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The objective of the study was to analyze the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage of bacterial meningitis vaccine: A, C, W and Y (menacwy) and identify the association between socioeconomic and social environment factors with menacwy vaccine coverage among adolescents in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. This is an ecological, mixed study, conducted with secondary data from the 853 municipalities of the State of MG, Brazil, from 2020 to 2022, provided by the information system of the National Immunization Program. For spatial statistical analysis, spatial dependence and the presence of spatial clusters formed by municipalities with high and low vaccination coverage of Menacwy were evaluated. In the year 2021, MG presented the largest vaccination coverage (60.58%) since the introduction of the Menacwy vaccine by the PNI. Regarding the analysis of global regressions, it is observed that for the year 2020, as the MG Index of Social Responsibility-Health increased and MG Index of Social Responsibility-Public Security increased, increased the vaccination coverage of the municipalities of the Menacwy vaccine. Finally, compared to 2021, similar association was observed in relation to the proportion of the population served by the Family Health Strategy of the municipalities of the state of MG and per capita spending on education activities: as this indicator increased, with increased coverage of the Vaccine of the Menacwy vaccine of the state municipalities. They reinforce the importance of assessing the quality-of-care management and health surveillance system, professional training, and damage reduction to populations, especially adolescents.
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Vacinas Meningocócicas , Adolescente , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Vacinação , Regressão Espacial , Vacinas BacterianasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a multifactorial chronic condition associated with genetic, behavioral and environmental factors. Understanding the role of the built and social environment in Quality of Life (QOL) is critical to reducing the negative impacts of the environment on health. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the built and social environmental and individual factors that influence the QOL of adults who underwent bariatric surgery. METHODS: A prospective cohort study conducted with adults who underwent bariatric surgery. Using longitudinal linear regression analysis, we verified the association between the domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life in version bref (WHOQOL-Bref) - General QOL and domains psychological, physical health, social relations and environment - and possible influencing factors. RESULTS: The increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) reduces on average 0.47 points in physical domain assessment score. The increase of healthy establishments within the buffer increases on average 0.52 points in the physical domain score. Being female reduces, on average, 5.35 points in the psychological domain evaluation score. Adults who practiced less than 150 min a week of leisure-time physical activity had a 3.27 point average reduction in the social relations domain assessment score. The increase in the number of Supermarkets and Hypermarkets in the buffer increases on average 2.18 points from the Social Relations domain score. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and contextual factors were associated with the QOL of adults who underwent bariatric surgery. Although the surgery yields positive results, the maintenance of same is strongly related to changes in lifestyle, the built environment and multi-professional guidance.
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Cirurgia Bariátrica/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/psicologia , Obesidade/cirurgia , Estudos Prospectivos , Características de Residência , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the state action-research project on vaccination coverage in children under two years of age in the state of Minas Gerais, according to the size of the municipalities, comparing the years 2021 and 2022. METHODS: This is a study nested within the state action-research project, a before-after community clinical trial carried out in 212 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais. This study used secondary data on Vaccination Coverage (VC), Homogeneity of Vaccines (HVC) and Abandonment rate of multi-dose vaccines. After classifying municipalities by size and vaccination coverage rates were equitably classified, an analysis of secondary data on 12 immunobiologicals indicated for the age group in question and their abandonment rate of multi-dose vaccines was carried out. RESULTS: There was an increase in the proportion of municipalities classified as small that reached the vaccination coverage target set by the National Immunization Program (PNI) after the action-research project was carried out. There was an increase in the proportion of small municipalities classified as having a low abandonment rate for the rotavirus vaccine, in the adequate homogeneity of vaccination coverage and in the classification of risk as very low risk and low and medium risk, all with a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: There was an influence of municipal size on the effectiveness of the actions applied to increase vaccination coverage, explaining that proposing individualized actions for each municipality is essential to improve vaccination coverage.
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Programas de Imunização , Cobertura Vacinal , Humanos , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Lactente , Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Cidades , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The scope of this study is to analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an epidemiological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage and dropout rate of ten immuno-biologicals recommended for under 2-year-old children in 2021 in MG. With respect to the dropout rate, this indicator was only evaluated for the multidose vaccines. After calculating all the indicators, the municipalities of the state were classified according to the transmission risk of VPDs into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. Minas Gerais had 80.9% of municipalities classified as high transmission risk for VPDs. Regarding the homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HCV), large municipalities had the highest percentage of HCV classified as very low, and 100% of these municipalities were classified as high or very high risk for transmission of VPDs, with statistical significance. The use of immunization indicators by municipality is effective for the classification of the scenario of each territory and the proposal of public policies seeking to increase vaccination coverage.
