NRF2/ARE pathway negatively regulates BACE1 expression and ameliorates cognitive deficits in mouse Alzheimer's models.

BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for amyloid-ß peptides (Aß) generation, a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). By an unknown mechanism, levels of BACE1 and a BACE1 mRNA-stabilizing antisense RNA (BACE1-AS) are elevated in the brains of AD patients, implicating that dysregulation of BACE1 expression plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. We found that nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2/NFE2L2) represses the expression of BACE1 and BACE1-AS through binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in their promoters of mouse and human. NRF2-mediated inhibition of BACE1 and BACE1-AS expression is independent of redox regulation. NRF2 activation decreases production of BACE1 and BACE1-AS transcripts and Aß production and ameliorates cognitive deficits in animal models of AD. Depletion of NRF2 increases BACE1 and BACE1-AS expression and Aß production and worsens cognitive deficits. Our findings suggest that activation of NRF2 can prevent a key early pathogenic process in AD.

Structural Basis of Inhibition of DCLK1 by Ruxolitinib.

Given the functional attributes of Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, cell motility, and tumor stemness, it is emerging as a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal cancers. Although a series of specific or nonspecific ATP-competitive inhibitors were identified against DCLK1, different types of scaffolds that can be utilized for the development of highly selective inhibitors or structural understanding of binding specificities of the compounds remain limited. Here, we present our work to repurpose a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, ruxolitinib as a DCLK1 inhibitor, showing micromolar binding affinity and inhibitory activity. Furthermore, to gain an insight into its interaction mode with DCLK1, a crystal structure of the ruxolitinib-complexed DCLK1 has been determined and analyzed. Ruxolitinib as a nonspecific DCLK1 inhibitor characterized in this work is anticipated to provide a starting point for the structure-guided discovery of selective DCLK1 inhibitors.

Comparison of the performance of risk scoring systems for tumor bleeding in patients with inoperable gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Glasgow - Blatchford bleeding score (GBS) and admission and full Rockall scores are widely used risk scoring systems to stratify risk and determine the need for intervention in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We evaluated the performance of these risk scoring systems in patients with gastric cancer and tumor bleeding. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with inoperable gastric cancer who presented with tumor bleeding at the National Cancer Center, Korea, between 2001 and 2015. The GBS, and admission and full Rockall scores were calculated. Primary outcome was the performance of the risk scoring systems in predicting the need for urgent interventions (endoscopic therapy, transarterial embolization, and surgery). The risk factors associated with urgent intervention were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 357 patients with tumor bleeding, 118 (33.1 %; 116 endoscopic therapy, 2 trans-arterial embolization) required urgent intervention. The full Rockall score was better at predicting the need for urgent intervention (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.78; P < 0.001) than the GBS (0.56) and admission Rockall score (0.56). Hemostatic intervention was not performed in patients with a full Rockall score ≤ 6 (103 patients, 28.9 %). On multivariate analysis, endoscopic stigmata of recent hemorrhage of Forrest classes Ia - IIb were significant factors associated with urgent intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The full Rockall score was superior to the GBS and admission Rockall score in predicting the need for urgent intervention for tumor bleeding. Thus, endoscopic evaluation is required to determine the need for urgent intervention in patients with gastric cancer and tumor bleeding.

