation. The s-SWNT-FETs with an optimized thickness (∼800 nm) of the high-kinsulator exhibited the highest average mobility of 14.4 cm2V-1s-1at the drain voltage (ID) of 1 V, with a high current on/off ratio (Ion/off>105). The optimized device performance resulted from the suppressed gate leakage current (IG) and a sufficiently large capacitance (>50 nF cm-2) of the insulating layer. Despite the extremely high capacitance (>100 nF cm-2) of the insulating layer, an insufficient thickness (<450 nm) induces a highIG, leading to reducedIDand mobility of s-SWNT-FETs. Conversely, an overly thick insulator (>1200 nm) cannot introduce sufficient capacitance, resulting in limited device performance. The large capacitance and sufficient breakdown voltage of the insulating layer with an appropriate thickness significantly improved p-type performance. However, a reduced n-type performance was observed owing to the increased electron trap density caused by fluorine proportional to the insulator thickness. Hence, precise control of the insulator thickness is crucial for achieving low-voltage operation with enhanced s-SWNT-FET performance.

Facile Direct C-H Arylation Polymerization of Conjugated Polymer, PDCBT, for Organic Solar Cells.

Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is a synthetic method for conjugated polymers; in DArP, organometallic functionalization steps are omitted and there are no toxic byproducts. As a result, it is considered a more sustainable alternative compared to conventional methods such as Stille polymerization. To explore the possibility of DArP-based polymers as donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs), a series of conjugated polymers based on the structure of PDCBT (poly[2,2''''-bis[[(2-butyloctyl)oxy]carbonyl][2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene]-5,5'''-diyl]) are synthesized using DArP and Stille polymerization. By controlling the monomer concentration and reaction time in DArP, DArP-5 with the highest Mn (21.9 kDa) can be obtained and its optoelectronic properties, electrochemical properties, and microscopic molecular ordering are comparable to those of Stille-based PDCBT (Stille-P). Analysis of the polymer structure indicates no structural defects such as crosslinking from undesired ß-coupling reactions in DArP-5. Upon blending with the PC71 BM acceptor molecule, an increase in the crystallite size of DArP-5 is also observed. In OSC devices with a polymer:PC71 BM bulk-heterojunction photoactive layer, DArP-5 demonstrates a comparable power conversion efficiency of 5.8% with that of Stille-P (5.5%). These results prove that DArP is suitable for synthesizing PDCBT, and DArP-based PDCBT can be used in OSCs as an alternative of Stille-based one.

Effective Murine Model Induction for Niche Study in Immune Cells Against Leukemia.

Murine models have become powerful tools in leukemia research for investigating interactions between blast cells niche factors. In the tumor microenvironment, immune cells are one of the most important niche factors, capable of mounting dynamic innate or adoptive responses against leukemic cells. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a systemic cancer accompanied by immune disruption. In order to exploit the enhanced activity of immune cells in AML treatment, the use of syngeneic mouse models is necessary. Studies of crosstalk between cancer blast cells and immune cells in syngeneic mouse models are beneficial, as the absence of immune functions in syngeneic models enables focus on cancer-associated immune reactions. Once AML is induced, innate and adoptive immune cells respond differently, ultimately resulting in suppression of the immune cells. Murine AML models are commonly induced by intravenous or subcutaneous injection of C1498 cells. Despite the popularity of murine models, they have not yet resulted in the elucidation of distinct differences in immune cells by the injection method. Here, we investigated the frequency of immune cells and survival rate of mice with AML induced using both injection methods.

Effect of Semi-Fluorinated Alkyl Side Chains on Conjugated Polymers with Planar Backbone in Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

Newly synthesized donor-acceptor (D-A) type of conjugated copolymer (PCTV-BTzF) with semi-fluorinated alkyl side chains, which has good solubility in common organic solvents, is described. Unlike polymers with hydrocarbon-based alkyl side chains, semi-fluorocabonated polymer leads to intriguing results. First, the self-organization behavior of the semi-fluoroalkyl side chains by the self-aggregate propensity between hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon induces patterned microstructural morphology in polymer films; second, it dominates the molecular orientation of polymers with planar back structure. Such unusual properties of the polymer with semi-fluoroalkyl side chains compared to that with the hydrocarbon ones are verified and characterized though various systematic characterizations, including temperature-dependent UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and 2D-grazing incident X-ray diffraction measurement. As a result, PCTV-BTzF-based OFETs show the maximum p-type field-effect mobility of 1.02 cm2  V-1  s-1 in the 200 °C annealed films.

Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Metallated Polymer for Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells and Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

We report the synthesis and optoelectronic properties of novel platinum-based polymers (p-Pt-DPP) incorporating 3,6-di-2-thienyl-2,5-dihydro-2,5-diethylhexylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione. The synthesized amorphous metallated polymer exhibited long wavelength absorption in the range of 500­684 nm and a band-gap as low as 1.75 eV. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated from p-Pt-DPP showed hole mobility of 1.6 × 10⁻³ cm² · V⁻¹s⁻¹ and an on/off ratio of 5 × 104. In addition, polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on p-Pt-DPP and PC71BM exhibited a photovoltaic efficiency of 1.22% under AM 1.5 G conditions with an illumination of 100 mW·cm−2 without any annealing process.

Effect of Fluorine Substitution on the Charge Carrier Dynamics of Benzothiadiazole-Based Solar Cell Materials.

The femtosecond transient absorption (TA) characterization of a new benzothiadiazole (BT)-based donor-acceptor conjugated copolymer, poly[(2,6-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene)-alt-(4,7-di(4-octyldodecylthiopen-2-yl)-2,1,3-benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (PBT), as well as its fluorinated derivatives, PFBT and PDFBT, is carried out. Additionally, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films consisting of the copolymers and [6,6]-phenyl-C71 -butylic acid methyl ester (PC70 BM) are examined using TA spectroscopy. Both the singlet excited state dynamics in the copolymers and the charge transfer state dynamics in the BHJs are investigated in terms of fluorination dependency; the fluorinated copolymers exhibit less singlet exciton recombination rate than the fluorine-free copolymer, and the BHJs including the fluorinated copolymers display slower monomolecular recombination than the fluorine-free analogue. Furthermore, the excitation-intensity-dependent TA dynamics of the copolymers and BHJs is investigated, revealing that, when sufficiently high excitation intensity is used to induce annihilation processes, the fluorinated copolymers and BHJs incorporating the fluorinated copolymers show more rapid TA decay ascribable to morphological enhancement. These TA spectroscopic findings are found to correlate with the device characteristics with respect to fluorinated content in the polymer solar cells. In particular, both the short-circuit current density and fill factor of BHJ solar cells correspond closely with the fast decay parameters of the BHJ films under high excitation intensity.

Enhanced optical output of InGaN/GaN near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes by localized surface plasmon of colloidal silver nanoparticles.

We report on the characteristics of localized surface plasmon (LSP)-enhanced near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (NUV-LEDs) fabricated by using colloidal silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Colloidal Ag NPs were deposited on the 20 nm thick p-GaN spacer layer using a spray process. The optical output power of NUV-LEDs with colloidal Ag NPs was increased by 48.7% at 20 mA compared with NUV-LEDs without colloidal Ag NPs. The enhancement was attributed to increased internal quantum efficiency caused by the resonance coupling between excitons in the multiple quantum wells and the LSPs in the Ag NPs.

Enhanced N-type Semiconducting Performance of Asymmetric Monochlorinated Isoindigo-based Semiregioregular Polymers under Dynamic Forces.

The asymmetric monochlorination strategy not only effectively addresses the steric issues in conventional dichlorination but also enables the development of promising acceptor units and semiregioregular polymers. Herein, monochlorinated isoindigo (1CIID) is successfully designed and synthesized by selectively introducing single chlorine (Cl) atoms. Furthermore, the 1CIID copolymerizes with two donor counterparts, centrosymmetric 2,2'-bithiophene (2T) and axisymmetric 4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTBT), forming two polymers, P1CIID-2T and P1CIID-DTBT. These polymers exhibit notable differences in backbone linearity and dipole moments, influenced by the symmetry of their donor counterparts. In particular, P1CIID-2T, which contains a centrosymmetric 2T unit, demonstrates a linear backbone and a significant dipole moment of 10.20 D. These properties contribute to the favorable film morphology of P1CIID-2T, characterized by highly ordered crystallinity in the presence of fifth-order (500) X-ray diffraction peaks. Notably, P1CIID-2T exhibits a significant improvement in molecular alignment under dynamic force, resulting in over 8-fold improvement in the performance of organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices, with superior electron mobility up to 1.22 cm2 V-1 s-1. This study represents the first synthesis of asymmetric monochlorinated isoindigo-based conjugated polymers, highlighting the potential of asymmetric monochlorination for developing n-type semiconducting polymers. Moreover, our findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between the molecular structure and properties.

High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors Achieved by Optimizing Structural and Energetic Ordering of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymers.