O objetivo é analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis nos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais (MG) após dois anos de início da pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo epidemiológico com dados secundários da cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono de dez imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no ano de 2021, em MG. Em relação à taxa de abandono, este indicador foi avaliado somente para as vacinas multidoses. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios do estado foram classificados de acordo com o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em cinco estratos. Minas Gerais apresentou 80,9% dos municípios classificados como alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis. Em relação à homogeneidade das coberturas vacinais (HCV), os municípios de grande porte apresentaram a maior porcentagem de HCV classificada como muito baixa e 100% desses municípios foram classificados como de alto ou muito alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, com significância estatística. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por município é efetiva para o delineamento do cenário de cada território e a proposição de políticas públicas em saúde visando o aumento das coberturas vacinais.
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COVID-19 , Hepatite C , Doenças Preveníveis por Vacina , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças Preveníveis por Vacina/epidemiologia , Doenças Preveníveis por Vacina/prevenção & controle , Pandemias , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , VacinaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to analyze the association between the factors of the social environment and the coverage rates of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in adolescents, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHOD: this is an epidemiological, ecological study, with panel and trend analysis from 2016 to 2020. The population consisted of adolescents aged 9 to 13 years. The environmental variables were coverage rates, the municipal index of human development, income, education, and longevity; and the rate of violence. The Prais-Winsten autoregression and the panel regression model were used, in addition to the estimate of the mean annual percentage variation. RESULTS: the vaccination coverage rates are below the goals recommended by the Ministry of Health for all regions analyzed. Moreover, these rates are associated with factors related to the application of the first dose and to aspects inherent to the social environment, such as the rate of violence. CONCLUSION: our findings showed that, although tenuous, aspects of the environment, in addition to individual characteristics, provide relevant information to understand the occurrence of health outcomes, since this vaccination campaign presents a strong influence of the environment and age as factors associated with the low rates. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) The coverage of human papillomavirus vaccination is below the target in Minas Gerais.(2) The rates are associated with aspects inherent to the social environment, such as violence.(3) The environment provides relevant information for understanding health outcomes.
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Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Adolescente , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Programas de Imunização , Vacinação , ImunizaçãoRESUMO
We propose from the Marxist perspective of the construction of knowledge, a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding social values by capturing everyday representations. We assume that scientific research brings together different dimensions: epistemological, theoretical and methodological that consistently to the other instances, proposes a set of operating procedures and techniques for capturing and analyzing the reality under study in order to expose the investigated object. The study of values reveals the essentiality of the formation of judgments and choices, there are values that reflect the dominant ideology, spanning all social classes, but there are values that reflect class interests, these are not universal, they are formed in relationships and social activities. Basing on the Marxist theory of consciousness, representations are discursive formulations of everyday life - opinion or conviction - issued by subjects about their reality, being a coherent way of understanding and exposure social values: focus groups show is suitable for grasping opinions while interviews show potential to expose convictions.
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Comunismo , Valores Sociais , Grupos Focais , Humanos , ConhecimentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze fake news about immunobiologicals using as reference vaccine hesitancy in the World Health Organization's 3Cs model (confidence, complacency and convenience). METHOD: This is an exploratory qualitative research that used content analysis to analyze fake news on three national news-checking sites. RESULTS: Twenty fake news related to immunobiologicals were analyzed, with 55% published in 2018 and 63% related to yellow fever vaccine. From analysis of results, two empirical categories have emerged: Immunobiologicals have a potential risk of death/sequel; Immunobiologicals are ineffective. CONCLUSION: Fake news have the potential to produce vaccine hesitancy based on the 3Cs model. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink communicative health practices that do not underestimate the asymmetries and inequities that characterize the unequal Brazilian society. Considering that nursing is the largest workforce in immunization rooms, there is a need for professionals' engagement as an active vehicle of truthful information in immunobiologicals for the population.
