Secukinumab in moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (SUNSHINE and SUNRISE): week 16 and week 52 results of two identical, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 3 trials.

BACKGROUND: Few therapeutic options are available for patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa. We aimed to assess the efficacy of secukinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa in two randomised trials. METHODS: SUNSHINE and SUNRISE were identical, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 3 trials done in 219 primary sites in 40 countries. Patients aged 18 years old or older with the capacity to provide written informed consent and with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (defined as a total of ≥5 inflammatory lesions affecting ≥2 distinct anatomical areas) for at least 1 year were eligible for inclusion. Included patients also agreed to daily use of topical over-the-counter antiseptics on the areas affected by hidradenitis suppurativa lesions while on study treatment. Patients were excluded if they had 20 or more fistulae at baseline, had ongoing active conditions requiring treatment with prohibited medication (eg, systemic biological immunomodulating treatment, live vaccines, or other investigational treatments), or met other exclusion criteria. In both trials, patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) by means of interactive response technology to receive subcutaneous secukinumab 300 mg every 2 weeks, subcutaneous secukinumab 300 mg every 4 weeks, or subcutaneous placebo all via a 2 mL prefilled syringe in a double-dummy method as per treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response, defined as a decrease in abscess and inflammatory nodule count by 50% or more with no increase in the number of abscesses or in the number of draining fistulae compared with baseline, at week 16, assessed in the overall population. Hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response was calculated based on the number of abscesses, inflammatory nodules, draining fistulae, total fistulae, and other lesions in the hidradenitis suppurativa affected areas. Safety was assessed by evaluating the presence of adverse events and serious adverse events according to common terminology criteria for adverse events, which were coded using Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terminology. Both the SUNSHINE, NCT03713619, and SUNRISE, NCT03713632, trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. FINDINGS: Between Jan 31, 2019, and June 7, 2021, 676 patients were screened for inclusion in the SUNSHINE trial, of whom 541 (80%; 304 [56%] women and 237 [44%] men; mean age 36·1 years [SD 11·7]) were included in the analysis (181 [33%] in the secukinumab every 2 weeks group, 180 [33%] in the secukinumab every 4 weeks group, and 180 [33%] in the placebo group). Between the same recruitment dates, 687 patients were screened for inclusion in the SUNRISE trial, of whom 543 (79%; 306 [56%] women and 237 [44%] men; mean age 36·3 [11·4] years) were included in the analysis (180 [33%] in the secukinumab every 2 weeks group, 180 [33%] in the secukinumab every 4 weeks group, and 183 [34%] in the placebo group). In the SUNSHINE trial, significantly more patients in the secukinumab every 2 weeks group had a hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response (rounded average number of patients with response in 100 imputations, 81·5 [45%] of 181 patients) compared with the placebo group (60·7 [34%] of 180 patients; odds ratio 1·8 [95% CI 1·1-2·7]; p=0·0070). However, there was no significant difference between the number of patients in the secukinumab every 4 weeks group (75·2 [42%] of 180 patients) and the placebo group (1·5 [1·0-2·3]; p=0·042). Compared with the placebo group (57·1 [31%] of 183 patients), significantly more patients in the secukinumab every 2 weeks group (76·2 [42%] of 180 patients; 1·6 [1·1-2·6]; p=0·015) and the secukinumab every 4 weeks group (83·1 [46%] of 180 patients; 1·9 [1·2-3·0]; p=0·0022) had a hidradenitis suppurativa clinical response in the SUNRISE trial. Patient responses were sustained up to the end of the trials at week 52. The most common adverse event by preferred term up to week 16 was headache in both the SUNSHINE (17 [9%] patients in the secukinumab every 2 weeks group, 20 [11%] in the secukinumab every 4 weeks group, and 14 [8%] in the placebo group) and SUNRISE (21 [12%] patients in the secukinumab every 2 weeks group, 17 [9%] in the secukinumab every 4 weeks group, and 15 [8%] in the placebo group) trials. No study-related deaths were reported up to week 16. The safety profile of secukinumab in both trials was consistent with that previously reported, with no new or unexpected safety findings detected. INTERPRETATION: When given every 2 weeks, secukinumab was clinically effective at rapidly improving signs and symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa with a favourable safety profile and with sustained response up to 52 weeks of treatment. FUNDING: Novartis Pharma.

