Lantern-type G-quadruplex fluorescent sensors for detecting divalent metal ions.

Three thioflavin T (ThT) derivatives, namely ThT/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid conjugates (E1T, E2T, and E1T1P), were designed and synthesized as sensing components for divalent metal ion detection. Furthermore, these ThT derivatives were used to design lantern-type G-quadruplex (G4) fluorescent sensors. The fluorescence intensities of the ThT derivatives decreased by 1.2- to 5.6-folds in the presence of Ni2+ and Cu2+, respectively, regardless of the topology of the utilized G4. Conversely, when Mn2+ and Zn2+ coexisted in antiparallel G4, the fluorescence intensities of E2T increased to approximately 3.3- and 2.3-folds, respectively, depending on the concentration of the divalent metal ion, allowing for quantitative analyses. The Job plot analysis revealed that the binding ratio of G4 and E2T changed from 2:1 to 1:2 with the increasing concentration of the divalent metal ions. These results indicated that the basic principle of such a lantern-type G4 sensor can be applied to the detection of divalent metal ions and other types of targets, such as proteins, and small molecules via ThT derivatization.

Azobenzene-modified DNA aptamers evolved by capillary electrophoresis (CE)-SELEX method.

Chemically modified aptamers have recently emerged as important materials for nucleic acid based therapeutics and diagnostic tools. Here, we report in vitro evolution of azobenzene-modified DNA aptamers by capillary electrophoresis (CE)-SELEX method. Azobenzene has been considered to be a fascinating functional group due to its trans-cis photo-isomerization property. We harnessed C5-azobenzene-modified 2'-deoxyuridine (dUAz) as a azobenzene-tethered unit and subjected it to CE-SELEX with human thrombin. The obtained dUAz-modified aptamer showed strong binding affinity toward human thrombin and could be reversibly photo-isomerized by different wavelengths of light. This work demonstrates that CE-SELEX is a powerful method to obtain chemically modified aptamers and dUAz is an excellent photo-responsive nucleoside for nucleic acid photo-switches.

DNA Polymerase Variants with High Processivity and Accuracy for Encoding and Decoding Locked Nucleic Acid Sequences.

Xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNAs) are chemically modified nucleic acid analogues with potential applications in nucleic acid-based therapeutics including nucleic acid aptamers, ribozymes, small interfering RNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides. We have developed a promising XNA for therapeutic uses, 2',4'-bridged nucleic acid (2',4'-BNA), also known as locked nucleic acid (LNA). Unlike the rational design of small interfering and antisense oligonucleotides, the development of LNA aptamers and catalysts requires genetically engineered polymerases that enable the synthesis of LNA from DNA and the converse reverse transcription. However, no LNA decoders or encoders with sufficient performance have been developed. In this study, we developed variants of KOD DNA polymerase, a family B DNA polymerase derived from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1, which are effective LNA decoders and encoders, via structural analyses. KOD DGLNK (KOD: N210D/Y409G/A485L/D614N/E664K) enabled LNA synthesis from DNA (DNA → LNA), and KOD DLK (KOD: N210D/A485L/E664K) enabled LNA reverse transcription to DNA (LNA → DNA). Both variants exhibited greatly improved efficiency and accuracy. Notably, we synthesized LNAs longer than one kilobase using KOD DGLNK. We also showed that these variants can accept 2'-O-methyl (2'-OMe), a common modification for therapeutic uses. Here, we also show that LNA and 2'-OMe mix aptamer can be practically obtained via SELEX. The variants can be used as powerful tools for creating XNA aptamers and catalysts to completely eliminate the natural species, DNA and RNA.

Fluorescence Polarization-Based Rapid Detection System for Salivary Biomarkers Using Modified DNA Aptamers Containing Base-Appended Bases.