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Vacinas , Comunicação , Humanos , Vacinação , Recursos Humanos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Background: Immunization in pregnant women is essential to help controlling and avoiding preventable diseases. Aim: Analyzing some factors associated with non-vaccination against tetanus in pregnant women who gave birth in maternity hospitals in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with database deriving from the research titled "Born in Belo Horizonte: Survey on childbirth", which was developed in public and private hospitals. Sample was calculated by taking into consideration the total number of births recorded in each investigated maternity hospital - the final sample comprised 481 mothers. Descriptive population statistics were used for data analysis purposes, whereas Poisson regression model was used to estimate factors associated with non-vaccination against tetanus during pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of puerperal women subjected to at least 2 doses of tetanus vaccine reached 59.2%. Adjusted analyses have shown that not living with a partner has increased by 1.58 times the prevalence of women who did not take tetanus vaccine, on average; that the prevalence of women who were not vaccinated has decreased by 0.65 times after each prenatal consultation, on average; that prenatal consultations with nurses have reduced by 0.52 times the prevalence of women who did not take the tetanus vaccine, on average. Conclusion: Almost half of puerperal women were not vaccinated against tetanus during pregnancy. It is essential identifying specific groups to help implementing and expanding preventive actions, such as immunization for pregnant women. Despite advances in public health policies, authorities still face challenges to expand vaccination coverage in the investigated state, as well as to strengthen the national immunization program to help increasing tetanus vaccination rates among pregnant women.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the notifications of interpersonal and self-inflicted firearm violence in adolescents and to identify the factors associated with the notification of this event. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study analyzing data from Sinan from 2011 to 2017, in adolescents aged 10-19 years, injured by firearms. The χ2 test was used to verify the gender ratio difference. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were performed between the logarithm of the firearm notification rate and each independent variable, in a sample of large municipalities. RESULTS: There were 30,103 reports of firearm violence in adolescents, of which (74.7%) were males aged 15-19 years (83.8%). Among girls, violence is more common at home, with a known perpetrator, and with physical and sexual violence combined. The death rate by firearms was higher in Fortaleza, Maceió, João Pessoa, Salvador and Natal, ranging from 105.88 to 71.73 per 100 thousand. Higher notification rates of firearm violence were associated with higher firearm death rates and greater coverage of health facilities. CONCLUSION: Firearm violence is a major public health problem in adolescents. Attacks on the disarmament statute and the loosening of gun possession and ownership directly confront the present and future of children and adolescents.
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Violência com Arma de Fogo/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Cidades/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective of this research was to recognize the strengthening and weakening potentials of young workers who study in a public school. It is a qualitative study that interviewed 19 students 16 to 20 years old of the nocturnal period. The main weakening potentials were: long hours of working, excess of responsibility, lack of stability and essentially manual, broken up and repetitive work. The few strengthening potentials were: socialization and satisfaction of social reproduction needs. The phenomenon of intergenerational regression was verified. The study of the binomial strengthening-weakening of the young denounces more negative than positive meaning of the concurrence work-study, that is closely related to the survival needs of the families. This process is potentially weakening, being able to cause health problems to the young.
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Saúde , Estudantes , Trabalho/normas , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Setor Público , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze drug content in games for mobile devices. METHOD: An exploratory study implementing a qualitative approach. The collective health critical perspective was taken in relation to the ideology of prohibitionist education and the foundations of emancipatory education in the area of drugs. Games about drugs were selected in a virtual store based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Content analysis was performed with the support of an interpretative model specific to digital games used to identify textual and procedural messages in games. RESULTS: Nineteen (19) games were analyzed. Most of them reiterate prohibitionist positions and play the role of transmitting prescriptive and normative information, assuming the objective of disciplining risk behaviors. This evident limitation demonstrates an important contradiction that games are strategies of contemporary language, with outdated and unscientific content. CONCLUSION: Despite the potential of virtual tools, the analyzed games are marked by intense simplification regarding the phenomenon of drug use and stimulate fast preprogrammed responses that do not go beyond memorization and conditioning. A need for scientific updates and incorporation of critical educational content persists in the area.
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Telefone Celular , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Jogos de Vídeo/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Assunção de RiscosRESUMO