Neutrophilic granulocyte-derived B-cell activating factor supports B cells in skin lesions in hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painful inflamed nodules, abscesses, and pus-draining tunnels appearing in axillary, inguinal, and perianal skin areas. HS lesions contain various types of immigrated immune cells. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize mediators that support lesional B/plasma cell persistence in HS. METHODS: Skin samples from several cohorts of HS patients and control cohorts were assessed by mRNA sequencing, quantitative PCR on reverse-transcribed RNA, flow cytometry, and immunohistofluorescence. Blood plasma and cultured skin biopsy samples, keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils), monocytes, and B cells were analyzed. Complex systems biology approaches were used to evaluate bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data. RESULTS: Proportions of B/plasma cells, neutrophils, CD8+ T cells, and M0 and M1 macrophages were elevated in HS lesions compared to skin of healthy and perilesional intertriginous areas. There was an association between B/plasma cells, neutrophils, and B-cell activating factor (BAFF, aka TNFSF13B). BAFF was abundant in HS lesions, particularly in nodules and abscesses. Among the cell types present in HS lesions, myeloid cells were the main BAFF producers. Mechanistically, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the presence of bacterial products was the major stimulus for neutrophils' BAFF secretion. Lesional upregulation of BAFF receptors was attributed to B cells (TNFRSF13C/BAFFR and TNFRSF13B/TACI) and plasma cells (TNFRSF17/BCMA). Characterization of the lesional BAFF pathway revealed molecules involved in migration/adhesion (eg, CXCR4, CD37, CD53, SELL), proliferation/survival (eg, BST2), activation (eg, KLF2, PRKCB), and reactive oxygen species production (eg, NCF1, CYBC1) of B/plasma cells. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil-derived BAFF supports B/plasma cell persistence and function in HS lesions.

S2k guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa / acne inversa - Short version.

The S2k guideline on hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS/AI) aims to provide an accepted decision aid for the selection/implementation of appropriate/sufficient therapy. HS/AI is a chronic recurrent, inflammatory, potentially mutilating skin disease of the terminal hair follicle-glandular apparatus, with painful, inflammatory lesions in the apocrine gland-rich regions of the body. Its point prevalence in Germany is 0.3%, it is diagnosed with a delay of 10.0 ± 9.6 years. Abnormal differentiation of the keratinocytes of the hair follicle-gland apparatus and accompanying inflammation form the central pathogenetic basis. Primary HS/AI lesions are inflammatory nodules, abscesses and draining tunnels. Recurrences in the last 6 months with at least 2 lesions at the predilection sites point to HS/AI with a 97% accuracy. HS/AI patients suffer from a significant reduction in quality of life. For correct treatment decisions, classification and activity assessment should be done with a validated tool, such as the International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Scoring System (IHS4). HS/AI is classified into two forms according to the degree of detectable inflammation: active, inflammatory (mild, moderate, and severe according to IHS4) and predominantly inactive, non-inflammatory (Hurley grade I, II and III) HS/AI. Oral tetracyclines or 5-day intravenous therapy with clindamycin are equal to the effectiveness of clindamycin/rifampicin. Subcutaneously administered adalimumab, secukinumab and bimekizumab are approved for the therapy of HS/AI. Various surgical procedures are available for the predominantly non-inflammatory disease form. Drug/surgical combinations are considered a holistic therapy method.

Altered structure indicating reduced barrier function of lesional compared to non-lesional psoriatic skin-A non-invasive in vivo study of the human stratum corneum with confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy.

