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Sensory axons degenerate following separation from their cell body, but partial injury to peripheral nerves may leave the integrity of damaged axons preserved. We show that an endogenous ligand for the natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKG2D, Retinoic Acid Early 1 (RAE1), is re-expressed in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury, triggering selective degeneration of injured axons. Infiltration of cytotoxic NK cells into the sciatic nerve by extravasation occurs within 3 days following crush injury. Using a combination of genetic cell ablation and cytokine-antibody complex stimulation, we show that NK cell function correlates with loss of sensation due to degeneration of injured afferents and reduced incidence of post-injury hypersensitivity. This neuro-immune mechanism of selective NK cell-mediated degeneration of damaged but intact sensory axons complements Wallerian degeneration and suggests the therapeutic potential of modulating NK cell function to resolve painful neuropathy through the clearance of partially damaged nerves.
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Células Matadoras Naturais/fisiologia , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte Nucleocitoplasmático/metabolismo , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/metabolismo , Animais , Axônios , Gânglios Espinais/citologia , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Regeneração Nervosa , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios Aferentes/imunologia , Neurônios Aferentes/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear/fisiologia , Proteínas de Transporte Nucleocitoplasmático/fisiologia , Dor , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/imunologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico , Nervo Isquiático , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismoRESUMO
Bacterial pathogens utilize the factors of their hosts to infect them, but which factors they exploit remain poorly defined. Here, we show that a pathogenic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) exploits host polyamines for the functional expression of virulence factors. An STm mutant strain lacking principal genes required for polyamine synthesis and transport exhibited impaired infectivity in mice. A polyamine uptake-impaired strain of STm was unable to inject effectors of the type 3 secretion system into host cells due to a failure of needle assembly. STm infection stimulated host polyamine production by increasing arginase expression. The decline in polyamine levels caused by difluoromethylornithine, which inhibits host polyamine production, attenuated STm colonization, whereas polyamine supplementation augmented STm pathogenesis. Our work reveals that host polyamines are a key factor promoting STm infection, and therefore a promising therapeutic target for bacterial infection.
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Poliaminas , Salmonella typhimurium , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III , Fatores de Virulência , Salmonella typhimurium/metabolismo , Salmonella typhimurium/patogenicidade , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Animais , Poliaminas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/metabolismo , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo III/genética , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Infecções por Salmonella/metabolismo , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , FemininoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether hippocampal perfusion changes are associated with cognitive decline, motor deficits, and the risk of dementia conversion in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: We recruited patients with newly diagnosed and nonmedicated PD and healthy participants who underwent dual phase 18 F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2ß-carboxymethoxy-3ß-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography scans. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to hippocampal perfusion measured by standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs): (1) PD hippocampal hypoperfusion group (1 standard deviation [SD] below the mean hippocampal SUVR of healthy controls; PD-hippo-hypo), (2) PD hippocampal hyperperfusion group (1 SD above the mean; PD-hippo-hyper), and (3) the remaining patients (PD-hippo-normal). We compared the baseline cognitive performance, severity of motor deficits, hippocampal volume, striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability, and risk of dementia conversion among the groups. RESULTS: We included 235 patients (PD-hippo-hypo, n = 21; PD-hippo-normal, n = 157; PD-hippo-hyper, n = 57) and 48 healthy participants. Patients in the PD-hippo-hypo group were older and had smaller hippocampal volumes than those in the other PD groups. The PD-hippo-hypo group showed less severely decreased DAT availability in the putamen than the other groups despite similar severities of motor deficit. The PD-hippo-hypo group had a higher risk of dementia conversion compared to the PD-hippo-normal (hazard ratio = 2.59, p = 0.013) and PD-hippo-hyper (hazard ratio = 3.73, p = 0.006) groups, despite similar cognitive performance at initial assessment between groups. INTERPRETATION: Hippocampal hypoperfusion may indicate a reduced capacity to cope with neurodegenerative processes in terms of the development of motor deficits and cognitive decline in patients with PD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:388-399.
