Management of periprocedural anticoagulant therapy: a novel individualized approach-a transeusophageal echocardiographic study.

Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who are under chronic oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC) treatment frequently require interruption of OAC treatment. By examining the presence of left atrial/left atrial appendage (LA/LAA) thrombus or dense spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) we aimed to develop an individualized strategy. To test the validity of CHA2DS2VASc score based recommendations was our secondary purpose. In this prospective study patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation on OAC therapy were included. Patients' baseline characteristics, CHA2DS2VASc and HASBLED scores, medications, type of invasive procedures and clinical events were recorded. Each patient underwent to TEE examination prior to the invasive procedure. Bridging anticoagulation was recommended only to patients with LA/LAA thrombus. We included 155 patients and mean CHA2DS2VASc score of the study population was 3.4 ± 1.4. Seventy-one of them had LA/LAA thrombi or SEC on TEE examination and bridging anticoagulation was applied. OAC treatment was not bridged in 8 of 11 patients with prior cerebrovascular accident and 17 of 31 patients with CHA2DS2VASc score of > 4. 57 of 124 patients with CHA2DS2VASc score of ≤ 4 required bridging anticoagulation. There were 14 major bleedings decided according to ISTH bleeding classification. Major bleeding was observed only in patients underwent to high-risk bleeding procedure. In conclusion CHA2DS2VASc score by itself is not enough for decision-making regarding ischemic risk. Furthermore, since major bleedings occurred only in patients underwent to high-risk bleeding surgery, TEE-based individualisation may be a feasible approach particularly for those with high thromboembolic risk undergoing high-bleeding risk procedure.

Is mycophenolate mofetil an alternative agent to corticosteroids in traumatic nerve paralysis?

OBJECTIVE: The effects of an immunosuppressive agent, mycophenolate mofetil (MM), were investigated and compared with those of methylprednisolone (MP) and dexamethasone (DXM) on the traumatic nerve function. STUDY DESIGN: This is a randomized controlled animal study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This experimental study was performed on 84 male Wistar albino rats. The rats were assigned to 12 groups each consisting of 7 animals. The groups were formed according to application of normal-dose DXM (group 1A-B), high-dose MP (group 2A-B), normal-dose MP (group 3A-B), MM (group 4A-B), and MM with high-dose MP combination therapies (group VA-B). Right sciatic nerve dissection was performed, and compound muscle action potential thresholds were recorded. The nerve was traumatized with the compression of a Jeweller forceps for 20 seconds. Posttraumatic thresholds were also recorded. The compound muscle action potential thresholds were recorded in the first and fourth weeks for the assigned groups. Then, the nerve was transected and prepared for electron microscopic and histopathologic examinations. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde assessments were performed on both tissue and blood samples. RESULTS: Only the MM and MP+MM groups had satisfactory electron microscopic findings and were about to reach the tissue characteristics of the control animals. Despite the electrophysiologic recovery, the DXM group was found to have poor electron microscopic scoring. CONCLUSIONS: Mycophenolate mofetil has been found to be beneficial in the treatment of traumatic nerve paralysis. Although a complementary investigation is needed, this immunosuppressive agent may be an alternative to corticosteroids for the selected cases where steroid therapy is contraindicated.

The validation of left atrial strain imaging for the assessment of diastolic functions in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Assessment of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) is crucial in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Since current guideline recommended echocardiographic parameters have limited value, more comprehensive assessment methods are required in this patient subset.In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical utility of left atrial reservoir strain (LARS) imaging in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Patients who underwent successful pPCI were included. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was measured invasively following pPCI. Left atrial strain imaging was performed following pPCI within 24 h of pPCI. Normal LARS value was accepted as above 23%. We prospectively enrolled 69 patients; there were 18 patients with LARS below 23% who were included into group 1 and rest of the study population included into group 2. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of comorbidities.Troponin and pro-BNP levels were significantly higher in group 1 (p: 0.036 and 0.047 respectively). Left atrial volume and tricuspid regurgitation velocity were similar between groups (p: 0.416 and p: 0.351 respectively). Septal tissue velocity was higher (p: 0.001) and Septal E/e' ratio was lower (p: 0.004) in group 2. Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain value was higher in group 1 which is consistent with observed lower ejection (LVEF) fraction in group 1 (p: 0.001 for LV strain and p: 0.001 for LVEF). Estimated mean LVFP was also higher in group 1 (p: 0.003).Correlation analyses revealed moderate correlation between LARS and LVEDP (r: - 0.300). Our results indicate that left atrial strain imaging is a promising tool for the assessment of left atrial pressure in patients with STEMI.

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular filling pressure in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: an invasive validation study.

Backgrounds Assessment of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) is of clinical importance in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although several echocardiographic parameters are recommended for the assessment of LVFP, validation of these parameters in patients with STEMI is missing. We aimed to investigate the clinical utility of these parameters in acute settings. Methods: We prospectively included consecutive patients with STEMI. LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was measured following primary PCI and echocardiographic examination was performed within 24 hours. Mean left atrial pressure (mLAP) was calculated both invasively using Yamamoto's formula and non-invasively using Naugeh's formula. Mean LAP was considered increased when exceeded 18 mmHg. Results: Patients were grouped according to LVEDP, group 1(41 patients) and group 2(114 patients).There was no significant difference between groups in terms of comorbidities. NT pro-BNP levels (p < 0.001) and peak level of Hs-TnT (p-value: 0.002) were significantly higher in group 2. Average E/e' ratio was significantly higher in group 2 (10.19 ± 3.15 vs. 12.04 ± 4.83, p: 0.046). Isovolumetric relaxation time was longer in group 2 (p < 0.001) and left atrial volume index (LAVI) was also significantly higher in group 2 (p < 0.001). Regression analyses revealed that septal, lateral and average E/e' ratio, tricuspid regurgitation velocity, LAVI and left ventricular volume are correlated with mLAP. Among group 2 patients only 14 Patients fulfilled the increased LVFP criteria suggested by current guidelines. Conclusions Echocardiographic parameters indicating increased LVFP require validation and may need to be modified in patients with STEMI. Moreover, current algorithms underestimate the actual number of patients with increased LVFP.