For optimizing steady-state performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), both molecular design and structural alignment approaches must work in tandem to minimize energetic and microstructural disorders in polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductor films. Herein, a series of poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole)s bearing various lengths of aliphatic-glycol hybrid side chains (PDPP-mEG; m = 2-5) is developed to achieve high-performance p-type OECTs. PDPP-4EG polymer with the optimized length of side chains exhibits excellent crystallinity owing to enhanced lamellar and backbone interactions. Furthermore, the improved structural ordering in PDPP-4EG films significantly decreases trap state density and energetic disorder. Consequently, PDPP-4EG-based OECT devices produce a mobility-volumetric capacitance product ([µC*]) of 702 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a hole mobility of 6.49 ± 0.60 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Finally, for achieving the optimal structural ordering along the OECT channel direction, a floating film transfer method is employed to reinforce the unidirectional orientation of polymer chains, leading to a substantially increased figure-of-merit [µC*] to over 800 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 . The research demonstrates the importance of side chain engineering of polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors in conjunction with their anisotropic microstructural optimization to maximize OECT characteristics.

Synthesis of poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) derivatives containing an oxadiazole pendant group and their applications to organic electronic devices.

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives with 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-diyl (OXD) as the side chain, poly[2-{4-[5-(4-(heptyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yI]phenyl-oxy}-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (OXH-PPV), poly[2-{4-[5-(4-(heptyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadia-zole-2-yl]phenyl-oxy}-1,4-phenylenevinylene-co-2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (OXH-PPV-co-MEH-PPV), and poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyl-oxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV), were synthesized via a modified Gilch route. The electron-deficient oxadiazole moiety was introduced on the side chain of the polymer backbone to increase the electron-affinity of the polymers. The electroluminescent (EL) properties of the resulting polymers as an active layer, were investigated by the fabrication of single-layer LEDs and the devices using OXH-PPV-co-MEH-PPV showed better EL properties than those using pure MEH-PPV. Also, to investigate the switching properties of the resulting polymers as an active layer, OFET devices were fabricated in a top-contact/bottom-gate configuration. The resulting FETs exhibited typical p-channel characteristics, field-effect mobility of 6.5 x 10(-4) - 7.0 x 10(-5) cm2 V(-1) s(-1), and on-off ratio of about 10(4)-10(5).

Novel Application of NIR-I-Absorbing Quinoidal Conjugated Polymer as a Photothermal Therapeutic Agent.

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CP NPs) that could absorb the first near-infrared (NIR-I) window have emerged as highly desirable therapeutic nanomaterials. Here, a quinoidal-conjugated polymer (QCP), termed PQ, was developed as a novel class of therapeutic agents for photothermal therapy (PTT). Owing to its intrinsic quinoid structure, PQ exhibits molecular planarity and π-electron overlap along the conjugated backbone, endowing it with a narrow band gap, NIR-I absorption, and diradical features. The obtained PQ was coated with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moiety, affording nanosized and water-dispersed PQ nanoparticles (PQ NPs), which consequently show a high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 63.2%, good photostability, and apparent therapeutic efficacy for both in vitro and in vivo PTTs under an 808 nm laser irradiation. This study demonstrates that QCPs are promising active agents for noninvasive anticancer therapy using NIR-I light.

Corona Poling Induced Phase Transition to Highly Polar Phase in P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) Dielectric and Charge Transport of Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

Increasing the number of charge carriers flowing through the charge transport channel to improve the electrical performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is important because it leads to a low driving voltage and a high drain current value. This paper proposes a new strategy, the corona poling process, to enhance the electrical performance of OFETs using an external electric field when forming a dielectric film using a PVDF-based high-k dielectric terpolymer, P(VDF-TrFE-CFE). A corona poling process was applied to align the dipoles with high-k dielectric molecules and improve the capacitance, thereby increasing the number of charge carriers. Through this process, by observing the phase transition of a PVDF dielectric through a corona poling process in the GIWAXS data, the phase transition through an external electric field was thoroughly revealed for the first time. As a result, the capacitance of high-k dielectric films can be improved, and the amount of charge carriers can be increased by a simple corona poling process. In addition, to reduce the effect of deep trap sites caused by the dipole alignment, a thin low-k dielectric, polystyrene (PS), was introduced between the active and high-k dielectric layers to provide trap site passivation, thereby increasing the electrical performance of the OFET. Therefore, through this strategy, using a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer as an active material of OFET, the average saturation region hole mobility was improved from 0.34 to 0.60 cm2/Vs. Thus, the electrical performances of the OFETs were improved by enhancing the capacitance through the corona poling process and reducing the charge carrier trap sites introduced by the high-k and low-k bi-layer dielectric layer. Importantly, this work offers a new strategy for the post-treatment to improve electrical performance of organic devices.