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Demência , Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/complicações , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Tropanos , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Cognição , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Demência/complicações , Perfusão , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único/métodosRESUMO
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a crucial role in cancer rejection. However, CTLs encounter dysfunction and exhaustion in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Although the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-rich TME attenuates the CTL function, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. The nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related-2 (Nrf2) is ROS-responsible factor implicated in increasing susceptibility to cancer progression. Therefore, we examined how Nrf2 is involved in anti-tumor responses of CD8+ T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells under ROS-rich TME. Here, we demonstrated that tumor growth in Nrf2-/- mice was significantly controlled and was reversed by T cell depletion and further confirmed that Nrf2 deficiency in T cells promotes anti-tumor responses using adoptive transfer model of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Nrf2-deficient CTLs are resistant to ROS, and their effector functions are sustained in TME. Furthermore, Nrf2 knockdown in human CAR-T cells enhanced the survival and function of intratumoral CAR-T cells in solid tumor xenograft model and effectively controlled tumor growth. ROS-sensing Nrf2 inhibits the anti-tumor T cell responses, indicating that Nrf2 may be a potential target for T cell immunotherapy strategies against solid tumors.
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During in vitro culture, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) often acquire survival advantages characterized by decreased susceptibility to mitochondrial cell death, known as "culture adaptation." This adaptation is associated with genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, including TP53 mutations, copy number variations, trisomy, and methylation changes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this acquired survival advantage is crucial for safe hPSC-based cell therapies. Through transcriptome and methylome analysis, we discovered that the epigenetic repression of CHCHD2, a mitochondrial protein, is a common occurrence during in vitro culture using enzymatic dissociation. We confirmed this finding through genetic perturbation and reconstitution experiments in normal human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Loss of CHCHD2 expression conferred resistance to single cell dissociation-induced cell death, a common stress encountered during in vitro culture. Importantly, we found that the downregulation of CHCHD2 significantly attenuates the activity of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), which is responsible for inducing single cell death in hESCs. This suggests that hESCs may survive routine enzyme-based cell dissociation by downregulating CHCHD2 and thereby attenuating ROCK activity. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which hPSCs acquire survival advantages and adapt to in vitro culture conditions.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes , Humanos , Linhagem Celular , Repressão Epigenética , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) plays an important role in tumor development, and has been characterized as a potent regulator of cellular stress. However, the effect of SIRT7 on sorafenib acquired resistance remains unclear and a possible anti-tumor mechanism beyond this process in HCC has not been clarified. We examined the therapeutic potential of SIRT7 and determined whether it functions synergistically with sorafenib to overcome chemoresistance. METHODS: Cancer Genome Atlas-liver HCC data and unbiased gene set enrichment analyses were used to identify SIRT7 as a potential effector molecule in sorafenib acquired resistance. Two types of SIRT7 chemical inhibitors were developed to evaluate its therapeutic properties when synergized with sorafenib. Mass spectrometry was performed to discover a direct target of SIRT7, DDX3X, and DDX3X deacetylation levels and protein stability were explored. Moreover, an in vivo xenograft model was used to confirm anti-tumor effect of SIRT7 and DDX3X chemical inhibitors combined with sorafenib. RESULTS: SIRT7 inhibition mediated DDX3X depletion can re-sensitize acquired sorafenib resistance by disrupting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, finally suppressing hyperactive ERK1/2 signaling in response to NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1ß inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: SIRT7 is responsible for sorafenib acquired resistance, and its inhibition would be beneficial when combined with sorafenib by suppressing hyperactive pro-cell survival ERK1/2 signaling.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Sirtuínas , Humanos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , Sorafenibe/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/farmacologia , Fosforilação , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/genética , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/metabolismo , RNA Helicases DEAD-box/farmacologia , Sirtuínas/genética , Sirtuínas/metabolismo , Sirtuínas/farmacologiaRESUMO
High power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability are essential prerequisites for the commercialization of polymer solar cells (PSCs). Small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) are core materials that have led to recent, rapid increases in the PCEs of the PSCs. However, a critical limitation of the resulting PSCs is their poor long-term stability. Blend morphology degradation from rapid diffusion of SMAs with low glass transition temperatures (Tgs) is considered the main cause of the poor long-term stability of the PSCs. The recent emergence of oligomerized SMAs (OSMAs), composed of two or more repeating SMA units (i.e., dimerized and trimerized SMAs), has shown great promise in overcoming these challenges. This innovation in material design has enabled OSMA-based PSCs to reach impressive PCEs near 19% and exceptional long-term stability. In this review, we summarize the evolution of OSMAs, including their research background and recent progress in molecular design. In particular, we discuss the mechanisms for high PCE and stability of OSMA-based PSCs and suggest useful design guidelines for high-performance OSMAs. Furthermore, we reflect on the existing hurdles and future directions for OSMA materials towards achieving commercially viable PSCs with high PCEs and operational stabilities.
