Zebrafish Thsd7a is a neural protein required for angiogenic patterning during development.

Angiogenesis is a highly organized process under the control of guidance cues that direct endothelial cell (EC) migration. Recently, many molecules that were initially described as regulators of neural guidance were subsequently shown to also direct EC migration. Here, we report a novel protein, thrombospondin type I domain containing 7A (Thsd7a), that is a neural molecule required for directed EC migration during embryonic angiogenesis in zebrafish. Thsd7a is a vertebrate conserved protein. Zebrafish thsd7a transcript was detected along the ventral edge of the neural tube in the developing zebrafish embryos, correlating with the growth path of angiogenic intersegmental vessels (ISVs). Morpholino-knockdown of Thsd7a caused a lateral deviation of angiogenic ECs below the thsd7a-expressing sites, resulting in aberrant ISV patterning. Collectively, our study shows that zebrafish Thsd7a is a neural protein required for ISV angiogenesis, and suggests an important role of Thsd7a in the neurovascular interaction during zebrafish development.

Thrombospondin type I domain containing 7A (THSD7A) mediates endothelial cell migration and tube formation.

Angiogenesis is a highly organized process controlled by a series of molecular events. While much effort has been devoted to identifying angiogenic factors and their reciprocal receptors, far less information is available on the molecular mechanisms underlying directed endothelial cell migration. To search for novel proteins that participate in this process, we used the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) transcript profiling approach to identify genes that are selectively expressed in endothelial cells (ECs). Two EC SAGE libraries were constructed from human umbilical vein and artery ECs to enable data-mining against other non-ECs. A novel endothelial protein, Thrombospondin Type I Domain Containing 7A (THSD7A), with preferential expression in placenta vasculature and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was identified and targeted for further characterization. Overexpression of a THSD7A carboxyl-terminal fragment in HUVECs inhibited cell migration and disrupted tube formation, while suppression of THSD7A expression enhanced HUVEC migration and tube formation. Immunohistological analysis revealed that THSD7A was expressed at the leading edge of migrating HUVECs, and it co-localized with alpha(V)beta(3) integrin and paxillin. This distribution was dispersed from focal adhesions after disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting the involvement of THSD7A in cytoskeletal organization. Our results show that THSD7A is a novel placenta endothelial protein that mediates EC migration and tube formation, and they highlight its potential as a new target for anti-angiogenic therapy.

Characterization of the functional role of allosteric site residue Asp102 in the regulatory mechanism of human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malate dehydrogenase (malic enzyme).

Human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (malic enzyme) can be specifically and allosterically activated by fumarate. X-ray crystal structures have revealed conformational changes in the enzyme in the absence and in the presence of fumarate. Previous studies have indicated that fumarate is bound to the allosteric pocket via Arg67 and Arg91. Mutation of these residues almost abolishes the activating effect of fumarate. However, these amino acid residues are conserved in some enzymes that are not activated by fumarate, suggesting that there may be additional factors controlling the activation mechanism. In the present study, we tried to delineate the detailed molecular mechanism of activation of the enzyme by fumarate. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace Asp102, which is one of the charged amino acids in the fumarate binding pocket and is not conserved in other decarboxylating malate dehydrogenases. In order to explore the charge effect of this residue, Asp102 was replaced by alanine, glutamate or lysine. Our experimental data clearly indicate the importance of Asp102 for activation by fumarate. Mutation of Asp102 to Ala or Lys significantly attenuated the activating effect of fumarate on the enzyme. Kinetic parameters indicate that the effect of fumarate was mainly to decrease the K(m) values for malate, Mg2+ and NAD+, but it did not notably elevate kcat. The apparent substrate K(m) values were reduced by increasing concentrations of fumarate. Furthermore, the greatest effect of fumarate activation was apparent at low malate, Mg2+ or NAD+ concentrations. The K(act) values were reduced with increasing concentrations of malate, Mg2+ and NAD+. The Asp102 mutants, however, are much less sensitive to regulation by fumarate. Mutation of Asp102 leads to the desensitization of the co-operative effect between fumarate and substrates of the enzyme.

The effects of shell layer morphology and processing on the electrical and photovoltaic properties of silicon nanowire radial p+ - n+ junctions.

Single wire p(+)-n(+) radial junction nanowire solar cell devices were fabricated by low pressure chemical vapor deposition of n(+) silicon shell layers on p(+) silicon nanowires synthesized by vapor-liquid-solid growth. The n(+)-shell layers were deposited at two growth temperatures (650 °C and 950 °C) to study the impact of shell crystallinity on the device properties. The n-type Si shell layers deposited at 650 °C were polycrystalline and resulted in diodes that were not rectifying. A pre-coating anneal at 950 °C in H2 improved the structural quality of the shell layers and yielded diodes with a dark saturation current density of 3 × 10(-5) A cm(-2). Deposition of the n-type Si shell layer at 950 °C resulted in epitaxial growth on the nanowire core, which lowered the dark saturation current density to 3 × 10(-7) A cm(-2) and increased the solar energy conversion efficiency. Temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements demonstrated that the 950 °C coated devices were abrupt junction p(+)-n(+) diodes with band-to-band tunneling at high reverse-bias voltage, while multi-step tunneling degraded the performance of devices fabricated with a 950 °C anneal and 650 °C coating. The higher trap density of the 950 °C annealed 650 °C coated devices is believed to arise from the polycrystalline nature of the shell layer coating, which results in an increased density of dangling bonds at the p(+)-n(+) junction interface.

Soluble THSD7A is an N-glycoprotein that promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation in angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Thrombospondin type I domain containing 7A (THSD7A) is a novel neural protein that is known to affect endothelial migration and vascular patterning during development. To further understand the role of THSD7A in angiogenesis, we investigated the post-translational modification scheme of THS7DA and to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which this protein regulates blood vessel growth. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Full-length THSD7A was overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and was found to be membrane associated and N-glycosylated. The soluble form of THSD7A, which is released into the cultured medium, was harvested for further angiogenic assays. We found that soluble THSD7A promotes human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation. HUVEC sprouts and zebrafish subintestinal vessel (SIV) angiogenic assays further revealed that soluble THSD7A increases the number of branching points of new vessels. Interestingly, we found that soluble THSD7A increased the formation of filopodia in HUVEC. The distribution patterns of vinculin and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were also affected, which implies a role for THSD7A in focal adhesion assembly. Moreover, soluble THSD7A increased FAK phosphorylation in HUVEC, suggesting that THSD7A is involved in regulating cytoskeleton reorganization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our results indicate that THSD7A is a membrane-associated N-glycoprotein with a soluble form. Soluble THSD7A promotes endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis via a FAK-dependent mechanism and thus may be a novel neuroangiogenic factor.