The field of care testing toward the analysis of blood and saliva lacks nowadays simple test techniques for biomarkers. In this study, we have developed a novel nucleobase analog, Ugu, which is a uracil derivative bearing a guanine base at the 5-position. Moreover, we attempted the development of aptamers that can bind to secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), which has been examined as a stress marker in human saliva. It was observed that the acquired aptamer binds strongly and selectively to the SIgA dimer (Kd = 13.6 nM) without binding to the IgG and IgA monomers of human serum. Reduction of the aptamer length (41 mer) successfully improved 4-fold the binding affinity (Kd = 3.7 nM), compared to the original, longer aptamer (78 mer). Furthermore, the development of a simple detection system for human saliva samples by fluorescence polarization was investigated, using the reported human salivary α-amylase (sAA) and the SIgA-binding aptamer. Comparison of the present method with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques highlighted a significant Pearson's correlation of 0.94 and 0.83 when targeting sAA and SIgA, respectively. It is thus strongly suggested that a new simple test of stress markers in human saliva can be quantified quickly without bound/free (B/F) separation.

A high affinity modified DNA aptamer containing base-appended bases for human ß-defensin.

We used base-appended base modification to develop a new adenine analog, which incorporates an adenine derivative at position 7 of adenine. Using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method with a modified DNA library including this analog, we obtained Aad1, an aptamer that binds strongly to human ß-defensin 2, a biomarker of physical stress found in saliva. The dissociation constant of Aad1 with respect to human ß-defensin 2 was found to be low (6.8 nM), and was found to bind specifically to human ß-defensin 2 in saliva spiked with the protein, as confirmed using pull-down with magnetic beads. To our knowledge, there are no prior reports of nucleic-acid aptamers that bind specifically to human ß-defensin 2. However, our results indicated that such adenine analog-containing DNA libraries are extremely effective in the acquisition of high-affinity aptamers.

Modified DNA Aptamers for C-Reactive Protein and Lactate Dehydrogenase-5 with Sub-Nanomolar Affinities.

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase are important markers in clinical laboratory testing-the former is used to detect in vivo inflammation, and the latter is used to detect cell necrosis and tissue destruction. We developed aptamers that bind to human CRP and human lactate dehydrogenase-5 (LDH-5) with high affinities (dissociation constants of 6.2 pM and 235 pM, respectively), applying the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method, and by using a modified DNA library containing the following base-appended base modifications: analog adenine derivative at the fifth position of uracil (Uad), analog guanine derivative at the fifth position of uracil (Ugu), and analog adenine derivative at the seventh position of adenine (Aad). A potential application of these aptamers as sensor elements includes high-sensitivity target detection in point-of-care testing.

Effects of Modifying Thioflavin T at the N3-Position on Its G4 Binding and Fluorescence Emission.

We previously synthesized thioflavin T (ThT) with a hydroxyethyl group introduced at the N3-position (ThT-HE), which binds predominantly to the parallel G-quadruplex (G4) structure found in c-Myc and emits strong fluorescence. In this study, to investigate the effects of introduced substituents on G4 binding and fluorescence emission, a ThT derivative in which the hydroxyl group of ThT-HE was replaced with an amino group (ThT-AE) was synthesized for the first time. Furthermore, three other N3-modified ThT derivatives (ThT-OE2, ThT-SP, and ThT-OE11) having different substituent structures were synthesized by the N-acylation of the terminal amino group of ThT-AE, and their G4-binding and emission properties were investigated. The results showed that, although ThT-AE shows binding selectivity depending on the type of G4, its emission intensity is significantly decreased as compared to that of ThT-HE. However, ThT-OE11, which features an 11-unit oxyethylene chain attached to the terminal amino group of ThT-AE, regained about one-half of the emission intensity of ThT-HE while retaining selectivity for G4s. Accordingly, ThT-OE11 may be used as a key intermediate for synthesizing the conjugates of G4 binders and probes.

High-Contrast Facile Imaging with Target-Directing Fluorescent Molecular Rotors, the N3-Modified Thioflavin T Derivatives.