RESUMO
This study introduces wavelength-dependent multistate programmable optoelectronic logic-in-memory (OLIM) operation using a broadband photoresponsive pNDI-SVS floating gate. The distinct optical absorption of the relatively large bandgap DNTT channel (2.6 eV) and the narrow bandgap pNDI-SVS floating gate (1.37 eV) lead to varying light-induced charge carrier accumulation across different wavelengths. In the proposed OLIM device comprising the p-type pNDI-SVS-based optoelectronic memory (POEM) transistor and an IGZO n-type transistor, we achieve controllable output voltage signals by modulating the pull-up performance through optical wavelength and applied bias manipulation. Real-time OLIM operation yields four discernible output values. The device's high mechanical flexibility and seamless surface integration among the paper substrate, pNDI-SVS, parylene gate dielectric, and DNTT region render it compatible for integration into paper-based optoelectronics. Our flexible POEM device on name card substrates demonstrates stable operational performance, with minimal variation (8%) after 100 cycles of repeated memory operation, remaining reliable across various angle measurements.
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal prognosis due to the absence of diagnostic markers and molecular targets. Here, we took an unconventional approach to identify new molecular targets for pancreatic cancer. We chose uncharacterized protein evidence level 1 without function annotation from extensive proteomic research on pancreatic cancer and focused on proline and serine-rich 2 (PROSER2), which ranked high in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. In our study using cell lines and patient-derived orthotopic xenograft cells, PROSER2 exhibited a higher expression in cells derived from primary tumors than in those from metastatic tissues. PROSER2 was localized in the cell membrane and cytosol by immunocytochemistry. PROSER2 overexpression significantly reduced the metastatic ability of cancer cells, whereas its suppression had the opposite effect. Proteomic analysis revealed that PROSER2 interacts with STK25 and PDCD10, and their binding was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry. STK25 knockdown enhanced metastasis by decreasing p-AMPK levels, whereas PROSER2-overexpressing cells increased the level of p-AMPK, indicating that PROSER2 suppresses invasion via the AMPK pathway by interacting with STK25. This is the first demonstration of the novel role of PROSER2 in antagonizing tumor progression via the STK25-AMPK pathway in PDAC. LC-MS/MS data are available at MassIVE (MSV000092953) and ProteomeXchange (PXD045646).
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Animais , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Cromatografia Líquida , Proteômica , Proliferação de Células , Movimento Celular , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização IntracelularRESUMO
Stroke-caused synergies may result from the preferential use of the reticulospinal tract (RST) due to damage to the corticospinal tract. The RST branches multiple motoneuron pools across the arm together resulting in gross motor control or abnormal synergies, and accordingly, the controllability of individual muscles decreases. However, it is not clear whether muscles involuntarily activated by abnormal synergy vary depending on the muscles voluntarily activated when motor commands descend through the RST. Studies showed that abnormal synergies may originate from the merging and reweighting of synergies in individuals without neurological deficits. This leads to a hypothesis that those abnormal synergies are still selectively excited depending on the context. In this study, we test this hypothesis, leveraging the Fugl-Meyer assessment that could characterize the neuroanatomical architecture in individuals with a wide range of impairments. We examine the ability to perform an out-of-synergy movement with the flexion synergy caused by either shoulder or elbow loading. The results reveal that about 14% [8/57, 95% confidence interval (5.0%, 23.1%)] of the participants with severe impairment (total Fugl-Meyer score <29) in the chronic phase (6 months after stroke) are able to keep the elbow extended during shoulder loading and keep the shoulder at neutral during elbow loading. Those participants underwent a different course of neural reorganization, which enhanced abnormal synergies in comparison with individuals with mild impairment (P < 0.05). These results provide evidence that separate routes and synergy modules to motoneuron pools across the arm might exist even if the motor command is mediated possibly via the RST.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that abnormal synergies are still selectively excited depending on the context.