Left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation and under oral anticoagulant therapy; 3-D transesophageal echocardiographic study.

Ischemic stroke is the major complication of atrial fibrillation (AF) and only proven preventive therapy is oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC). Previous studies reported the presence of thrombus in the left atrium (LA) or left atrial appendage (LAA) despite anticoagulant therapy. We aim to investigate the predictors of LA/LAA thrombus in patients under OAC therapy and long-term clinical impact of thrombus. We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with permanent AF under OAC therapy. Patients baseline characteristics were recorded. Transesophageal echocardiographic study performed after complete transthoracic echocardiographic study. 3-D evaluation of LAA was made using 3-D zoom mode and thrombus was defined when echo reflecting, mobile mass detected. Patients clinical outcomes were decided according to hospital records or via phone calls. Among 184 patients, 28 LAT were detected. Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was significantly higher in patients with LAT in comparison to patients without LAT. CHA2DS2-VASc score (p: 0.001), left atrial volume (p: 0.001), left atrial flow velocity (p: 0.006) and left ventricular ejection fraction (p: 0.014) were independently associated with LAT. Among the parameters in CHA2DS2-VASc score, the previous history of stroke and age were independently related to LAT. After 12 months of follow-up, patients with LAT had more ischemic stroke than patients without LAT (7.1% vs 4.4%, p: 0.001 respectively). Although oral anticoagulation is the default treatment strategy for prevention of LAT and thromboembolism in patients with non-valvular AF, LAT still can be detected especially in patients with a high CHA2DS2-VASc score. Furthermore, the presence of LAT is significantly associated with future ischemic stroke.

The impact of lesion complexity on no-reflow phenomenon and predictors of reversibility in patients treated with primary percutaneous intervention.

OBJECTIVES: Complex coronary lesions are more prone to complications; however, the relationship between complex coronary lesions and no-reflow phenomenon in patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) is still not clarified. Previous studies reported the association of total coronary artery complexity with no-reflow; however, impact of culprit lesion complexity on no-reflow is not known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of culprit lesion complexity on no-reflow phenomenon. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the factors that are related to reversibility of no-reflow. METHODS: We prospectively included 424 patients treated with pPCI. Patients' baseline characteristics and clinical variables were recorded. Reversibility of no-reflow was decided according to final angiography or ST resolution during the first hour following pPCI. There were 90 patients with a diagnosis of no-reflow constituted group 1 and patients without no-reflow constituted group 2. Complexity of coronary artery disease was assessed with SYNTAX score and culprit lesion complexity was assessed with both American College of Cardiology/Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions lesion classification and SYNTAX score. RESULTS: Complexity of culprit lesion was significantly higher in group 1 patients (type C lesion 76.6 vs. 27.8%; P < 0.001 and SYNTAX score 8.7 ± 3.0 vs. 6.2 ± 2.6; P < 0.001, respectively, group 1 vs. 2). Multivariate analyses revealed that lesion complexity is independently associated with no-reflow. Among 90 patients of group 1, 43 patients were classified as reversible no-reflow. Logistic regression analysis revealed that only ischaemia duration is independently associated with reversibility of no-reflow. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that culprit lesion complexity is independently associated with no-reflow phenomenon and short ischaemic duration is significantly associated with reversibility of no-reflow.

The impact of atherosclerotic risk factors on disease progression in patients with previously diagnosed nonobstructive coronary artery disease: factors affecting coronary artery disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: Since coronary artery disease (CAD) is a slow progressive disease, management and appropriate follow-up of patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD) remains challenging, and there are no clear guidelines recommending a follow-up strategy and indications for repeat invasive coronary angiography (ICA). We investigated the predictors of the development of obstructive CAD in patients with previously diagnosed NOCAD. METHODS: We prospectively included 186 patients who previously received a diagnosis of NOCAD with invasive coronary angiogram and underwent repeat ICA. Patients' demographics, clinical characteristics, biochemical analyses were recorded. Obstructive CAD is defined as >50% luminal narrowing in any epicardial coronary artery with a diameter of >2 mm. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients (105 male) were assigned into our study. Mean age was 64.77 ± 10.31 in patients with obstructive CAD (n = 60) vs. 61.87 ± 9.94 in NOCAD patients (n = 126) (P value: 0.068). The median time interval between index and follow-up coronary angiograms was 8 (5-10) years. There was no significant difference between groups with respect to LDL and Hs-CRP levels (P value: 461 and 354, respectively). Although patients with obstructive CAD have more comorbidities, multivariate analyses revealed that there was no significant difference between groups. On the contrary, the total number of risk factors were significantly associated with the development of obstructive CAD during follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed with a cut-off value of 3.5 risk factors, the sensitivity of 71%, the specificity of 61% and the area under the curve was 0.71 for prediction of obstructive CAD. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that no single risk factor alone is related with development of obstructive CAD; however, patients with high number of multiple risk factors are more prone to develop obstructive disease and require closer follow-up.