Immunostaining methods have generally been used not only for biological studies but also for clinical diagnoses for decades. However, recently, for these methods, improved rapidity and simplicity have been required for relevant techniques in laboratory research and medical applications. To this end, we present here a novel approach for designing fluorescent molecular rotor probes, i.e., N3-modified thioflavin T (ThT) derivatives, which enabled specific detection of interesting protein targets with sensitive fluorescence turn-on. As an example, we synthesized N3-( d-desthiobiotinyl-PEGylated) thioflavin T (ThT-PD) and N3-(cortisolyl-PEGylated) thioflavin T (ThT-PC) that carried d-desthiobioin and cortisol, respectively, via PEG linkers. Compared to those of the probes without the targets, ThT-PD and ThT-PC exhibited around 27- and 8-fold fluorescence intensities, respectively, with the target streptavidin and anti-cortisol antibody in excess of saturation, enabling quantitative detection of the targets. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrated the feasibility of ligand-tethering N3-ThT derivatives by the rapid specific staining of glucocorticoid receptors in cells, which was completed within only several minutes using ThT-PC after cell fixation, whereas it took ∼24 h for immunostaining to capture the corresponding fluorescence images.

Selective incorporation of foreign functionality into fibrin gels through a chemically modified DNA aptamer.

We found for the first time that a thrombin-binding DNA aptamer (TBA) is selectively entrapped in fibrin gels during the gel growth reaction catalyzed by thrombin. Furthermore, using this phenomenon, we successfully demonstrated multiple incorporation of amphiphilic aliphatic groups into fibrin gels via chemically modified TBA.

Correction: Development of oligonucleotide-based antagonists of Ebola virus protein 24 inhibiting its interaction with karyopherin alpha 1.

Correction for 'Development of oligonucleotide-based antagonists of Ebola virus protein 24 inhibiting its interaction with karyopherin alpha 1' by Keisuke Tanaka et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2018, 16, 4456-4463.

Development of oligonucleotide-based antagonists of Ebola virus protein 24 inhibiting its interaction with karyopherin alpha 1.

The investigation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and the preparation of antagonists are important for determining whether certain proteins are suitable medical targets. In the present study, we used the capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment to generate natural and artificial nucleic acid aptamers targeting Ebola virus protein 24 (eVP24), demonstrating that artificial aptamers, synthesised utilising a uridine analogue with an adenine residue at its C5 position, exhibited activities exceeding those of natural ones. To confirm the functionality of the as-prepared aptamers, their abilities to inhibit the PPIs of eVP24 were determined by capillary electrophoresis and bio-layer interferometry, and the obtained results unambiguously demonstrated that these aptamers interacted with the functional site of eVP24 and were thus good antagonists.

Novel One-Tube-One-Step Real-Time Methodology for Rapid Transcriptomic Biomarker Detection: Signal Amplification by Ternary Initiation Complexes.

We have developed a novel RNA detection method, termed signal amplification by ternary initiation complexes (SATIC), in which an analyte sample is simply mixed with the relevant reagents and allowed to stand for a short time under isothermal conditions (37 °C). The advantage of the technique is that there is no requirement for (i) heat annealing, (ii) thermal cycling during the reaction, (iii) a reverse transcription step, or (iv) enzymatic or mechanical fragmentation of the target RNA. SATIC involves the formation of a ternary initiation complex between the target RNA, a circular DNA template, and a DNA primer, followed by rolling circle amplification (RCA) to generate multiple copies of G-quadruplex (G4) on a long DNA strand like beads on a string. The G4s can be specifically fluorescence-stained with N(3)-hydroxyethyl thioflavin T (ThT-HE), which emits weakly with single- and double-stranded RNA/DNA but strongly with parallel G4s. An improved dual SATIC system, which involves the formation of two different ternary initiation complexes in the RCA process, exhibited a wide quantitative detection range of 1-5000 pM. Furthermore, this enabled visual observation-based RNA detection, which is more rapid and convenient than conventional isothermal methods, such as reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification, signal mediated amplification of RNA technology, and RNA-primed rolling circle amplification. Thus, SATIC methodology may serve as an on-site and real-time measurement technique for transcriptomic biomarkers for various diseases.