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Músculo Esquelético , Tratos Piramidais , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Tratos Piramidais/fisiopatologia , Tratos Piramidais/fisiologia , Idoso , Adulto , Cotovelo/fisiologia , Cotovelo/fisiopatologia , Ombro/fisiologia , Ombro/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The flexion synergy and extension synergy are a representative consequence of a stroke and appear in the upper extremity and the lower extremity. Since the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (CST) is the most influential neural pathway for both extremities in motor execution, damage by a stroke to this tract could lead to similar motor pathological features (e.g., abnormal synergies) in both extremities. However, less attention has been paid to the interlimb correlations in the flexion synergy and extension synergy across different recovery phases of a stroke. We used results of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) to characterize those correlations in a total of 512 participants with hemiparesis after stroke from the acute phase to 1 year. The FMA provides indirect indicators of the degrees of the flexion synergy and extension synergy after stroke. We found that, generally, strong interlimb correlations (r > 0.65 with all P values < 0.0001) between the flexion synergy and extension synergy appeared in the acute-to-subacute phase (<90 days). However, the correlations of the lower-extremity extension synergy with the upper-extremity flexion synergy and extension synergy decreased (down to r = 0.38) 360 days after stroke (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the preferential use of alternative neural pathways after damage by a stroke to the CST enhances the interlimb correlations between the flexion synergy and extension synergy. At the same time, the results imply that the recovery of CST integrity or/and the fragmentation (remodeling) of the alternative neural substrates in the chronic phase may contribute to diversity in neural pathways in motor execution, eventually leading to reduced interlimb correlations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, this article addresses the asynchronous relationships in the strengths of flexion and extension synergy expressions between the paretic upper extremity and lower extremity across various phases of stroke.
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Extremidade Inferior , Paresia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Extremidade Superior , Humanos , Masculino , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Paresia/etiologia , Extremidade Inferior/fisiopatologia , Tratos Piramidais/fisiopatologia , AdultoRESUMO
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations in circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA) have been reported as representative noninvasive prognostic markers for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we aimed to evaluate single KRAS mutations as prognostic and predictive biomarkers, with an emphasis on potential therapeutic approaches to PDAC. A total of 128 patients were analyzed for multiple or single KRAS mutations (G12A, G12C, G12D, G12R, G12S, G12V, and G13D) in their tumors and plasma using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). Overall, KRAS mutations were detected by multiplex ddPCR in 119 (93%) of tumor DNA and 68 (53.1%) of ctDNA, with a concordance rate of 80% between plasma ctDNA and tumor DNA in the metastatic stage, which was higher than the 44% in the resectable stage. Moreover, the prognostic prediction of both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was more relevant using plasma ctDNA than tumor DNA. Further, we evaluated the selective tumor-suppressive efficacy of the KRAS G12C inhibitor sotorasib in a patient-derived organoid (PDO) from a KRAS G12C-mutated patient using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Sotorasib showed selective inhibition in vitro and in vivo with altered tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and macrophages. Collectively, screening for KRAS single mutations in plasma ctDNA and the use of preclinical models of PDO and PDX with genetic mutations would impact precision medicine in the context of PDAC.
