C-Reactive Protein Level as Diagnostic Marker in Young Febrile Children Presenting in a General Practice Out-of-Hours Service.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear how well a C-reactive protein (CRP) value predicts a serious infection (SI) in young febrile children in general practice. METHODS: This prospective cohort study with 1-week follow-up included children, aged 3 months to 6 years, presenting with fever to a general practitioner out-of-hours service. We evaluate whether CRP level has predictive value for diagnosing a child at risk for an SI either at presentation or during follow-up. The index test was CRP ≤20 mg/L (rule out an SI) and >80 mg/L (rule in an SI). The reference standard was referral to a pediatric emergency department or diagnosis of an SI. The main outcome measure was CRP value. RESULTS: CRP level was available for 440 children. To rule out an SI, CRP ≤20 mg/L did not change the probability of having no SI (87.5%). CRP >80 mg/L increased the probability of having an SI from 11.4% (pretest probability) to 21.2% (posttest probability). In children without a diagnosis of SI at presentation, CRP could not predict an SI during follow-up (CRP >80 mg/L: positive likelihood ratio, 2.1, 95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.5; CRP ≤20 mg/L: negative likelihood ratio, 0.9, 95% confidence interval, 0.7-1.2). CONCLUSIONS: In general practice CRP has little clinically relevant value in discriminating febrile children in need of medical care from those who are not.

Respiratory virus infections in febrile children presenting to a general practice out-of-hours service.

BACKGROUND: Fever is common in young children and is assumed to be frequently caused by viral infections. OBJECTIVES: To document respiratory viruses in children with fever presenting at a general practice out-of-hours service (OHS), evaluate presenting symptoms in febrile children with a virus infection, and examine the association between antibiotic prescription and the presence of a viral infection. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained to detect respiratory viruses in non-hospitalized children aged ≥ three months to six years presenting with fever at an OHS. Symptoms were assessed using physical examinations and questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to reveal associations between symptoms or diagnoses, and the presence of at least one virus RESULTS: In total 257 nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained in 306 eligible children; 53% of these children were infected by at least one virus. The most frequently detected viruses were adenovirus (10.9%), RSV type A (10.5%) and PIV type 1 (8.6%). Cough (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4-4.6) and temperature ≥ 38.0°C (OR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3-3.5) were independent predictors of the presence of a virus, but the discriminative ability was low (AUC 0.64; 95% CI: 0.58-0.71). Antibiotic prescription rate was 37.3%. In 57.4% of children with an antibiotic prescription, a virus was found. CONCLUSION: In over 50% of all febrile children presenting at an OHS, a virus was found. Antibiotic prescription rate was high and not associated to the outcome of viral testing.

Predicting prolonged duration of fever in children: a cohort study in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Fever in children in primary care is commonly caused by benign infections, but often worries parents. Information about the duration of fever and its predictors may help in reassuring parents, leading to diminished consultation of health care. AIM: To determine which signs and symptoms predict a prolonged duration of fever in febrile children in primary care and evaluate whether C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement has an additive predictive value for these symptoms. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective cohort study at a GPs' cooperative (GPC) out-of-hours service. METHOD: Children (aged 3 months to 6 years) presenting with fever as stated by the parents were included. Exclusion criteria were no communication in Dutch possible, previous enrolment in the study within 2 weeks, referral to the hospital directly after visiting the GPC, or no informed consent. The main outcome measure was prolonged duration of fever (>3 days) after initial contact. RESULTS: Four-hundred and eighty children were analysed, and the overall risk of prolonged duration was 13% (63/480). Multivariate analysis combined model of patient history and physical examination showed that 'sore throat' (OR 2.8; 95% CI = 1.30 to 6.01) and 'lymph nodes palpable' (OR 1.87; 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.49) are predictive for prolonged duration of fever. The discriminative value of the model was low (AUC 0.64). CRP had no additive value in the prediction of prolonged duration of fever (OR 1.00; 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.01). CONCLUSION: The derived prediction model indicates that only a few signs and symptoms are related to prolonged duration of fever. CRP has no additional value in this model. Overall, because the discriminative value of the model was low, the duration of fever cannot be accurately predicted.

Duration of fever and course of symptoms in young febrile children presenting with uncomplicated illness.

PURPOSE: It is important to advise parents when to consult a doctor when their child has fever. To provide evidence-based, safety-net advice for young febrile children, we studied the risk of complications, the occurrence of alarm symptoms, the duration of fever. METHODS: In a 7-day prospective follow-up study, we included 463 consecutive children aged 3 months to 6 years who presented with fever at a general practitioner out-of-hours service. We excluded 43 children with complicated illnesses at presentation. In a structured assessment, the duration of fever before presentation was noted and a physical examination was performed. Parents reported alarming symptoms and rectal temperature in a diary for 1 week. The total duration of fever included its duration before presentation. Median duration of fever was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier test. RESULTS: During follow-up, 3.2% of the children with uncomplicated illness at presentation developed a complicated illness. The presence of alarming symptoms dropped from 79.3% at day 2 of the fever episode to 36.7% at day 9. The estimated median duration of the total fever episode was 4.0 days (95% confidence interval, 3.6-4.4). CONCLUSIONS: In children with uncomplicated illnesses, the daily occurrence of alarming symptoms reported by parents was high. The median duration of fever was 4 days. The predictive value of alarming symptoms reported by parents for complicated illness should be reconsidered.

Antibiotic prescription in febrile children: a cohort study during out-of-hours primary care.

BACKGROUND: Fever is common in children and often self-limiting, nevertheless antibiotics are frequently prescribed. We determined how often antibiotics were prescribed in children presenting with fever at a family physicians' out-of-hours service and established the children's signs and symptoms related to antibiotic prescriptions. PATIENTS: Children aged 3 months to 6 years with fever as the main reason for contact. RESULTS: Of the 443 included children, 322 children had a face-to-face contact at the out-of-hours service. Of these, 117 (36.3%) were prescribed antibiotics, that is, 26.5% of the total study population. Concerned parents (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.06-3.58), ill appearance (3.26; 1.30-8.20), earache resulting in altered behavioral or sleeping patterns (2.59; 1.06-6.30), signs of throat infection (2.37; 1.35-4.15), and decreased urine production (2.00; 1.17-3.41) were positively associated with antibiotic prescription. A negative association was found for age 3 to 6 months (0.17; 0.03-0.74) and temperature (0.52; 0.37-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotics were prescribed in 1 out of 4 febrile children whose parents contacted the out-of-hours service. Items associated with antibiotic prescription provide insight into the family physicians' decision-making process when assessing children with fever. These can be used as targets for strategies to diminish antibiotic prescription.