Introdução: As condições de trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde se relacionam a questões de ordem interpessoal, política, organizacional e de infraestrutura. Objetivo: analisar a categoria "condições de trabalho" oriunda da pesquisa "Práticas de Enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde: estudo nacional de métodos mistos", com foco nas capitais da região Sudeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo qualitativo que analisou 108 entrevistas de enfermeiros residentes em Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Vitória, realizadas entre novembro de 2020 e setembro de 2021. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática, com apoio do software MAXQDA®. Resultados: os participantes eram majoritariamente do sexo feminino (88,0%), idade média de 42 anos, cor ou raça parda e tempo de atuação em atenção primária superior a 12 anos. Há uma diversidade temática quanto às condições de trabalho referidas por enfermeiros, destacando-se positivamente relacionamentos interpessoais. Infraestrutura das unidades de saúde e a fragilidade dos vínculos empregatícios foram referidos como dificultadores do trabalho na APS. Conclusão: Há uma diversidade de fatores que se relacionam com as condições de trabalho dos enfermeiros, sendo necessário intervenções sobre aquelas que trazem prejuízos, como o excesso de atribuições e infraestrutura das unidades de saúde. (AU)
Background: The working conditions of nurses working in Primary Health Care are related to interpersonal, political, organizational and infrastructure issues. Objective: to analyze the category "working conditions" from the research "Nursing Practices in Primary Health Care: a national study of mixed methods", focusing on the capitals of the Southeast region of Brazil. Methods: qualitative study that analyzed 108 interviews with nurses residing in Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Vitória, carried out between November 2020 and September 2021. Data were subjected to thematic analysis, with the support of the MAXQDA® software. Results: the participants were mostly female (88.0%), mean age of 42 years, brown color or race, and working in primary care for more than 12 years. There is a thematic diversity regarding the working conditions mentioned by nurses, with positive emphasis on interpersonal relationships. Infrastructure of the health units and the fragility of employment relationships were mentioned as obstacles to work in PHC. Conclusion: There are a variety of factors that are related to the working conditions of nurses, requiring interventions on those that bring harm, such as excess attributions and infrastructure of health units. (AU)
Introducción: Las condiciones de trabajo de los enfermeros que actúan en la Atención Primaria de Salud están relacionadas con cuestiones interpersonales, políticas, organizativas y de infraestructura. Objetivo: analizar la categoría "condiciones de trabajo" de la investigación "Prácticas de Enfermería en la Atención Primaria de Salud: un estudio nacional de métodos mixtos", con foco en las capitales de la región Sudeste de Brasil. Métodos: estudio cualitativo que analizó 108 entrevistas con enfermeros residentes en Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo y Vitória, realizadas entre noviembre de 2020 y septiembre de 2021. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis temático, con el apoyo del software MAXQDA®. Resultados: los participantes eran mayoritariamente del sexo femenino (88,0%), edad media de 42 años, color moreno o raza, y actuaban en la atención primaria hace más de 12 años. Hay diversidad temática en cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo mencionadas por los enfermeros, con énfasis positivo en las relaciones interpersonales. La infraestructura de las unidades de salud y la fragilidad de las relaciones laborales fueron mencionadas como obstáculos para el trabajo en la APS. Conclusión: Hay una variedad de factores que se relacionan con las condiciones de trabajo de los enfermeros, requiriendo intervenciones sobre aquellos que traen perjuicio, como el exceso de atribuciones e infraestructura de las unidades de salud. (AU)
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Atenção Primária à Saúde , Enfermagem de Atenção Primária , Condições de TrabalhoRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de enfermeiras sobre a autonomia no exercício de suas práticas no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa que analisou 108 entrevistas realizadas com enfermeiras(os) das quatro capitais da região sudeste do Brasil. As entrevistas, guiadas por roteiro semiestruturado, foram gravadas e transcritas. Os dados produzidos foram tratados e explorados com auxílio do software NVIVO®. Resultados: A maior parte das participantes eram mulheres, brancas, residiam na mesma cidade onde trabalham, graduaramse em instituições privadas. Foram organizadas duas categorias: repercussões da autonomia e seus desdobramentos para a resolutividade das necessidades em saúde dos usuários; e (des)conhecimento sobre a regulamentação das práticas da enfermeira: desafios para a autonomia. Conclusão: As enfermeiras compreendem a importância da autonomia para suas práticas, mas enfrentam interferências no cotidiano do trabalho, tanto por parte da gestão, da estrutura dos serviços ou da necessidade do uso de protocolos que garantam o exercício de sua atividade profissional de modo autônomo. (AU)
Objective: To analyze nurses' perception of autonomy to exercise their practices in the context of primary health care. Methods: A descriptive study with a qualitative approach that analyzed 108 interviews carried out with nurses from the four capitals of the southeastern region of Brazil. The interviews, guided by a semi-structured script, were recorded and transcribed. The data produced were processed and explored with the help of the NVIVO® software. Results: Most of the participants were women, white, lived in the same city where they work, and graduated from private institutions. Two categories were organized: repercussions of autonomy and its consequences for solving users' health needs; and (lack of) knowledge about the regulation of nursing practices: challenges for autonomy. Conclusion: Nurses understand the importance of autonomy for their practices, but they face interference in their daily work, either by management, the structure of services or the need for protocols that guarantee the exercise of their professional activity. (AU)
Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de autonomía de los enfermeros para ejercer sus prácticas en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo que analizó 108 entrevistas realizadas con enfermeros de las cuatro capitales de la región sureste de Brasil. Las entrevistas, guiadas por un guión semiestructurado, fueron grabadas y transcritas. Los datos producidos fueron procesados y explorados con la ayuda del software NVIVO®. Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres, de raza blanca, vivían en la misma ciudad donde trabajan y egresaron de instituciones privadas. Se organizaron dos categorías: repercusiones de la autonomía y sus consecuencias para la solución de las necesidades de salud de los usuarios; y (falta de) conocimiento sobre la regulación de las prácticas de enfermería: desafíos para la autonomía. Conclusión: Los enfermeros comprenden la importancia de la autonomía para sus prácticas, pero enfrentan interferencias en su trabajo diario, ya sea por parte de la dirección, la estructura de los servicios o la necesidad de protocolos que garanticen el ejercicio de su actividad profesional. (AU)
Assuntos
Autonomia Profissional , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Enfermagem de Atenção Primária , Enfermeiros de Saúde da FamíliaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of the state action-research project on vaccination coverage in children under two years of age in the state of Minas Gerais, according to the size of the municipalities, comparing the years 2021 and 2022. Methods: This is a study nested within the state action-research project, a before-after community clinical trial carried out in 212 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais. This study used secondary data on Vaccination Coverage (VC), Homogeneity of Vaccines (HVC) and Abandonment rate of multi-dose vaccines. After classifying municipalities by size and vaccination coverage rates were equitably classified, an analysis of secondary data on 12 immunobiologicals indicated for the age group in question and their abandonment rate of multi-dose vaccines was carried out. Results: There was an increase in the proportion of municipalities classified as small that reached the vaccination coverage target set by the National Immunization Program (PNI) after the action-research project was carried out. There was an increase in the proportion of small municipalities classified as having a low abandonment rate for the rotavirus vaccine, in the adequate homogeneity of vaccination coverage and in the classification of risk as very low risk and low and medium risk, all with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: There was an influence of municipal size on the effectiveness of the actions applied to increase vaccination coverage, explaining that proposing individualized actions for each municipality is essential to improve vaccination coverage.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação nas coberturas vacinais em crianças menores de dois anos no estado de Minas Gerais, segundo o porte dos municípios, comparando os anos de 2021 e 2022. Métodos: Estudo aninhado ao projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação, um ensaio clínico comunitário, do tipo antes-depois, realizado em 212 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizou-se, neste estudo, dados secundários de Cobertura Vacinal (CV), Homogeneidade das Vacinas (HCV) e Proporção de Abandono (PA). Após a classificação de municípios por porte, e as taxas de cobertura vacinal serem classificadas de maneira equânime, foi realizada uma análise de dados secundários de 12 imunobiológicos indicados para a faixa etária em questão e de suas PAs. Resultados: Observou-se aumento na proporção de municípios classificados como de pequeno porte que atingiram a meta da cobertura vacinal estabelecida pelo Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI), após a realização do projeto de pesquisa-ação. Houve aumento na proporção de municípios de pequeno porte classificados como de baixa PA para a vacina Rotavírus, na homogeneidade adequada da CV e na classificação de risco para risco muito baixo e risco baixo e médio, todos com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: Houve influência do porte municipal na efetividade das ações aplicadas para aumento de cobertura vacinal, explicitando que a proposição de ações individualizadas para cada município é imprescindível para melhorar a cobertura vacinal.
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O objeto deste estudo é a percepção dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre o vínculo e o acolhimento na Atenção Primária à Saúde. O objetivo é analisar as potencialidades e os limites dessas ferramentas para efetivação do princípio da integralidade no cuidado em saúde. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa que analisou 251 entrevistas realizadas com enfermeiras(os) atuantes no Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. As entrevistas, guiadas por roteiro semiestruturado, foram gravadas e transcritas. Os dados produzidos foram tratados e explorados com auxílio do software MaxQda. A maior parte das participantes eram mulheres, brancas, residiam na mesma cidade de trabalho, graduaram-se em instituições privadas e tinham especialização na área. Os resultados foram organizados em três categorias: longitudinalidade e continuidade do cuidado; relação de afetividade e confiança; garantia de acesso aos serviços de saúde, identificação das necessidades de saúde. Os enfermeiros entendem que o vínculo e o acolhimento, que perpassa a construção de afetividade e de confiança, favorecem a construção de um projeto terapêutico integral. Além disso, identificam que a prática em saúde amparada no vínculo e no acolhimento estão associados a uma maior valorização da profissão de enfermagem por parte da população. (AU)
The object of this study is the perception of nursing professionals about bonding and user embracement in Primary Health Care. The objective is to analyze the potentialities and limits of these tools to implement the principle of integrality in health care. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach that analyzed 251 interviews carried out with nurses working in Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The interviews, guided by a semi-structured script, were recorded and transcribed. The data produced were processed and explored with the help of the MaxQda software. Most of the participants were women, white, lived in the same city where they worked, graduated from private institutions and had specialization in the area. The results were organized into three categories: longitudinality and continuity of care; relationship of affection and trust; guarantee of access to health services, identification of health needs. Nurses understand that bonding and user embracement, which permeates the construction of affection and trust, favors the construction of an integral therapeutic project. In addition, they identify that health practice based on bonding and user embracement are associated with a greater appreciation of the nursing profession by the population. (AU)