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Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Mutação , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCs) are characterized by their rarity, difficult diagnosis, and overall poor prognosis. The iCC molecular classification for developing precision medicine strategies was investigated. METHODS: Comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analyses were performed on treatment-naïve tumor samples from 102 patients with iCC who underwent surgical resection with curative intent. An organoid model was constructed for testing therapeutic potential. RESULTS: Three clinically supported subtypes (stem-like, poorly immunogenic, and metabolism) were identified. NCT-501 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 [ALDH1A1] inhibitor) exhibited synergism with nanoparticle albumin-bound-paclitaxel in the organoid model for the stem-like subtype. The oncometabolite dysregulations were associated with different clinical outcomes in the stem-like and metabolism subtypes. The poorly immunogenic subtype harbors the non-T-cell tumor infiltration. Integrated multiomics analysis not only reproduced the 3 subtypes but also showed heterogeneity in iCC. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale proteogenomic analysis provides information beyond that obtained with genomic analysis, allowing the functional impact of genomic alterations to be discerned. These findings may assist in the stratification of patients with iCC and in developing rational therapeutic strategies.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Proteogenômica , Humanos , Proteômica , Prognóstico , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/cirurgia , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/patologia , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recently, intestinal bacteria have attracted attention as factors affecting the prognosis of patients with cancer. However, the intestinal microbiome is composed of several hundred types of bacteria, necessitating the development of an analytical method that can allow the use of this information as a highly accurate biomarker. In this study, we investigated whether the preoperative intestinal bacterial profile in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent surgery after preoperative chemotherapy could be used as a biomarker of postoperative recurrence of esophageal cancer. METHODS: We determined the gut microbiome of the patients using 16S rRNA metagenome sequencing, followed by statistical analysis. Simultaneously, we performed a machine learning analysis using a random forest model with hyperparameter tuning and compared the data obtained. RESULTS: Statistical and machine learning analyses revealed two common bacterial genera, Butyricimonas and Actinomyces, which were abundant in cases with recurrent esophageal cancer. Butyricimonas primarily produces butyrate, whereas Actinomyces are oral bacteria whose function in the gut is unknown. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Butyricimonas spp. may be a biomarker of postoperative recurrence of esophageal cancer. Although the extent of the involvement of these bacteria in immune regulation remains unknown, future research should investigate their presence in other pathological conditions. Such research could potentially lead to a better understanding of the immunological impact of these bacteria on patients with cancer and their application as biomarkers.
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Neoplasias Esofágicas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Bactérias/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirurgia , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures, poses significant challenges to affected individuals globally. While several established risk factors for epilepsy exist, the association with cigarette smoking remains debated. This study aims to conduct systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate the potential association between smoking and the likelihood of epilepsy. METHODS: The search was performed on March 31st, 2023, using the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We included cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies in our meta-analysis, conducting subgroup analyses based on smoking history, sex, and epilepsy type to yield specific insights. RESULTS: We identified 2550 studies, of which 17 studies were finally included in this study. The pooled odds ratio of epilepsy was 1.14 (0.96-1.36) in smokers compared to non-smokers. In current smokers compared to non-smokers, the odds ratio was 1.46 (1.13-1.89), while, in former smokers compared to non-smokers, the odds ratio was 1.14 (0.83-1.56). CONCLUSIONS: While the overall association between smoking and epilepsy did not reach statistical significance, a notable association was found among current smokers. The study emphasizes the importance of smoking cessation as a potential preventive measure against epilepsy, especially given the proconvulsive effects of nicotine. Future research should address limitations and explore specific clinical scenarios to enhance our understanding of the complex relationship between cigarette use and epilepsy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42022342510.
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Epilepsia , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Fumantes , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Intestinal phagocytes transport oral antigens and promote immune tolerance, but their role in innate immune responses remains unclear. Here we found that intestinal phagocytes were anergic to ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or commensals but constitutively expressed the precursor to interleukin 1ß (pro-IL-1ß). After infection with pathogenic Salmonella or Pseudomonas, intestinal phagocytes produced mature IL-1ß through the NLRC4 inflammasome but did not produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or IL-6. BALB/c mice deficient in NLRC4 or the IL-1 receptor were highly susceptible to orogastric but not intraperitoneal infection with Salmonella. That enhanced lethality was preceded by impaired expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, lower neutrophil recruitment and poor intestinal pathogen clearance. Thus, NLRC4-dependent production of IL-1ß by intestinal phagocytes represents a specific response that discriminates pathogenic bacteria from commensal bacteria and contributes to host defense in the intestine.