Psoriasis, one of the most common skin diseases affecting roughly 2%-3% of the world population, is associated with a reduced skin barrier function (SBF) that might play an important role in its pathophysiology. The SBF is provided primarily by the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin. Previous studies have revealed a higher trans-epidermal water loss, lower hydration, abnormal concentration and composition of intercellular lipids, as well as alterations in secondary keratin structure in the psoriatic SC. We compared on molecular level lesional psoriatic skin (LPS) with non-lesional psoriatic skin (nLPS) from 19 patients non-invasively in vivo, using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. By analysing the corresponding Raman spectra, we determined SBF-defining parameters of the SC depth-dependently. Our results revealed a lower total lipid concentration, a shift of lamellar lipid organisation towards more gauche-conformers and an increase of the less dense hexagonal lateral packing of the intercellular lipids in LPS. Furthermore, we observed lower natural moisturising factor concentration, lower total water as well as a strong tendency towards less strongly bound and more weakly bound water molecules in LPS. Finally, we detected a less stable secondary keratin structure with increased ß-sheets, in contrast to the tertiary structure, showing a higher degree of folded keratin in LPS. These findings clearly suggest structural differences indicating a reduced SBF in LPS, and are discussed in juxtaposition to preceding outcomes for psoriatic and healthy skin. Understanding the alterations of the psoriatic SC provides insights into the exact pathophysiology of psoriasis and paves the way for optimal future treatments.

Bimekizumab efficacy and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who switched from adalimumab, ustekinumab or secukinumab: results from phase III/IIIb trials.

BACKGROUND: Discontinuation of biologics is common among patients with psoriasis due to treatment failure or adverse events. To achieve improvements in disease management, patients and clinicians may choose to switch biologics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of switching to bimekizumab from adalimumab, ustekinumab and secukinumab. METHODS: Data are reported for up to 80 weeks after patients switched to bimekizumab from adalimumab at week 24 in BE SURE, ustekinumab at week 52 in BE VIVID [upon entry into the BE BRIGHT open-label extension (OLE)] and secukinumab at week 48 in BE RADIANT (upon entry into the BE RADIANT OLE). Efficacy outcomes are reported by number of weeks after switching to bimekizumab and were split based on whether patients had achieved a ≥ 90% improvement from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 90) at the time of switch. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) are reported using exposure-adjusted incidence rates (EAIRs) per 100 patient-years. Trial registration: BE SURE (NCT03412747), BE VIVID (NCT03370133), BE BRIGHT (NCT03598790), BE RADIANT (NCT03536884). RESULTS: Rapid and durable improvements in clinical responses and benefits in health-related quality of life were observed among PASI 90 nonresponders who switched to bimekizumab. Most PASI 90 nonresponders achieved PASI 90 4 weeks after switching to bimekizumab from adalimumab (67%), ustekinumab (79%) and secukinumab (53%). After 48 weeks of bimekizumab, 91%, 90% and 79% of PASI 90 nonresponders had achieved PASI 90 after switching from adalimumab, ustekinumab or secukinumab, respectively. Durable improvements were also observed for PASI 100, Investigator's Global Assessment score 0/1, body surface area affected by psoriasis ≤ 1%, absolute PASI ≤ 2, and Dermatology Life Quality Index 0/1. Among PASI 90 responders, existing treatment responses were maintained or improved after switching to bimekizumab. The majority of TEAEs were mild or moderate. EAIRs were generally similar between active-comparator treatment periods and after switching to bimekizumab. EAIRs typically decreased with a longer duration of bimekizumab exposure. CONCLUSIONS: High proportions of patients who did not adequately respond to adalimumab, ustekinumab or secukinumab achieved high levels of skin clearance after switching to bimekizumab. Bimekizumab was well tolerated and there were no new safety findings.

Atopic Dermatitis: Molecular Alterations between Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin Determined Noninvasively by In Vivo Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy.

