Clinical comparison of V122I genotypic variant of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy with wild-type and other hereditary variants: a systematic review.

V122I genotype variant (pV142I) is the most common hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) in the USA, with 3-3.5% of African-Americans being the carriers of this mutation. We aimed to compare baseline clinical features, cardiac parameters, and mortality in V122I-ATTR with the wild-type ATTR and other hATTR subtypes. We systematically searched PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant studies from inception to 10th September, 2020 reporting phenotypic, echocardiographic, and/or laboratory parameters in patients with hereditary and wild types of cardiac amyloidoses. A total of 2843 patients from 7 individual studies with 67-100% males and an overall follow-up duration of 51.6 ± 30.4 months were identified. The mean age of diagnosis among wild-type ATTR patients was 77 years, followed by 71.2 and 65 years in V122I and T60A group patients, respectively. V122I patients were mostly black, had a poor quality of life, and highest mortality risk compared with other subtypes. Merely, the presence of V122I mutation was identified as an independent predictor of mortality. V30M subtype correlated with the least severe cardiac disease and a median survival duration comparable with T60A subtype. V122I ATTR is an aggressive disease, prevalent in African-Americans, and is associated with a greater morbidity and mortality, which is partly attributed to its misdiagnosis and/or late diagnosis. Current advances in non-invasive studies to diagnose hATTR coupled with concurrent drug therapies have improved quality of life and provide a survival benefit to these patients.

Warfarin versus direct oral anticoagulants for treating left ventricular thrombus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is not uncommon and pose a risk of systemic embolism, which can be mitigated by adequate anticoagulation. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly being used as alternatives to warfarin for anticoagulation, but their efficacy and safety profile has been debated. We aim to compare the therapeutic efficacy and safety of DOACs versus warfarin for the treatment of LVT. METHODOLOGY: We systematically searched PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, and LILCAS databases from inception to 14th August 2020 to identify relevant studies comparing warfarin and DOACs for LVT treatment and used the pooled data extracted from retrieved studies to perform a meta-analysis. RESULTS: We report pooled data on 1955 patients from 8 studies, with a mean age of 61 years and 59.7 years in warfarin and DOACs group, respectively. The pooled odds ratio for thrombus resolution was 1.11 (95% CI 0.51-2.39) on comparing warfarin to DOAC, but it did not reach a statistical significance (p = 0.76). The pooled risk ratio (RR) of stroke or systemic embolization and bleeding in patients treated with warfarin vs DOACs was 1.04 (95% CI 0.64-1.68; p = 0.85), and 1.15 (95% CI 0.62-2.13; p = 0.57), respectively; with an overall RR of 1.09 (95% CI 0.70-1.70; p = 0.48) for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: DOACs appears to be non-inferior or at least as effective as warfarin in the treatment of left ventricular thrombus without any statistical difference in stroke or bleeding complications.

Pulmonary Barotrauma in COVID-19 Patients With ARDS on Invasive and Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation.

BACKGROUND: We experienced a high incidence of pulmonary barotrauma among patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) at our institution. In current study, we sought to evaluate the incidence, clinical outcomes, and characteristics of barotrauma among COVID-19 patients receiving invasive and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective cohort study included adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and requiring oxygen support or positive airway pressure for ARDS who presented to our tertiary-care center from March through November, 2020. RESULTS: A total of 353 patients met our inclusion criteria, of which 232 patients who required heated high-flow nasal cannula, continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure were assigned to non-invasive group. The remaining 121 patients required invasive mechanical ventilation and were assigned to invasive group. Of the total 353 patients, 32 patients (65.6% males) with a mean age of 63 ± 11 years developed barotrauma in the form of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, or pneumomediastinum. The incidence of barotrauma was 4.74% (11/232) and 17.35% (21/121) in the non-invasive group and invasive group, respectively. The median length of hospital stay was 22 (15.7 -33.0) days with an overall mortality of 62.5% (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 ARDS have a high incidence of barotrauma. Pulmonary barotrauma should be considered in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who exhibit worsening of their respiratory disease as it is likely associated with a high mortality risk. Utilizing lung-protective ventilation strategies may reduce the risk of barotrauma.

Aggressive versus conservative fluid resuscitation in septic hemodialysis patients.

PURPOSE: Sepsis and bacterial infections are common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We aimed to compare patients with ESRD on hemodialysis presenting to hospital with severe sepsis or septic shock who received <20 ml/kg of intravenous fluid to those who received ≥20 ml/kg during initial resuscitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients with ICD codes for discharge diagnosis of sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, ESRD, and hemodialysis admitted to our institution between 2015 and 2018. RESULTS: We present outcomes for a total of 104 patients - 51 patients in conservative group and 53 in aggressive group. The mean age was 69.5 ± 11.2 years and 71 ± 11.5 years in the conservative group and aggressive group, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of ICU admission, and ICU or hospital length of stay between the two groups. Complications such as volume overload, rate of intubation, and urgent dialysis were not found to be significantly different. CONCLUSION: We found that aggressive fluid resuscitation with ≥20 ml/kg may not be detrimental in the initial resuscitation of ESRD patients with SeS or SS. However, a clinical decision of volume responsiveness should be made on a case-by-case basis rather than a universal approach for fluid resuscitation in ESRD patients.