El objeto de este estudio es la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería sobre el vínculo y la acogida en la Atención Primaria de Salud. El objetivo es analizar las potencialidades y límites de estas herramientas para implementar el principio de integralidad en la atención a la salud. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo que analizó 251 entrevistas realizadas con enfermeros que actúan en Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo. Las entrevistas, guiadas por un guión semiestructurado, fueron grabadas y transcritas. Los datos producidos fueron procesados y explorados con la ayuda del software MaxQda. La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres, blancas, vivían en la misma ciudad donde trabajaban, egresadas de instituciones privadas y tenían especialización en el área. Los resultados se organizaron en tres categorías: longitudinalidad y continuidad de la atención; relación de afecto y confianza; garantía de acceso a los servicios de salud, identificación de necesidades de salud. Los enfermeros comprenden que el vínculo y la acogida, que permean la construcción de afecto y confianza, favorecen la construcción de un proyecto terapeutico integral. Además, identifican que las prácticas de salud basadas en el vínculo y la acogida están asociadas a una mayor valorización de la profesión de enfermería por parte de la población. (AU)
Assuntos
Percepção Social , Saúde Pública , Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente , AcolhimentoRESUMO
Resumo O objetivo é analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis nos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais (MG) após dois anos de início da pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo epidemiológico com dados secundários da cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono de dez imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no ano de 2021, em MG. Em relação à taxa de abandono, este indicador foi avaliado somente para as vacinas multidoses. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios do estado foram classificados de acordo com o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em cinco estratos. Minas Gerais apresentou 80,9% dos municípios classificados como alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis. Em relação à homogeneidade das coberturas vacinais (HCV), os municípios de grande porte apresentaram a maior porcentagem de HCV classificada como muito baixa e 100% desses municípios foram classificados como de alto ou muito alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, com significância estatística. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por município é efetiva para o delineamento do cenário de cada território e a proposição de políticas públicas em saúde visando o aumento das coberturas vacinais.
Abstract The scope of this study is to analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an epidemiological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage and dropout rate of ten immuno-biologicals recommended for under 2-year-old children in 2021 in MG. With respect to the dropout rate, this indicator was only evaluated for the multidose vaccines. After calculating all the indicators, the municipalities of the state were classified according to the transmission risk of VPDs into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. Minas Gerais had 80.9% of municipalities classified as high transmission risk for VPDs. Regarding the homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HCV), large municipalities had the highest percentage of HCV classified as very low, and 100% of these municipalities were classified as high or very high risk for transmission of VPDs, with statistical significance. The use of immunization indicators by municipality is effective for the classification of the scenario of each territory and the proposal of public policies seeking to increase vaccination coverage.
RESUMO
Objetivo: relatar a experiência das oficinas de uma pesquisa-ação do tipo intervenção elaborada para aumento da cobertura vacinal de crianças em municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Método: relato de experiência sobre a metodologia empregada nas oficinas organizadas com objetivo de aumentar a cobertura vacinal no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As oficinas foram compostas em quatro etapas: momento motivacional, núcleo contextual, núcleo integrador/planejamento e núcleo integrador/resultados. Resultados: As oficinas mostraram-se potentes na sensibilização e na indução da discussão dos indicadores de cobertura vacinal, evidenciando, inconsistências entre o Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações e os registros internos dos municípios. Para além dos indicadores, as oficinas, permitiram troca de experiências entre os representantes municipais, discussão de recursos financeiros, estruturação de salas de vacina, aquisição de veículos, contratação de profissionais, entre outros. Considerações Finais: As oficinas mostram-se capaz de evidenciar a realidade dos municípios, para além do reconhecimento das necessidades para melhoria dos processos de imunização, mas também no desenvolvimento de estratégias, capazes de promover aumento das coberturas vacinais.
Objective: to report the experience of workshops of an action research designed to increase vaccination coverage of children in municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais. Method: experience report on the methodology used in the workshops organized to increase vaccination coverage in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The workshops were composed in four stages: motivational moment, contextual core, integrative core/planning and integrative core/results. Results: The workshops proved powerful in raising awareness and inducing discussion of vaccination coverage indicators, evidencing, inconsistencies between the National Immunization Program Information System and the internal records of the municipalities. In addition to the indicators, the workshops allowed the exchange of experiences among municipal representatives, discussion of financial resources, structuring of vaccine rooms, acquisition of vehicles, hiring of professionals, among others. Final Considerations: The workshops are able to highlight the reality of the municipalities, in addition to recognizing the needs for improvement of immunization processes, but also in developing strategies to promote increased vaccination coverage.
Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de los talleres de una investigación-acción diseñada para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en municipios del estado de Minas Gerais. Método: informe de experiencia sobre la metodología utilizada en los talleres organizados para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los talleres constaron de cuatro etapas: momento motivacional, núcleo contextual, núcleo integrador/planificación y núcleo integrador/resultados. Resultados: Los talleres demostraron ser potentes para sensibilizar e inducir la discusión de los indicadores de cobertura de vacunación, evidenciando, inconsistencias entre el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones y los registros internos de los municipios. Además de los indicadores, los talleres permitieron el intercambio de experiencias entre representantes municipales, discusión de recursos financieros, estructuración de salas de vacunas, adquisición de vehículos, contratación de profesionales, entre otros. Consideraciones Finales: Los talleres se mostraron capaces de evidenciar la realidad de los municipios, más allá del reconocimiento de las necesidades de mejora de los procesos de inmunización, pero también en el desarrollo de estrategias, capaces de promover el aumento de la cobertura de vacunación.
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Abstract Objective: to analyze the association between the factors of the social environment and the coverage rates of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in adolescents, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: this is an epidemiological, ecological study, with panel and trend analysis from 2016 to 2020. The population consisted of adolescents aged 9 to 13 years. The environmental variables were coverage rates, the municipal index of human development, income, education, and longevity; and the rate of violence. The Prais-Winsten autoregression and the panel regression model were used, in addition to the estimate of the mean annual percentage variation. Results: the vaccination coverage rates are below the goals recommended by the Ministry of Health for all regions analyzed. Moreover, these rates are associated with factors related to the application of the first dose and to aspects inherent to the social environment, such as the rate of violence. Conclusion: our findings showed that, although tenuous, aspects of the environment, in addition to individual characteristics, provide relevant information to understand the occurrence of health outcomes, since this vaccination campaign presents a strong influence of the environment and age as factors associated with the low rates.
Resumo Objetivo: analisar a associação entre os fatores do ambiente social e as taxas de cobertura da vacina contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) nos adolescentes do estado de Minas Gerais. Método: estudo epidemiológico, ecológico, com análise em painel e de tendência, no período de 2016 a 2020. A população foi composta por adolescentes de 9 a 13 anos. As variáveis ambientais foram as taxas de cobertura; o índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal, de renda, de educação e de longevidade; e a taxa de violência. Utilizou-se o modelo autorregressivo de Prais-Winsten, o cálculo da variação percentual média anual e a regressão em painel. Resultados: as taxas de cobertura da vacina em todas as regiões analisadas estão abaixo das metas preconizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Ademais, tais taxas estão associadas aos fatores relacionados à aplicação da primeira dose e a aspectos inerentes ao ambiente social, como a taxa de violência. Conclusão: as evidências encontradas demonstraram que, embora tênues, aspectos do ambiente, além das características individuais, fornecem informações relevantes para compreensão da ocorrência dos desfechos de saúde, uma vez que para essa vacina temos a forte influência do ambiente e da idade como fatores associados à baixa taxa de vacinação.
Resumen Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre los factores del entorno social y las tasas de cobertura de la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en los adolescentes del estado de Minas Gerais. Método: estudio epidemiológico, ecológico, con análisis de panel y de tendencia, en el período de 2016 a 2020. La población estaba compuesta por adolescentes de 9 a 13 años. Las variables ambientales fueron las tasas de cobertura; el índice de desarrollo humano municipal, la renta, la educación y la longevidad, y la tasa de violencia. Se utilizó el modelo autorregresivo de Prais-Winsten, el cálculo de la variación porcentual media anual y la regresión en panel. Resultados: las tasas de cobertura de la vacuna en todas las regiones analizadas están por debajo de los objetivos recomendados por el Ministerio de Salud. Además, estas tasas están asociadas a los factores relacionados con la aplicación de la primera dosis y a aspectos inherentes al entorno social, como la tasa de violencia. Conclusión: las evidencias encontradas demostraron que, aunque tenues, aspectos del entorno, además de las características individuales, proporcionan informaciones relevantes para comprensión de la ocurrencia de los resultados de salud, una vez que para esa vacuna tenemos la fuerte influencia del entorno y de la edad como factores asociados a la baja tasa de vacunación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Programas de Imunização , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra PapillomavirusRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: descrever e comparar os indicadores de exposição a situações de violência vividas por estudantes adolescentes, de acordo com sexo, tipo de escola e unidades federadas nos anos de 2015 e 2019. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). Foram descritas e comparadas as prevalências e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) dos indicadores de exposição às situações de violência envolvendo adolescentes. Resultados: apontaram que: faltaram à escola por insegurança no trajeto 11,6% (IC95%:11,1;12,1); faltaram à escola por insegurança na escola 10,8% (IC95%:10,3;11,2); maiores prevalências de violência foram nas meninas e em estudantes de escolas públicas. Dentre os indicadores do estudo, constatou-se a que a prevalência de escolares que estiveram envolvidos em briga com luta física foi de 10,6% (IC95%:10,2;11,0), em briga com utilização de arma de fogo 2,9% (IC95%:2,7;3,1) e uso de arma branca foi de 4,8% (IC95%:4,5;5,1), dos quais a maioria eram meninos que estudavam em escolas públicas. Relataram ter sofrido acidente ou agressão no último ano 18,2% (IC95%:17,7;18,7) e 21,0% (IC95%:20,5;21,6), tendo sido agredidos pela mãe/pai/responsável e a maioria oriunda de escolas particulares. Ocorreu melhorias nos seguintes indicadores entre 2015 e 2019: envolver-se em briga com arma de fogo, de 6,4% (IC95%: 5,6;7,2) em (2015) para 2,9% (IC95%:2,7;3,1) (2019); e envolver-se em briga com arma branca, de 7,9% (IC95%:7,0;8,8) (2015) para 4,8% (IC95%:4,5;5,1) em (2019). Conclusão: os adolescentes estão expostos a violências no âmbito escolar ou comunitária, além de sofrerem violências no ambiente intrafamiliar/doméstico. Essas instituições deveriam ser capazes de garantir a proteção e o desenvolvimento saudável e seguro do adolescente.