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Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/imunologia , Anergia Clonal , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Intestinos/imunologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Fagócitos/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Caspase 1/metabolismo , Flagelina/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamassomos/imunologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/biossíntese , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/genética , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/patologia , Fagócitos/microbiologia , Pseudomonas/imunologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-1/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-1/imunologia , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/imunologia , Infecções por Salmonella/genética , Infecções por Salmonella/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/imunologia , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major causative factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the incidence of HPV- associated HNSCC is increasing. The role of tumor microenvironment in viral infection and metastasis needs to be explored further. We studied the molecular characteristics of primary tumors (PTs) and lymph node metastatic tumors (LNMTs) by stratifying them based on their HPV status. Eight samples for single-cell RNA profiling and six samples for spatial transcriptomics (ST), composed of matched primary tumors (PT) and lymph node metastases (LNMT), were collected from both HPV- negative (HPV- ) and HPV-positive (HPV+ ) patients. Using the 10x Genomics Visium platform, integrative analyses with single-cell RNA sequencing were performed. Intracellular and intercellular alterations were analyzed, and the findings were confirmed using experimental validation and publicly available data set. The HPV+ tissues were composed of a substantial amount of lymphoid cells regardless of the presence or absence of metastasis, whereas the HPV- tissue exhibited remarkable changes in the number of macrophages and plasma cells, particularly in the LNMT. From both single-cell RNA and ST data set, we discovered a central gene, pyruvate kinase muscle isoform 1/2 (PKM2), which is closely associated with the stemness of cancer stem cell-like populations in LNMT of HPV- tissue. The consistent expression was observed in HPV- HNSCC cell line and the knockdown of PKM2 weakened spheroid formation ability. Furthermore, we found an ectopic lymphoid structure morphology and clinical effects of the structure in ST slide of the HPV+ patients and verified their presence in tumor tissue using immunohistochemistry. Finally, the ephrin-A (EPHA2) pathway was detected as important signals in angiogenesis for HPV- patients from single-cell RNA and ST profiles, and knockdown of EPHA2 declined the cell migration. Our study described the distinct cellular composition and molecular alterations in primary and metastatic sites in HNSCC patients based on their HPV status. These results provide insights into HNSCC biology in the context of HPV infection and its potential clinical implications.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Papillomavirus Humano , Papillomaviridae/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , RNA , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Despite advances in genome sequencing technology, the complete molecular interaction networks reflecting the biological functions of gene products have not been fully elucidated due to the lack of robust molecular interactome profiling techniques. Traditionally, molecular interactions have been investigated in vitro by measuring their affinity. However, such a reductionist approach comes with throughput constraints and does not depict an intact living cell environment. Therefore, molecular interactions in live cells must be captured to minimize false-positive results. The photo-cross-linking technique is a promising tool because the production of a temporally controlled reactive functional group can be induced using light exposure. Photoaffinity labeling is used in biochemistry and medicinal chemistry for bioconjugation, including drug and antibody conjugation, target protein identification of bioactive compounds, and fluorescent labeling of target proteins. This Account summarizes recent advances in multifunctional photo-cross-linkers for drug target identification and bioimaging. In addition to our group's contributions, we reviewed the most notable examples from the last few decades to provide a comprehensive overview of how this field is evolving. Based on cross-linking chemistry, photo-cross-linkers are classified as either (i) reactive intermediate-generating or (ii) electrophile-generating. Reactive intermediates generating photoaffinity tags have been extensively modified to target a molecule of interest using aryl azide, benzophenone, diazirine, diazo, and acyl silanes. These species are highly reactive and can form covalent bonds, irrespective of residue. Their short lifetime is ideal for