Photoelectrochemical Selective Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceraldehyde with Bi-Based Metal-Organic-Framework-Decorated WO3 Photoanode.

The conversion of glycerol to high-value-added products via photoelectrochemical (PEC) oxidation has emerged as a promising approach for utilizing a sustainable and clean energy source with environmental and economic benefits. Moreover, the energy requirement for glycerol to produce hydrogen is lower than that for pure water splitting. In this study, we propose the use of WO3 nanostructures decorated with Bi-based metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOFs) as the photoanode for glycerol oxidation with simultaneous hydrogen production. The WO3-based electrodes selectively converted glycerol to glyceraldehyde, a high-value-added product, with remarkable selectivity. The Bi-MOF-decorated WO3 nanorods enhanced the surface charge transfer and adsorption properties, thereby improving the photocurrent density and production rate (1.53 mA/cm2 and 257 mmol/m2·h at 0.8 VRHE). The photocurrent was maintained for 10 h, ensuring stable glycerol conversion. Furthermore, at 1.2 VRHE, the average production rate of glyceraldehyde reached 420 mmol/m2·h, with a selectivity of 93.6% between beneficial oxidized products over the photoelectrode. This study provides a practical approach for the conversion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde via the selective oxidation of WO3 nanostructures and demonstrates the potential of Bi-MOFs as a promising cocatalyst for PEC biomass valorization.

Flexible organic solar cells composed of P3HT:PCBM using chemically doped graphene electrodes.

Flexible organic solar cells (OSCs) composed of blended films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were fabricated and investigated with chemically doped multilayer graphene films as transparent and conducting electrodes on plastic substrates. The sheet resistance of the chemically doped graphene film was reduced to half of its original value, resulting in a significant performance enhancement of OSCs featuring doped graphene electrodes. Moreover, there was no substantial variation observed in the fill factor and power conversion efficiency values of the flexible OSCs under bending conditions. A power conversion efficiency of ~2.5% for flexible OSCs with doped graphene electrodes was observed under bending conditions, even up to a 5.2 mm bending radius.

Mass production of polyfluorene nanowires using a melt-assisted wetting method.

Herein is a description of the mass production of poly(9, 9-dioctylfluorene-co-benthiadiazole) (F8BT) and poly(9, 9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) nanowires (NWs) using a melt-assisted wetting method with an anodic alumina membrane. The conjugated polymer NWs had a uniform shape (D = 250-300 nm/L = 10-30 microm) and a defect-free smooth surface. Optical properties were investigated by UV-vis, photoluminescent spectroscope, and fluorescent optical microscope. Individual F8BT and PFO NWs had a bright yellow (lambda = 541 nm) andblue (lambda = 442 nm) luminescence, respectively, under UV light irradiation.

Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of a Thienylenevinylene and Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymer with High Mobility.

A novel donor-acceptor-type polymer with a low band-gap that alternates electron-rich thienylenevinylene groups with electron-deficient diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) units (PETVTDPP) has been synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Stille cross-coupling polymerization. The polymer shows a broad absorption band of wavelengths that range from 330 to 900 nm, and a low band-gap value of 1.43 eV. The field-effect mobility of an organic thin-film transistor based on this polymer is 0.05 cm(2 ) · Vs(-1) . Bulk-heterojunction solar cells using a mixture of PETVTDPP and PC[71] BM for the active layer show a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.94% under simulated AM 1.5 G solar irradiation at 100 mW · cm(-2) .

Quinoidal Small Molecule Containing Ring-Extended Termini for Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

In this work, we synthesized and characterized two quinoidal small molecules based on benzothiophene modified and original isatin terminal units, benzothiophene quinoidal thiophene (BzTQuT) and quinoidal thiophene (QuT), respectively, to investigate the effect of introducing a fused ring into the termini of quinoidal molecules. Extending the terminal unit of the quinoidal molecule affected the extension of π-electron delocalization and decreased the bond length alternation, which led to the downshifting of the collective Raman band and dramatically lowering the band gap. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices in neat BzTQuT films showed p-type transport behavior with low hole mobility, which was ascribed to the unsuitable film morphology for charge transport. By blending with an amorphous insulating polymer, polystyrene, and poly(2-vinylnaphthalene), an OFET based on a BzTQuT film annealed at 150 °C exhibited improved mobility up to 0.09 cm2 V-1 s-1. This work successfully demonstrated that the extension of terminal groups into the quinoidal structure should be an effective strategy for constructing narrow band gap and high charge transporting organic semiconductors.