Sporadic Early-Onset Diffuse Gastric Cancers Have High Frequency of Somatic CDH1 Alterations, but Low Frequency of Somatic RHOA Mutations Compared With Late-Onset Cancers.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Early-onset gastric cancer, which develops in patients younger than most gastric cancers, is usually detected at advanced stages, has diffuse histologic features, and occurs more frequently in women. We investigated somatic genomic alterations associated with the unique characteristics of sporadic diffuse gastric cancers (DGCs) from younger patients. METHODS: We conducted whole exome and RNA sequence analyses of 80 resected DGC samples from patients 45 years old or younger in Korea. Patients with pathogenic germline mutations in CDH1, TP53, and ATM were excluded from the onset of this analysis, given our focus on somatic alterations. We used MutSig2CV to evaluate the significance of mutated genes. We recruited 29 additional early-onset Korean DGC samples and performed SNP6.0 array and targeted sequencing analyses of these 109 early-onset DGC samples (54.1% female, median age, 38 years). We compared the SNP6.0 array and targeted sequencing data of the 109 early-onset DGC samples with those from diffuse-type stomach tumor samples collected from 115 patients in Korea who were 46 years or older (late onset) at the time of diagnosis (controls; 29.6% female, median age, 67 years). We compared patient survival times among tumors from different subgroups and with different somatic mutations. We performed gene silencing of RHOA or CDH1 in DGC cells with small interfering RNAs for cell-based assays. RESULTS: We identified somatic mutations in the following genes in a significant number of early-onset DGCs: the cadherin 1 gene (CDH1), TP53, ARID1A, KRAS, PIK3CA, ERBB3, TGFBR1, FBXW7, RHOA, and MAP2K1. None of 109 early-onset DGC cases had pathogenic germline CDH1 mutations. A higher proportion of early-onset DGCs had mutations in CDH1 (42.2%) or TGFBR1 (7.3%) compared with control DGCs (17.4% and 0.9%, respectively) (P < .001 and P = .014 for CDH1 and TGFBR1, respectively). In contrast, a smaller proportion of early-onset DGCs contained mutations in RHOA (9.2%) than control DGCs (19.1%) (P = .033). Late-onset DGCs in The Cancer Genome Atlas also contained less frequent mutations in CDH1 and TGFBR1 and more frequent RHOA mutations, compared with early-onset DGCs. Early-onset DGCs from women contained significantly more mutations in CDH1 or TGFBR1 than early-onset DGCs from men. CDH1 alterations, but not RHOA mutations, were associated with shorter survival times in patients with early-onset DGCs (hazard ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-7.7). RHOA activity was reduced by an R5W substitution-the RHOA mutation most frequently detected in early-onset DGCs. Silencing of CDH1, but not RHOA, increased migratory activity of DGC cells. CONCLUSIONS: In an integrative genomic analysis, we found higher proportions of early-onset DGCs to contain somatic mutations in CDH1 or TGFBR1 compared with late-onset DGCs. However, a smaller proportion of early-onset DGCs contained somatic mutations in RHOA than late-onset DGCs. CDH1 alterations, but not RHOA mutations, were associated with shorter survival times of patients, which might account for the aggressive clinical course of early-onset gastric cancer. Female predominance in early-onset gastric cancer may be related to relatively high rates of somatic CDH1 and TGFBR1 mutations in this population.

Proteogenomic analysis of NCC-S1M, a gastric cancer stem cell-like cell line that responds to anti-PD-1.

To elucidate signaling pathways that regulate gastric cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes and immune checkpoint, we performed a proteogenomic analysis of NCC-S1M, which is a gastric cancer cell line with CSC-like characteristics and is the only syngeneic gastric tumor cell line transplant model created in the scientific community. We found that the NCC-S1M allograft was responsive to anti-PD-1 treatment, and overexpressed Cd274 encoding PD-L1. PD-L1 was transcriptionally activated by loss of the TGF-ß signaling. Il1rl1 protein was overexpressed in NCC-S1M cells compared with NCC-S1 cells that are less tumorigenic and less chemoresistant. Il1rl1 knockdown in NCC-S1M cells reduced tumorigenic potential and in vivo chemoresistance. Our proteogenomic analysis demonstrates a role of Smad4 loss in the PD-L1 immune evasion, as well as Il1rl1's role in CSC-like properties of NCC-S1M.

Stem Cells Antigen-1 Enriches for a Cancer Stem Cell-Like Subpopulation in Mouse Gastric Cancer.

There is a strong need to identify markers to enrich gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, CSC enrichment markers for mouse gastric cancers have not yet been determined. In our previous study, we generated primary mouse gastric cancer cell line NCC-S1 (S1) established from a Villin-cre;Smad4(F/F) ;Trp53(F/F) ;Cdh1(F/wt) mouse and its metastatic variant cell line NCC-S1M (S1M). Interestingly, S1M cells exhibited CSC-like features, such as increased tumorigenic potential and chemoresistance. By comparing gene expression profiles between S1 and S1M cells, we identified Stem Cells Antigen-1 (Sca-1) as a cell surface marker, which was mostly upregulated in S1M. Sca-1 was upregulated in tumorspheres from S1 cells or after cisplatin treatment in S1 cells. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis showed that approximately 7% of cancer cells exhibited positivity for Sca-1 in primary mouse gastric cancer tissues. An in vivo-limiting dilution assay showed that Sca-1(high) mouse gastric cancer cells demonstrated increased tumorigenicity compared with Sca-1(negative) cells. The Sca-1 expression was downregulated by TGF-ß pathway activation and Wnt pathway inhibition in mouse gastric cancer cells. Sca-1(high) cells showed relatively low TGF-ß reporter activity and high TCF/LEF1 reporter activity compared with Sca-1(negative) cells. A chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that Sca-1 was a ß-catenin/LEF1 target gene. Sca-1(high) allografts were more resistant to cisplatin/fluorouracil chemotherapy than Sca-1(negative) allografts, and overexpressed Bcl-xL. Eighty-five mouse genes overexpressed in Sca-1(high) S1 cells compared with Sca-1(negative) cells clustered 123 pretreatment gastric cancer patient samples according to survival following chemotherapy. Taken together, Sca-1 is a novel CSC enrichment marker that mediates TGF-ß and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in mouse gastric cancer. Stem Cells 2016;34:1177-1187.

