Haemodynamic effects of carbetocin and oxytocin given as intravenous bolus on women undergoing caesarean delivery: a randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the maternal heart rate effects of carbetocin and oxytocin during elective caesarean delivery. DESIGN: Double blind randomised single centre study (1:1). SETTING: University hospital providing intrapartum care. POPULATION: Fifty-six women undergoing elective caesarean section after spinal anaesthesia. METHODS: Haemodynamic parameters were measured non-invasively using the Task Force(®) Monitor 3040i system. Measurements were taken for 500 seconds upon administration of a slow intravenous bolus of the clinically recommended doses of 100 µg of carbetocin or 5 IU of oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Effect on maternal heart rate (HR). RESULTS: Statistically indistinguishable haemodynamic effects were seen for both drugs, with a maximal effect at about 30-40 seconds: HR increased 17.98 ± 2.53 bpm for oxytocin and 14.20 ± 2.45 bpm for carbetocin. Systolic blood pressure (sBP) decreased (-26.80 ± 2.82 mmHg for oxytocin versus -22.98 ± 2.75 mmHg for carbetocin). Following the maximal effect, women treated with carbetocin recovered slowly to baseline values asymptotically (HR and BP), whereas women treated with oxytocin displayed a slight rebound bradycardia at 200 seconds (-6.8 ± 1.92 bpm). Patients under both treatments showed a similar profile of side effects without any indication of unexpected adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Both oxytocins have comparable haemodynamic effects and are uterotonic drugs with an acceptable safety profile for prophylactic use. Minimal differences in the recovery phase beyond 70 seconds are in keeping with the fact that carbetocin has an extended half-life compared with oxytocin.

Comparison between autologous bone grafts and acrylic (PMMA) implants - A retrospective analysis of 286 cranioplasty procedures.

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an accepted surgical technique for reducing life-threatening levels of intracranial pressure. Remodelling the cranial vault following DC can constitute a reconstructive challenge and is known to carry significant morbidity. The aim of our study was to evaluate acrylic versus autologous cranioplasty with regard to specific complication rates. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 286 consecutive adult patients who underwent cranioplasty following supratentorial decompressive craniectomy at our institution between January 2003 and June 2013. The patients were followed based on medical records, operative reports, imaging and outpatient contacts in the postoperative course. A total of 221/286 patients in our series received an autologous bone flap. 65/286 cranioplasty procedures were carried out using acrylic (PMMA) implants to cover uni- or bilateral defects. Within the follow-up period a total of 100 operative revisions were performed. 33.3% patients in the autologous bone group and 40.6% of patients in the acrylic group developed complications requiring surgical attention. The main reason for revision was infection with a total of 37 revisions necessary to treat disturbed wound healing. Postoperative sub- and epidural hematomas requiring revision were more frequent in the acrylic group. Resorption of the autologous bone flap requiring operative revision was seen in 8/222 (3.6%) cases. Other complications included loosening of the implant or dislocation. From our data it can be concluded that cranioplasty procedures using autologous bone-flaps and acrylic implants carry signifikant morbidity, but that both are justifiable techniques for cranioplasty in adult patients.