the instant capture and labeling of biomolecules. Recently, photocaged electrophiles have been investigated to take advantage of their residue selectivity and relatively high yield for adduct formation with tetrazole, nitrobenzyl alcohol, o-nitrophenylethylene, pyrone, and pyrimidone. Multifunctional photo-cross-linkers for two parallel practical applications have been developed using both classes of photoactivatable groups. Unbiased target interactome profiling of small-molecule drugs requires a challenging structure-activity relationship study (SAR) step to retain the nature or biological activity of the lead compound, which led to the design of a multifunctional "minimalist tag" comprising a bio-orthogonal handle, a photoaffinity labeling group, and functional groups to load target molecules. In contrast, fluorogenic photo-cross-linking is advantageous for bioimaging because it does not require an additional bio-orthogonal reaction to introduce a fluorophore to the minimalist tag. Our group has made progress on minimalist tags and fluorogenic photo-cross-linkers through fruitful collaborations with other groups. The current range of photoactivation reactions and applications demonstrate that photoaffinity tags can be improved. We expect exciting days in the rational design of new multifunctional photo-cross-linkers, particularly clinically interesting versions used in photodynamic or photothermal therapy.
Assuntos
Marcadores de Fotoafinidade , Proteínas , Proteínas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Diazometano , PirimidinonasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Underweight imposes significant burden on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, less is known about the impact of serial change in body weight status measured as body mass index (BMI) on the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). This study investigated the association between SCA and temporal change in BMI among patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Based on Korean National Health Insurance Service database, participants with diabetes mellitus who underwent health examination between 2009 and 2012 and had prior health examination data (four years ago, 2005-2008) were retrospectively analyzed. BMI was measured at baseline (2005-2008) and 4-year follow-up health examination (2009-2012). Patients were classified in four groups according to the body weight status and its temporal change: sustained non-underweight, sustained underweight, previous underweight, and newly developed underweight. Primary outcome was defined as occurrence of SCA. RESULTS: A total of 1,355,746 patients with diabetes mellitus were included for analysis, and SCA occurred in 12,554 cases. SCA was most common in newly developed underweight (incidence rate = 4.45 per 1,000 person-years), followed by sustained underweight (incidence rate = 3.90), previous underweight (incidence rate = 3.03), and sustained non-underweight (incidence rate = 1.34). Adjustment of covariates resulted highest risk of SCA in sustained underweight (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.60, 95% confidence interval [2.25-3.00], sustained non-underweight as a reference), followed by newly developed underweight (2.42, [2.15-2.74]), and previous underweight (2.12, [1.77-2.53]). CONCLUSIONS: In diabetes mellitus, sustained underweight as well as decrease in body weight during 4-year follow-up imposes substantial risk on SCA. Recovery from underweight over time had relatively lower, but yet increased risk of SCA. Both underweight and dynamic decrease in BMI can be associated with increased risk of SCA.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Magreza , Humanos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Magreza/diagnóstico , Magreza/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Peso Corporal , Morte Súbita Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Morte Súbita Cardíaca/etiologiaRESUMO
Blood continually contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis of the body and contains information regarding the health state of an individual. However, current hematological analyses predominantly rely on a limited number of CD markers and morphological analysis. In this work, differentially sensitive fluorescent compounds based on TCF scaffolds are introduced that are designed for fluorescent phenotyping of blood. Depending on their structures, TCF compounds displayed varied responses to reactive oxygen species, biothiols, redox-related biomolecules, and hemoglobin, which are the primary influential factors within blood. Contrary to conventional CD marker-based analysis, this unbiased fluorescent phenotyping method produces diverse fingerprints of the health state. Precise discrimination of blood samples from 37â mice was demonstrated based on their developmental stages, ranging from 10 to 19â weeks of age. Additionally, this fluorescent phenotyping method enabled the differentiation between drugs with distinct targets, serving as a simple yet potent tool for pharmacological analysis to understand the mode of action of various drugs.