MicroRNA-375 Functions as a Tumor-Suppressor Gene in Gastric Cancer by Targeting Recepteur d'Origine Nantais.

Emerging evidence supports a fundamental role for microRNAs (miRNA) in regulating cancer metastasis. Recently, microRNA-375 (miR-375) was reported to be downregulated in many types of cancers, including gastric cancer. Increase in the expression of Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON), a receptor tyrosine kinase, has been reported in tumors. However, the function of miR-375 and RON expression in gastric cancer metastasis has not been sufficiently studied. In silico analysis identified miR-375 binding sites in the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of the RON-encoding gene. Expression of miR-375 resulted in reduced activity of a luciferase reporter containing the 3'-UTR fragments of RON-encoding mRNA, confirming that miR-375 directly targets the 3'-UTR of RON mRNA. Moreover, we found that overexpression of miR-375 inhibited mRNA and protein expression of RON, which was accompanied by the suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer AGS and MKN-28 cells. Ectopic miR-375 expression also induced G1 cell cycle arrest through a decrease in the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb). Knockdown of RON by RNAi, similar to miR-375 overexpression, suppressed tumorigenic properties and induced G1 arrest through a decrease in the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and in the phosphorylation of Rb. Thus, our study provides evidence that miR-375 acts as a suppressor of metastasis in gastric cancer by targeting RON, and might represent a new potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

Ablation of osteopontin suppresses N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer development in mice.

Several clinical studies have reported increased expression of osteopontin (OPN) in various types of human cancer, including gastric cancer. However, the precise mechanisms underlying tumor development remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the pathogenic roles of OPN in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer development. Wild-type (WT) and OPN knockout (KO) mice were treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and infected with H.pylori. Mice were killed 50 weeks after treatment, and stomach tissues were assessed by histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. To clarify the carcinogenic effects of OPN, we also conducted an in vitro study using AGS human gastric cancer cell line and THP-1 human monocytic cell line. The overall incidence of gastric tumors was significantly decreased in OPN KO mice compared with WT mice. Apoptotic cell death was significantly enhanced in OPN KO mice and was accompanied by upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In vitro study, OPN suppression also caused STAT1 upregulation and iNOS overexpression in AGS and THP-1 cells, which resulted in apoptosis of AGS cells. In addition, a negative correlation was clearly identified between expression of OPN and iNOS in human gastric cancer tissues. Our data demonstrate that loss of OPN decreases H.pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis by suppressing proinflammatory immune response and augmenting STAT1 and iNOS-mediated apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells. An important implication of these findings is that OPN actually contributes to the development of gastric cancer.

Osteopontin depletion decreases inflammation and gastric epithelial proliferation during Helicobacter pylori infection in mice.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein that plays a role in many physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation and tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the involvement of OPN in Helicobacter pylori (HP)-induced gastritis using OPN knockout (KO) mice and OPN knockdown (KD) cell lines. HP-infected OPN KO mice showed significantly reduced gastritis compared with wild-type (WT) mice with decreased infiltration of macrophages and a reduction in HP-induced upregulation of IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. HP-exposed OPN KD gastric cancer cells and macrophage-like cells showed an attenuated induction of these cytokines. We also demonstrated a reduction in the migration of monocytic and macrophage-like cells toward conditioned media harvested from HP-exposed OPN KD gastric cancer cells as well as reduced migration ability of OPN KD cells itself. In addition, HP-infected OPN KO mice showed decreased epithelial cell proliferation compared with HP-infected WT mice, in association with a reduction in MAPK pathway activation. OPN KD gastric cancer cell lines also showed lower proliferative activity and reduced MAPK activation than shRNA control cells after HP co-culture or after IL-1ß and TNF-α treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that OPN exerts a considerable influence on HP-induced gastritis by modulating the production of cytokines and contributing to macrophage infiltration. Moreover, OPN-mediated activation of the MAPK pathway in gastric epithelial cells might contribute to epithelial changes following HP infection.