Real-Time Monitoring of G-Quadruplex Formation during Transcription.

Cotranscriptional folding of an RNA transcript enables formation of metastable RNA structures. Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of RNA G-quadruplex formation have previously been investigated using purified guanine-rich oligonucleotides. Here, we describe a method for analysis of cotranscriptional dynamics of the G-quadruplex formation based on real-time monitoring of the fluorescence of G-quadruplex ligands. For RNA sequences with the potential to form mutually exclusive hairpin or G-quadruplex structures, the efficiency of G-quadruplex formation during transcription depended on position of the hairpin forming sequence. The real-time monitoring enabled evaluation of environmental effects on RNA dynamics, as we demonstrated facilitation of post-transcriptional G-quadruplex formation under molecular crowding conditions. The strategy demonstrated here provides folding insights into the G-quadruplex during transcription that should be involved in gene regulation.

Identification and codon reading properties of 5-cyanomethyl uridine, a new modified nucleoside found in the anticodon wobble position of mutant haloarchaeal isoleucine tRNAs.

Most archaea and bacteria use a modified C in the anticodon wobble position of isoleucine tRNA to base pair with A but not with G of the mRNA. This allows the tRNA to read the isoleucine codon AUA without also reading the methionine codon AUG. To understand why a modified C, and not U or modified U, is used to base pair with A, we mutated the C34 in the anticodon of Haloarcula marismortui isoleucine tRNA (tRNA2(Ile)) to U, expressed the mutant tRNA in Haloferax volcanii, and purified and analyzed the tRNA. Ribosome binding experiments show that although the wild-type tRNA2(Ile) binds exclusively to the isoleucine codon AUA, the mutant tRNA binds not only to AUA but also to AUU, another isoleucine codon, and to AUG, a methionine codon. The G34 to U mutant in the anticodon of another H. marismortui isoleucine tRNA species showed similar codon binding properties. Binding of the mutant tRNA to AUG could lead to misreading of the AUG codon and insertion of isoleucine in place of methionine. This result would explain why most archaea and bacteria do not normally use U or a modified U in the anticodon wobble position of isoleucine tRNA for reading the codon AUA. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analyses of the mutant tRNAs have led to the discovery of a new modified nucleoside, 5-cyanomethyl U in the anticodon wobble position of the mutant tRNAs. 5-Cyanomethyl U is present in total tRNAs from euryarchaea but not in crenarchaea, eubacteria, or eukaryotes.

Consecutive incorporation of functionalized nucleotides with amphiphilic side chains by novel KOD polymerase mutant.

Recently, 7-substituted 7-deazapurine nucleoside triphosphates and 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates (dN(am)TPs) were synthesized to extend enzymatically using commercially available polymerase. However, extension was limited when we attempted to incorporate the substrates consecutively. To address this, we have produced a mutant polymerase that can efficiently accept the modified nucleotide with amphiphilic groups as substrates. Here we show that the KOD polymerase mutant, KOD exo(-)/A485L, had the ability to incorporate dN(am)TP continuously over 50nt, indicating that the mutant is sufficient for generating functional nucleic acid molecules.

Polymerase-mediated high-density incorporation of amphiphilic functionalities into DNA: enhancement of nuclease resistance and stability in human serum.

Modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides (mdODNs) bearing multiple copies of an amphiphilic functional group were enzymatically synthesized by simultaneous incorporation of base-modified 5'-triphosphate analogs of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG(am)TP), 2'-deoxyuridine (dU(am)TP), 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA(am)TP), and 2'-deoxycytosine (dC(am)TP). The amphiphilic functionality, that is, (E)-38,53-dioxo-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-dodecaoxa-39,52-diazapentapentacont-54-en-55-yl group, consists of the water soluble dodeca(ethylene glycol) chain and the hydrophobic dodecyl chain. An enzymatically synthesized ODN, composed of a 20-mer 5'-terminal segment containing 2'-O,4'-C-methylene-bridged/linked bicyclic ribonucleotide (B/L nucleotide) and a 12-mer 3'-terminal segment containing the nucleobase-modified analogs, exhibits very high resistance against phosphodiesterase I and is stable in human serum for a longer period when compared with ODN, where the 12-mer 3'-terminal segment contains unmodified nucleotides.

Polymerase incorporation of a 2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphate bearing a 4-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole nucleobase analogue.

Here, we describe the enzymatic construction of a new larger base pair formed between adenine (A) and a 4-hydroxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole (SB) nucleobase analogue. We investigated the enzymatic incorporation of 2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphate bearing a SB nucleobase analogue (dSBTP) into oligonucleotides (ONs) by DNA polymerases. dSBTP could be effectively incorporated at the site opposite a dA in a DNA template by several B family DNA polymerases. These findings provide new insights into various aspects of biotechnology, including the design of non-natural base pairs.

Minimal thioflavin T modifications improve visual discrimination of guanine-quadruplex topologies and alter compound-induced topological structures.

We newly synthesized thioflavin T (ThT) analogs for which the methyl group at the N3 position on the benzothiazole ring was replaced with either a ((p-(dimethylamino)benzoyl)oxy)ethyl group (ThT-DB) or a hydroxyethyl group (ThT-HE). In several neutral buffers, ThT-HE bound to a parallel guanine-quadruplex (G4) DNA and selectively emitted strong fluorescence at 74- to 240-fold higher intensities than those in the presence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), whereas ThT resulted in only 13- to 25-fold higher intensities. Furthermore, circular dichroism (CD) analyses using ThT, ThT-DB, and ThT-HE showed that these compounds could induce topological changes in G4. In addition, the different chemical structures of the N3 substituents could alter a G4-DNA conformation. These results indicate a great potential for N3-substituted ThT analogs as G4 probes and drug leads to achieve gene expression regulation.

Field-effect transistor biosensor with signal amplification by ternary initiation complexes for detection of wide-range RNA concentration.

Electrical detection of RNAs using transistor-based biosensors has attracted attention as a strategy for medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Herein, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept for specific, sensitive, and label-free RNA detection using a field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor with signal amplification by ternary initiation complexes (SATIC), which is an isothermal one-step nucleic acid amplification initiated by the combination of target RNA, circular DNA template and DNA primer. The SATIC system-applied FET biosensor specifically and quantitatively detected the target RNA with a single-nucleotide difference via the negative charges derived from the amplification products formed by a nucleic acid amplification reaction with φ29 DNA polymerase on the gate surface. In particular, the control of the amplification time allowed the detection of target RNA molecules over a wide concentration range, resulting in a detection limit of up to 6 copies/µL. Therefore, a transistor-based bioassay using the SATIC system could be useful for simple and sensitive nucleic acid analysis.

Efficacy of base-modification on target binding of small molecule DNA aptamers.

Nucleic acid aptamers are receptors of single-stranded oligonucleotides that specifically bind to their targets. Significant interest is currently focused on development of small molecule aptamers owing to their applications in biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics involving low molecular weight biomarkers and drugs. Despite great potential for their diverse applications, relatively few aptamers that bind to small molecules have been reported, and methodologies to enhance and broaden their functions by expanding chemical repertories have barely been examined. Here we describe construction of a modified DNA library that includes (E)-5-(2-(N-(2-(N(6)-adeninyl)ethyl))carbamylvinyl)-uracil bases and discovery of high-affinity camptothecin-binding DNA aptamers using a systematic evolution of ligands by the exponential enrichment method. Our results are the first to demonstrate the superior efficacy of base modification on affinity enhancement and the usefulness of unnatural nucleic acid libraries for development of small molecule aptamers.