RESUMEN Objetivo: describir y comparar los indicadores de exposición a situaciones de violencia de los estudiantes adolescentes según género, tipo de escuela y unidades federadas, en 2015 y 2019. Métodos: estudio transversal, descriptivo con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar. Se describieron y compararon la prevalencia y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) de los indicadores de exposición a situaciones de violencia que afectan a los adolescentes. Resultados: se registraron ausencias escolares: por inseguridad en el camino a la escuela 11,6% (IC95%:11,1;12,1); por inseguridad en la escuela 10,8% (IC95%:10,3;11,2); la mayor prevalencia fue entre las niñas y los estudiantes de escuelas públicas. Entre los indicadores del estudio: la prevalencia de alumnos implicados en peleas con lucha física fue del 10,6% (IC95%:10,2;11,0), en peleas con armas de fuego del 2,9% (IC95%:2,7;3,1); uso de arma blanca del 4,8% (IC95%:4,5;5,1), la mayoría de ellos eran varones, que estudiaban en escuelas públicas. El 18,2% (IC95%:17,7;18,7) declaró haber sufrido un accidente o una agresión en el último año, el 21,0% (IC95%:20,5;21,6) fue agredido por su madre/padre/cuidador y la mayoría procedía de colegios privados. Se produjeron mejoras en los siguientes indicadores entre 2015 y 2019: involucrarse en una pelea con un arma de fuego, del 6,4% (IC 95%:5,6;7,2) en (2015) al 2,9% (IC 95%:2,7;3,1) (2019); involucrarse en una pelea con un cuchillo: del 7,9% (IC 95%:7,0;8,8) (2015) al 4,8% (IC 95%:4,5;5,1) en (2019). Conclusión: los adolescentes están expuestos a la violencia en el ámbito escolar o comunitario, además de sufrirla en el entorno intrafamiliar/doméstico. Estas instituciones deben ser capaces de garantizar la protección y el desarrollo sano y seguro del adolescente.
ABSTRACT Objective: to describe and compare the indicators corresponding to exposure to situations of violence experienced by in-school adolescents according to gender, type of school and Federation Units in 2015 and 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted with data from the National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, PeNSE). The prevalence values and their respective 95% confidence intervals (85% CIs) of the indicators corresponding to exposure to situations of violence involving adolescents were described and compared. Results: They pointed out that: 11.6% missed classes due to insecurity on the way (95% CI: 11.1-12.1); 10.8% missed classes due to insecurity at school (95% CI: 10.3-11.2); and the highest prevalence values of violence were recorded among girls and public school students. Among the study indicators, it was found that the prevalence of students who were involved in physical fights was 10.6% (95% CI: 10.2-11.0), in fights with firearm use, 2.9% (95% CI: 2.7-3.1), and in fights with melee weapon use, 4.8% (95% CI: 4.5-5.1), most of them boys who attended public schools. 18.2% (95% CI: 17.7-18.7) reported having suffered an accident or aggression in the last year and 21.0% (95% CI: 20.5-21.6) stated having been assaulted by their mother/father/guardian, most of them from private schools. There were improvements in the following indicators between 2015 and 2019: engaging in a fight involving a firearm, from 6.4% (95% CI: 5.6-7.2) in 2015 to 2.9% (95% CI: 2.7-3.1) in 2019; and engaging in a fight involving a melee weapon, from 7.9% (95% CI: 7.0-8.8) in 2015 to 4.8% (95% CI: 4.5-5.1) in 2019. Conclusion: Adolescents are exposed to several types of violence in the school or community settings, in addition to experiencing violence in the family/domestic environment. These institutions should be capable of ensuring protection and healthy and safe development to adolescents.