Establishment and characterization of metastatic gastric cancer cell lines from murine gastric adenocarcinoma lacking Smad4, p53, and E-cadherin.

There is a strong need for murine gastric cancer cell line models recapitulating human gastric cancers. Here, we describe two murine gastric cancer cell lines designated as NCC-S1 and NCC-S3. They were generated from gastric adenocarcinomas that formed in a Villin-cre, Smad4(F/F) , Trp53(F/F) , Cdh1(F/wt) mouse and a Pdx1-cre, Trp53(F/F) , Cdh1(F/F) mouse, respectively. Molecular profiles of both cell lines were very similar to human gastric cancer. NCC-S1M and NCC-S3M subpopulation clones were isolated from pulmonary metastasis of heterotopic allografts of NCC-S1 and NCC-S3 cells, respectively. NCC-S1M and NCC-S3M showed enhanced in vivo growth rates and metastatic potentials and exhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition features. NCC-S1M cells developed orthotopic and heterotopic tumors in immunocompetent mice in predictable manner, and were useful for testing the efficacy of an immunotherapeutic agent, anti-4-1BB antibody. NCC-S1M and NCC-S3M cells demonstrated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation, and knockdown of Ctnnb1 reversed the metastatic phenotype of NCC-S1M. These results underscore the role of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in metastatic phenotype of gastric cancer. Taken together, our novel metastatic gastric cancer cell lines are useful resources for drug development and metastasis research.

miR-215 overexpression distinguishes ampullary carcinomas from pancreatic carcinomas.

Distinguishing ampullary carcinoma from pancreatic carcinoma is important because of their different prognoses. microRNAs are differentially expressed according to the tissue of origin. However, there is rare research on the differential diagnosis between the two types of cancers by microRNA in periampullary cancers. The present study was undertaken to compare microRNA profiles between ampullary and pancreatic carcinomas using microarrays. miR-215 was most significantly overexpressed in ampullary carcinomas; whereas the expressions of miR-134 and miR-214 were significantly lower in ampullary carcinomas than in pancreatic carcinomas. When these discriminatory microRNAs were applied to liver metastases, they were correctly predicted for the tissue of origin. Although this study is limited by small sample size, striking difference in microRNA expression and concordant expression of discriminating microRNAs in primary tumors and metastases suggest that these novel discriminatory microRNAs warrant future validation.

Compact variant-rich customized sequence database and a fast and sensitive database search for efficient proteogenomic analyses.

In proteogenomic analysis, construction of a compact, customized database from mRNA-seq data and a sensitive search of both reference and customized databases are essential to accurately determine protein abundances and structural variations at the protein level. However, these tasks have not been systematically explored, but rather performed in an ad-hoc fashion. Here, we present an effective method for constructing a compact database containing comprehensive sequences of sample-specific variants--single nucleotide variants, insertions/deletions, and stop-codon mutations derived from Exome-seq and RNA-seq data. It, however, occupies less space by storing variant peptides, not variant proteins. We also present an efficient search method for both customized and reference databases. The separate searches of the two databases increase the search time, and a unified search is less sensitive to identify variant peptides due to the smaller size of the customized database, compared to the reference database, in the target-decoy setting. Our method searches the unified database once, but performs target-decoy validations separately. Experimental results show that our approach is as fast as the unified search and as sensitive as the separate searches. Our customized database includes mutation information in the headers of variant peptides, thereby facilitating the inspection of peptide-spectrum matches.

Low expression of miR-449 in gynecologic clear cell carcinoma.

Clinical detection of ovarian clear cell carcinomas is important because of the poor prognosis. To identify microRNA profiles specific for clear cell carcinomas, microRNA expression profiles were compared between clear cell carcinomas and serous carcinomas of the ovary using microRNA microarray. In parallel, clear cell carcinomas were compared with germ cell tumors of the ovary. Six microRNAs differentially expressed between ovarian clear cell and serous carcinomas distinguished uterine clear cell carcinomas from endometrioid carcinomas. MiR-449 was underexpressed in both ovarian and uterine clear cell carcinomas. When germ cell tumors were compared with clear cell carcinomas of the ovary, miR-302d was the most significantly overexpressed microRNA in germ cell tumors. Thus, here we describe microRNA profiles characteristic for clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and uterus.