Atopic dermatitis (AD)/atopic eczema is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease affecting nearly 14% of the adult population. An important pathogenetic pillar in AD is the disrupted skin barrier function (SBF). The atopic stratum corneum (SC) has been examined using several methods, including Raman microspectroscopy, yet so far, there is no depth-dependent analysis over the entire SC thickness. Therefore, we recruited 21 AD patients (9 female, 12 male) and compared the lesional (LAS) with non-lesional atopic skin (nLAS) in vivo with confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Our results demonstrated decreased total intercellular lipid and carotenoid concentrations, as well as a shift towards decreased orthorhombic lateral lipid organisation in LAS. Further, we observed a lower concentration of natural moisturising factor (NMF) and a trend towards increased strongly bound and decreased weakly bound water in LAS. Finally, LAS showed an altered secondary and tertiary keratin structure, demonstrating a more folded keratin state than nLAS. The obtained results are discussed in comparison with healthy skin and yield detailed insights into the atopic SC structure. LAS clearly shows molecular alterations at certain SC depths compared with nLAS which imply a reduced SBF. A thorough understanding of these alterations provides useful information on the aetiology of AD and for the development/control of targeted topical therapies.

Early identification of axial psoriatic arthritis among patients with psoriasis: a prospective multicentre study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a dermatologist-centred screening tool followed by a structured rheumatological examination including MRI of sacroiliac joints and spine for the recognition of psoriatic arthritis with axial involvement (axPsA). METHODS: This was a prospective multicentre study. Adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of psoriasis who had chronic back pain (≥3 months), onset <45 years and had not been treated with any biologic or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in the 12 weeks before screening were referred to a specialised rheumatology clinic. A rheumatological investigation including clinical, laboratory and genetic assessments as well as imaging with conventional radiography and MRI of sacroiliac joints and spine was performed. The primary outcome of the study was the proportion of patients diagnosed with axPsA among all referred patients with PsO. RESULTS: Rheumatologists examined 100 patients of those who qualified for referral. 14 patients (including 3 with both axial and peripheral involvement) were diagnosed with axPsA and 5 were diagnosed with peripheral PsA solely. All patients diagnosed with axPsA had active inflammatory and/or structural (post)inflammatory changes in the sacroiliac joints and/or spine on imaging. In five patients, MRI changes indicative of axial involvement were found only in the spine. All but one patient with PsA (13/14 with axPsA and 5/5 with pPsA) fulfilled the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis criteria for PsA. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society criteria for axSpA were fulfilled in 9 (64.3%) patients diagnosed with axPsA. CONCLUSIONS: Applying a dermatologist-centred screening tool may be useful for the early detection of axPsA in at-risk patients with psoriasis .

Brodalumab Is Associated with High Rates of Complete Clearance and Quality of Life Improvement: A Subgroup Analysis of Patients with Psoriasis and Concomitant Psoriatic Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with psoriasis that significantly impairs physical function and quality of life (QoL). Prompt therapeutic intervention is crucial for limiting PsA progression and preventing disability. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of brodalumab versus ustekin-umab and the impact on QoL in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, by concomitant PsA status. METHODS: This post hoc analysis of pooled data from the phase 3 AMAGINE-2 and -3 trials evaluated complete skin clearance (100% improvement of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI 100]), improvement in symptom severity (Psoriasis Symptom Inventory [PSI] response), and QoL (Dermatology Life Quality Index [DLQI] score of 0/1) by concomitant PsA status. A competing risk model assessed cumulative incidence over 52 weeks with outcomes of PASI 100 or inadequate response. RESULTS: This analysis included 929 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Concomitant PsA was present in 79/339 (23%) and 110/590 (19%) patients receiving brodalumab 210 mg and ustekinumab, respectively. At Week 52, odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for complete clearance with brodalumab versus ustekin-umab were 3.15 (1.52-6.55, p = 0.0015) in patients with concomitant PsA and 3.05 (2.19-4.26, p < 0.0001) in patients without concomitant PsA. Corresponding Week 52 ORs (95% CIs) for DLQI 0/1 with brodalumab versus ustekinumab were 2.05 (1.07-3.90, p = 0.0277) and 1.83 (1.32-2.53, p = 0.0002); Week 52 ORs (95% CIs) for PSI ≤8 with brodalumab versus ustekinumab were 3.42 (1.43-8.18, p = 0.0036) and 1.40 (1.01-1.95, p = 0.0434). The 52-week cumulative incidence of patients achieving PASI 100 was significantly higher for brodalumab versus ustekinumab in patients with concomitant PsA (p = 0.0001) and in those without concomitant PsA (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with brodalumab rapidly results in high levels of complete and sustained skin clearance and greater cumulative treatment benefit in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis versus ustekinumab, regardless of concomitant PsA status.