Open-Shell and Closed-Shell Quinoid-Aromatic Conjugated Polymers: Unusual Spin Magnetic and High Charge Transport Properties.

While quinoidal moieties are considered as emerging platforms showing efficient charge transport and interesting open-shell diradical characteristics, whether these properties could be changed by extension to the conjugated polymer structure remains as a fundamental question. Here, we developed and characterized two conjugated polymers incorporating quinoids with different lengths, which have a stable close- and open-shell diradical character, respectively, namely, poly(quinoidal thiophene-thienylene vinylene) (PQuT-TV) and poly(quinoidal bithiophene-thienylene vinylene) (PQuBT-TV). A longer length of a quinoidal core led to enhanced diradical characteristics. Therefore, the longer core length of QuBT was favorable for the formation of an open-shell diradical structure in its monomer and in the quinoidal polymer. PQuBT-TV exhibited high spin characteristics observed by the strong ESR signal, a low band gap, and improved electrochemical stability. On the other hand, as QuT maintained a closed-shell quinoid structure, PQuT-TV exhibited high backbone coplanarity and strong intermolecular interaction, which was beneficial for charge transport and led to high hole mobility (up to 2.40 cm2 V-1 s-1) in organic field-effect transistors. This work successfully demonstrated how the control of the closed/open-shell character of quinoidal building blocks changes charge transport and spin properties of quinoidal conjugated polymers via quinoid-aromatic interconversion.

Effect of electron-withdrawing fluorine and cyano substituents on photovoltaic properties of two-dimensional quinoxaline-based polymers.

In this study, strong electron-withdrawing fluorine (F) and cyano (CN) substituents are selectively incorporated into the quinoxaline unit of two-dimensional (2D) D-A-type polymers to investigate their effects on the photovoltaic properties of the polymers. To construct the 2D polymeric structure, electron-donating benzodithiophene and methoxy-substituted triphenylamine are directly linked to the horizontal and vertical directions of the quinoxaline acceptor, respectively. After analyzing the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of the resultant F- and CN-substituted polymers, labeled as PBCl-MTQF and PBCl-MTQCN, respectively, inverted-type polymer solar cells with a non-fullerene Y6 acceptor are fabricated to investigate the photovoltaic performances of the polymers. It is discovered that the maximum power conversion efficiency of PBCl-MTQF is 7.48%, whereas that of PBCl-MTQCN is limited to 3.52%. This significantly reduced PCE of the device based on PBCl-MTQCN is ascribed to the formation of irregular, large aggregates in the active layer, which can readily aggravate the charge recombination and charge transport kinetics of the device. Therefore, the photovoltaic performance of 2D quinoxaline-based D-A-type polymers is significantly affected by the type of electron-withdrawing substituent.

Orthogonal Printable Reduced Graphene Oxide 2D Materials as Hole Transport Layers for High-Performance Inverted Polymer Solar Cells: Sheet Size Effect on Photovoltaic Properties.

Creating an orthogonal printable hole-transporting layer (HTL) without damaging the underlying layer is still a major challenge in fabricating large-area printed inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). In this study, we prepared orthogonal-processable fluorine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (FrGO) series with various two-dimensional sheet sizes such as large-sized FrGO (1.1 µm), medium-sized FrGO (0.7 µm), and small-sized FrGO (0.3 µm) and systematically investigated the size effect of FrGOs on the hole transport properties of PSCs. The FrGOs exhibit highly stable dispersion without change over 90 days in 2-propanol solvent, indicating very high dispersion stability. Decreasing the sheet size of FrGOs enhanced hole-transporting properties, resulting in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 9.27 and 9.02% for PTB7-Th:EH-IDTBR- and PTB7-Th:PC71BM-based PSCs, respectively. Compared to devices with solution-processed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a 14% enhancement of PCEs was achieved. Interestingly, the PCEs of devices with the smallest FrGO sheet are higher than the PCE of 8.77% of a device with vacuum-deposited MoO3. The enhancement in the performance of PSCs is attributed to the enhanced charge collection efficiency, decreased leakage current, internal resistance, and minimized charge recombination. Finally, small-sized FrGO HTLs were successfully coated on the photoactive layer using the spray coating method, and they also exhibited PCEs of 9.22 and 13.26% for PTB7-Th:EH-IDTBR- and PM6:Y6-based inverted PSCs, respectively.