Overexpression of miR-17 in gastric cancer is correlated with proliferation-associated oncogene amplification.

The molecular mechanism underlying microRNA (miR)-17 overexpression has not been clearly evaluated in gastric cancer. We aimed to evaluate the functional roles of miR-17 in gastric cancer and test its viability as a therapeutic target. We conducted comparative genomic hybridization and expression array analyses on human gastric cancer tissue samples, as well as evaluating the functional roles of miR-17 in gastric cancer cell lines and transgenic mice. miR-17 overexpression in gastric cancer patients was associated with copy number gain of proliferation-associated oncogenes such as MYC, CCNE1, ERBB2, and FGFR2. Copy number gain of MIR17HG gene (13q31.3) was rare, with an overall frequency of 2% in gastric cancers (1 of 51). miR-17 knockdown suppressed the monolayer and anchorage-independent growth of FGFR2-amplified KATO-III gastric cancer cells. mir-17-92 TG/TG mice overexpressing the mir-17-92 cluster under the villin promoter developed spontaneous benign tumors in the intestinal tract (log-rank P for tumor-free survival = 0.069). Taken together, miR-17 overexpression in gastric cancer was rarely associated with MIR17HG gene amplification, but correlated with proliferation-associated oncogene amplification. Therefore, miR-17-targeting approach may benefit patients with gastric cancers harboring proliferation-associated oncogene amplification.

A rapid, simple and reliable HPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer method for a simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in mouse plasma.

A simple, fast and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method (HPLC-MS/MS method) was developed, validated and used for the simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in heparinized mouse plasma. Camptothecin was used as the internal standard. A single-step protein precipitation without evaporation and reconstitution steps was adopted as sample processing method. Our bioanalytical method was validated in compliance with the guidelines from the European Medicines Agency. The lower limit of quantification for both irinotecan and SN38 was 5 ng/mL. The calibration curves for both analytes fitted to a 1/x(2) weighted linear regression model and ranged from 5 to 1000 ng/mL. The intra-run and inter-run precisions were within 8.6%, and the intra-run and inter-run accuracies were within 96.4-103.9%. Our validated bioanalytical method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study in mice, in which 4 mg/kg irinotecan was intraperitoneally injected.

High-throughput tagging of endogenous loci for rapid characterization of protein function.

To facilitate the interrogation of protein function at scale, we have developed high-throughput insertion of tags across the genome (HITAG). HITAG enables users to rapidly produce libraries of cells, each with a different protein of interest C-terminally tagged. HITAG is based on a modified strategy for performing Cas9-based targeted insertions, coupled with an improved approach for selecting properly tagged lines. Analysis of the resulting clones generated by HITAG reveals high tagging specificity, with most successful tagging events being indel free. Using HITAG, we fuse mCherry to a set of 167 stress granule-associated proteins and elucidate the features that drive a subset of proteins to strongly accumulate within these transient RNA-protein granules.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose Stem Cells Alleviate Systemic Sclerosis by Inhibiting TGF-ß Pathway.

Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory reactions and fibrosis. Myofibroblasts are considered therapeutic targets for preventing and reversing the pathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Although the mechanisms that differentiate into myofibroblasts are diverse, transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) is known to be a key mediator of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. This study investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles derived from human adipose stem cells (ASC-EVs) in an in vivo systemic sclerosis model and in vitro TGF-ß1-induced dermal fibroblasts. The therapeutic effects of ASC-EVs on the in vivo systemic sclerosis model were evaluated based on dermal thickness and the number of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing cells using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Administration of ASC-EVs decreased both the dermal thickness and α-SMA expressing cell number as well as the mRNA levels of fibrotic genes, such as Acta2, Ccn2, Col1a1 and Comp. Additionally, we discovered that ASC-EVs can decrease the expression of α-SMA and CTGF and suppress the TGF-ß pathway by inhibiting the activation of SMAD2 in dermal fibroblasts induced by TGF-ß1. Finally, TGF-ß1-induced dermal fibroblasts underwent selective death through ASC-EVs treatment. These results indicate that ASC-EVs could provide a therapeutic approach for preventing and reversing systemic sclerosis.