Generalized pustular psoriasis: overview of the status quo and results of a panel discussion.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare, severe, potentially life-threatening, autoinflammatory, neutrophilic skin disease that may be accompanied by fever and leukocytosis. This paper describes the current state of knowledge on GPP in terms of classification, (differential) diagnosis and prevalence. We present a comparison of the genetics and pathoimmunology of GPP and psoriasis vulgaris with the central mechanisms of autoimmunology and autoinflammation. The currently available therapeutic options, expert recommendations for therapy, and data from early clinical trials investigating targeted therapies will be summarized. We present the results of our discussion with 13 experts for psoriasis vulgaris and GPP and give an integrated overview of indication and therapy based on our personal experience and present an outlook on further research questions. Collectively, this article highlights the high unmet need in GPP, as there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis or treatment to date and new treatment options will be of great therapeutic benefit to those affected.

Ambivalent Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha on Apoptosis of Malignant and Normal Human Keratinocytes.

INTRODUCTION: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that may paradoxically induce either apoptosis or cell survival. It mediates its activity through binding of TNF-receptor (TNFR) 1 or 2. TNFR1 is mainly responsible for transmitting apoptotic signals. The activation of apoptotic mechanisms can either be intrinsic (mitochondrial) or extrinsic (death receptors). Death ligands such as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) specifically induce extrinsic apoptosis, while cytostatic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU) induce intrinsic apoptosis. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of TNFα on apoptosis in malignant and normal human keratinocytes. METHODS: Human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell line SCC-13 and immortalized human keratinocytes HaCaT as well as primary normal human keratinocytes (PNHK) were stimulated with TNFα and then treated either with TRAIL or 5FU. Cell viability and cell proliferation, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity were determined by WST-1 proliferation assay, ELISA, flow cytometry, and colorimetric analysis of lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. In addition, Western blotting was performed for analysis of caspase-3. RESULTS: TNFα affected viability of SCC-13 and HaCaT cells in combination with 5FU or TRAIL. In contrast, TNFα did not influence cell viability of PNHK. It enhanced the apoptotic effects of both extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli in SCC-13 and HaCaT. In clear contrast, TNFα protected PNHK against TRAIL- and 5FU-induced apoptosis. The effects were dose-dependent and TNFα-specific; furthermore, the apoptosis pathway was caspase-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, opposing effects of TNFα in malignant versus normal human keratinocytes were observed with possibly relevant clinical implications, when patients are treated with TNFα inhibitors.

Delayed Diagnosis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Its Effect on Patients and Healthcare System.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a neglected chronic inflammatory disease with long delay in diagnosis. Besides pain, purulent discharge, and destruction of skin architecture, HS patients experience metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological disorders. OBJECTIVES: To determine the delay in HS diagnosis and its consequences for patients and the healthcare system. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, epidemiologic, non-interventional cross-sectional trial carried out in Germany and based on self-reported questionnaires and medical examinations performed by dermatologists. In total, data of 394 adult HS patients were evaluated. RESULTS: The average duration from manifestation of first symptoms until HS diagnosis was 10.0 ± 9.6 (mean ± SD) years. During this time, HS patients consulted on average more than 3 different physicians - most frequently general practitioners, dermatologists, surgeons, gynecologists - and faced more than 3 misdiagnoses. Diagnosis delay was longer in younger and non-smoking patients. In most cases, HS was correctly diagnosed by dermatologists. The longer the delay of diagnosis, the greater the disease severity at diagnosis. Delayed HS diagnosis was also associated with an increased number of surgically treated sites, concomitant diseases, and days of work missed. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates an enormous delay in the diagnosis of HS, which results in more severe disease. It also shows for the first time that a delay in diagnosis of a chronic inflammatory disease leads to a higher number of concomitant systemic disorders. In addition to the impaired health status, delayed diagnosis of HS was associated with impairment of the professional life of affected people.

Spectrum of Genetic Autoinflammatory Diseases Presenting with Cutaneous Symptoms.

Autoinflammatory diseases comprise a group of chronic disabling entities characterized by inflammation without the presence of infectious agents, auto-antibodies or antigen-specific T-cells. Many autoinflammatory diseases are caused by monogenic defects, which lead to disturbed immune signalling with release of proinflammatory mediators. In addition to interleukin-1ß and interleukin-18, interferons play a key role in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Patients with autoinflammatory diseases show a broad variety of clinical symptoms, including skin involvement. Wheals, pustules and ulcerative lesions are the most common cutaneous findings observed. Knowledge of the clinical presentation of autoinflammatory diseases is crucial for establishing the diagnosis and guiding appropriate treatment. This review focuses on the dermatological findings in selected autoinflammatory disorders based on their distinct pathomechanisms.

Efficacy of Adalimumab for Nail Psoriasis During 24 Months of Continuous Therapy.

Psoriatic nail symptoms are frequent in psoriasis, affecting up to 80% of patients. Therapy responses to nail symptoms are often limited. In this multicentre non-interventional prospective study, 267 patients with nail involvement were treated with adalimumab for a period of 24 months. The efficacy of adalimumab for nail psoriasis was evaluated and predictors for better response were identified. For statistical analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnoff, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, χ2 and two-tailed Spearman's rank correlation tests were applied. After 3 and 6 months, reductions in Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) of 32.8% (p < 0.001) and almost 50% (p < 0.001), respectively, were observed, compared with baseline scores (mean NAPSI score, 34.2 ± 1.3). In 6 months, 60.0% of patients achieved NAPSI50, 36.4% NAPSI75, and 21.7% NAPSI90. Approximately 42% and 60% of patients achieved NAPSI90 after 12 and 24 months, respectively. At month 12, reduction in NAPSI significantly correlated with improvement in Dermatological Life Quality Index. Stratification by age, sex, and body mass index indicated that treatment was more effective in younger patients and those with higher body mass index. Adalimumab is an effective long-term therapy for nail psoriasis. The amelioration of nail symptoms correlates with an improvements in the skin disease and quality of life.

Wound Healing Process After Thermomechanical Skin Ablation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Energy-based devices have been widely applied for skin ablation. A novel ablation technique based on thermomechanical principles (Tixel© ) has been recently developed. The aim of this study was to examine the wound-healing process and clinical aspects after thermomechanical skin ablation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six female participants were treated with Tixel© on healthy skin of the dorsal side of the right forearm in a single session with a 600 µm protrusion and 12 milliseconds pulse. The treated area was examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy on day 1, 2, 7, and 14 after treatment. Clinical symptoms were evaluated at the same time-points. RESULTS: All patients developed erythema and mild edema on the treated areas, which completely disappeared within 14 days. No post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or scarring was observed. Thermomechanical skin ablation resulted in the formation of homogeneous micro-ablation zones. Two weeks after ablation, the honeycomb patterns of the epidermis in all examined layers was thoroughly restored. Thus, wound-healing was completed. CONCLUSIONS: Wound healing after thermomechanical skin ablation is much faster compared with other fractionated ablation methods. Treatment intervals of 2-4 weeks could be recommended. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Limited Presence of IL-22 Binding Protein, a Natural IL-22 Inhibitor, Strengthens Psoriatic Skin Inflammation.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from dysregulated immune activation associated with a large local secretion of cytokines. Among them, IL-22 largely contributes to epithelial remodeling and inflammation through inhibiting the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and inducing antimicrobial peptides and selected chemokines. The activity of IL-22 is regulated by IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP); however, the expression and role of IL-22BP in psoriatic skin has remained unknown so far. Here we showed that nonaffected skin of psoriasis patients displayed lower expression of IL-22BP than skin of healthy controls. Furthermore, the strong IL-22 increase in lesional psoriatic skin was accompanied by a moderate induction of IL-22BP. To investigate the role of IL-22BP in controlling IL-22 during skin inflammation, we used imiquimod-induced skin disease in rodents and showed that rats with genetic IL-22BP deficiency (Il22ra2-/-) displayed exacerbated disease that associated with enhanced expression of IL-22-inducible antimicrobial peptides. We further recapitulated these findings in mice injected with an anti-IL-22BP neutralizing Ab. Hypothesizing that the IL-22/IL-22BP expression ratio reflects the level of bioactive IL-22 in psoriasis skin, we found positive correlations with the expression of IL-22-inducible molecules (IL-20, IL-24, IL-36γ, CXCL1, and BD2) in keratinocytes. Finally, we observed that serum IL-22/IL-22BP protein ratio strongly correlated with psoriasis severity. In conclusion, we propose that although IL-22BP can control deleterious actions of IL-22 in the skin, its limited production prevents a sufficient neutralization of IL-22 and contributes to the development and maintenance of epidermal alterations in psoriasis.