Engineered exosomes with a photoinducible protein delivery system enable CRISPR-Cas-based epigenome editing in Alzheimer's disease.

Effective intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins can potentially treat a wide array of diseases. However, efficient delivery of functional proteins across the cell membrane remains challenging. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles naturally secreted by various types of cells and may serve as promising nanocarriers for therapeutic biomolecules. Here, we engineered exosomes equipped with a photoinducible cargo protein release system, termed mMaple3-mediated protein loading into and release from exosome (MAPLEX), in which cargo proteins can be loaded into the exosomes by fusing them with photocleavable protein (mMaple3)-conjugated exosomal membrane markers and subsequently released from the exosomal membrane by inducing photocleavage with blue light illumination. Using this system, we first induced transcriptional regulation by delivering octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and SRY-box transcription factor 2 to fibroblasts in vitro. Second, we induced in vivo gene recombination in Cre reporter mice by delivering Cre recombinase. Last, we achieved targeted epigenome editing in the brains of 5xFAD and 3xTg-AD mice, two models of Alzheimer's disease. Administration of MAPLEXs loaded with ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (Bace1)-targeting single guide RNA-incorporated dCas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes, coupled with the catalytic domain of DNA methyltransferase 3A, resulted in successful methylation of the targeted CpG sites within the Bace1 promoter. This approach led to a significant reduction in Bace1 expression, improved recognition memory impairment, and reduced amyloid pathology in 5xFAD and 3xTg-AD mice. These results suggest that MAPLEX is an efficient intracellular protein delivery system that can deliver diverse therapeutic proteins for multiple diseases.

Neoadjuvant Docetaxel, Oxaliplatin, and S-1 Plus Surgery and Adjuvant S-1 for Resectable Advanced Gastric Cancer: Updated Overall Survival Outcomes From Phase III PRODIGY.

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.The phase III PRODIGY study demonstrated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and S-1 (DOS) followed by surgery and adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy (CSC) improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with surgery followed by adjuvant S-1 (SC) for patients with resectable locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) with clinical T2-3N+ or T4Nany disease. The primary end point was PFS. Overall survival (OS) was the secondary end point. We herein report the long-term follow-up outcomes, including OS, from this trial. A total of 238 and 246 patients were randomly assigned to the CSC and SC arms, respectively, and were treated (full analysis set). As of the data cutoff (September 2022), the median follow-up duration of the surviving patients was 99.5 months. Compared with SC, CSC significantly increased the OS (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; stratified log-rank P = .027) with an 8-year OS rate of 63.0% and 55.1% for the CSC and SC arms, respectively. CSC also significantly improved the PFS (HR, 0.70; stratified log-rank P = .016). In conclusion, neoadjuvant DOS chemotherapy, as part of perioperative chemotherapy, prolonged the OS of Asian patients with LAGC relative to patients treated with surgery and adjuvant S-1. It should be considered one of the standard treatment options for patients with LAGC in Asia.

Development and validation of a microfluidic chip-based nano-liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for a sensitive and reliable quantification of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in mouse plasma.

There is an increasing need for more sensitive analytical methods in pharmacokinetic studies, for example, for phase 0 clinical trials. A novel HPLC Chip-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer method (HPLC Chip-MS/MS method) for the quantification of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) was developed, validated, and employed to the pharmacokinetic analysis of SN38 in ICR mice. Protein precipitation with a ratio of plasma/acetonitrile of 1:10 was chosen as the sample processing method. The nano-electrospray inserted in the microfluidic chip operated in positive mode, and selected reaction monitoring was used for quantification. Our bioanalytical method met all essential validation parameters-selectivity, accuracy, precision, dilution integrity, calibration curve, matrix effect, recovery, and different stability tests (benchtop, freeze-thaw, autosampler stability). The calibration curves (weight 1/x (2)) were linear for the range 50-10,000 pg/mL. Clogging was not observed until the end of the lifetime of the microfluidic chip (350-400 injections), and carryover was practically eliminated through the introduction of a step gradient elution program. After intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg/kg irinotecan, SN38 concentration could be measured up to 6 h with accuracy and precision. Thus, we developed a new, very sensitive HPLC Chip-MS/MS method for the determination of plasma SN38 that has been validated in compliance with guidelines from different regulation authorities.