Fluorescence optical imaging for the detection of potential psoriatic arthritis in comparison to musculoskeletal ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) with grayscale (GS) and power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) to detect joint inflammation in patients with confirmed or suspected psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: Patients (n = 60) with psoriasis and tenderness and/or swelling of joints were separated into two groups: diagnosis confirmed by the treating dermatologist before the start of the study (n = 26), and suspected PsA (n = 34). GS/PDUS of the hand most clinically affected was performed with a dorsal/palmar view (wrist, MCP, PIP, DIP2-5). FOI examination was carried out in a standardized manner by analyzing the predefined Phases 1-3. RESULTS: FOI was found to be more sensitive than ultrasound (US) for detection of inflammation in PIP/DIP joints (p = 0.035). Confirmed PsA patients showed more findings in FOI P2 and P3, while suspected PsA patients showed more findings in P1. In the confirmed PsA group, most involved joints were MCP joints, while in the suspected PsA group, more involved wrist joints and DIP joints (p = 0.006) were detected with FOI. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the confirmed and suspected groups indicate that FOI is helpful in the detection of early PsA since P1 may correspond to acute inflammation, whereas P2 and P3 enhancement reflect chronic inflammation. Fluorescence optical imaging might therefore be a novel diagnostic tool for early PsA diagnosis.

Allergic Rhinitis in Children: An Underestimated Disease.

Allergic rhinitis affects approximately 40% of children. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, sociodemographic features, comorbid illnesses, complications and quality of life in children referred to the outpatient clinic of "Allergic Rhinitis" in Penteli Children Hospital, Athens, Greece. We analyzed 590 pediatric patients referred to the outpatient clinic of "Allergic Rhinitis" in Penteli Children Hospital, Athens, Greece from 26/01/2012 to 20/11/2022. Allergic rhinitis was recorded as the one and only allergic disease in 59% of the children diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, concomitant asthma in 16% of them, atopic dermatitis in 8% and allergic conjunctivitis in 5%. 54% of asthmatic children was diagnosed allergic rhinitis, while 16% of allergic rhinitis children was diagnosed asthma. Skin tests were important diagnostic tools, not being necessary the measurement of total IgE in plasma. Eosinophils from nasal secretions were increased in 19% of the children with non-diagnostic cases and the diagnosis was local allergic rhinitis (LAR). Clinical presentations of allergic rhinitis were mainly nasal blockage, runny nose, recurrent sneezing and nasal itching. The most common complication was acute or chronic sinusitis 35%. Major associated comorbid illnesses among were tonsils hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy and inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Allergic rhinitis was reported in 78% of studied children and was frequently characterized by significant morbidity. Allergic rhinitis affected all paediatric age group and was peaked at age group 11-14 years and 5-7 years. There were associated epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, comorbid illnesses, complications and affectation of the quality of life in children.