Role of Intra-abdominal Pressure in Early Acute Kidney Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study in Critically Ill Obstetric Patients.

AIMS: This prospective cohort study evaluated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and its role in causing acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill obstetric patients and utility of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) to predict AKI. METHODS: A total of 50 eligible obstetric patients admitted to our Intensive Care Unit were enrolled and daily IAP measured using indwelling Foley catheter. Early AKI was diagnosed as per the KDIGO criteria and urine assessed for NGAL using ELISA. RESULTS: AKI was seen in 54% and intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in 21% patients. In patients with and without AKI, there was statistically similar IAP on day 1 (P = 0.542) and day 2 (P = 0.907) as well as incidence of IAH (19% vs. 23%) (P = 0.766). Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for IAP to predict early AKI was 0.499 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.325-0.673) (P = 0.992). Urinary NGAL concentration was significantly greater in patients with early AKI compared to those without (P = 0.006); AUC for urinary NGAL to detect early AKI was 0.734 (95% CI: 0.583-0.884) (P = 0.006) and optimal cutoff was 53.7 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: IAH and AKI are common in critically ill obstetric patients. While IAP does not correlate with early AKI, NGAL is useful to predict AKI.

Cost and non-cost factors associated with delays in receiving medical care in adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: The study aims to compare cost and non-cost factors associated with delays in receiving medical care in adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). METHODS: Using 2014-2018 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behaviour Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey (N = 508,203), multivariate logistic regression models were developed to compute the adjusted odds ratio of reasons for delays in medical care in adults with ASCVD. RESULTS: Our study population of 61,227 adults with ASCVD (9.1%) had higher odds of any medical care delay (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.43-1.57), delay due to cost (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.45-1.65), long clinic wait times (aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.04-1.39) and lack of transportation (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.47-1.84) than those without ASCVD. CONCLUSION: Novel public health and health policy approaches are urgently needed to reduce the cost- and non-cost-related barriers that adults with ASCVD encounter when accessing healthcare services.

Serum Lipoproteins Are Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic U.S. Adults Without Traditional Risk Factors.

Background: The relationship between atherogenic lipoproteins and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis has not been thoroughly evaluated in low-risk adults. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) with coronary atherosclerosis in adults without traditional risk factors. Methods: We assessed atherosclerosis on coronary computed tomography angiography among asymptomatic adults in the Miami Heart Study not taking lipid-lowering therapy and without hypertension, diabetes, or active tobacco use. Prevalence of atherosclerosis was evaluated based on serum LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB, and multivariable logistic regression with forward selection was used to assess variables associated with coronary plaque. Results: Among 1,033 adults 40 to 65 years of age, 55.0% were women and 86.3% had estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk <5%. Coronary atherosclerosis prevalence was 35.9% (50.6% in men; 23.8% in women) and 3.4% had ≥1 high-risk plaque feature. Atherosclerosis prevalence increased with LDL-C, ranging from 13.2% in adults with LDL-C <70 mg/dL up to 48.2% with ≥160 mg/dL. Higher LDL-C (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.08-1.18] per 10 mg/dL), age (aOR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.28-1.60] per 5 years), male sex (aOR: 3.81 [95% CI: 2.86-5.10]), and elevated lipoprotein(a) (aOR: 1.46 [95% CI: 1.01-2.09]) were associated with atherosclerosis. Higher serum non-HDL-C and apoB were similarly associated with atherosclerosis. In adults with optimal risk factors, 21.2% had atherosclerosis with greater prevalence at higher lipoprotein levels. Conclusions: Among asymptomatic middle-aged adults without traditional risk factors, coronary atherosclerosis is common and increasingly prevalent at higher levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. These findings emphasize the importance of lipid-lowering strategies to prevent development and progression of atherosclerosis regardless of risk factors.

Social disadvantage, coronary artery calcium, and their interplay in the prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Social determinants of health (SDOH) are key for the identification of populations at increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, whether at the individual level SDOH improve current ASCVD risk prediction paradigms beyond traditional risk factors and the coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, is unknown. We evaluated the interplay between CAC and SDOH in ASCVD risk prediction. METHODS: MESA is a prospective study of US adults free of clinical ASCVD at baseline. We used an SDOH index inclusive of 14 determinants from 5 domains. The index ranged 0-1 and was divided into quartiles, with higher ones representing worse SDOH. Cox regression was used to evaluate the adjusted associations between CAC, SDOH, their interplay, and ASCVD events. The C-statistic was computed to assess improvement in risk discrimination for prediction of ASCVD events. RESULTS: We included 6479 MESA participants (50% with CAC = 0, 24% CAC>100). ASCVD incidence increased with increasing CAC scores across SDOH quartiles. The lowest incidence was noted in those with CAC = 0 and favourable SDOH (2/1000 person-years) and highest in those with CAC>100 and most unfavourable SDOH (20.6/1000 person-years). While CAC was strongly associated with ASCVD across SDOH quartiles, SDOH was weakly associated with ASCVD across CAC strata. CAC improved the discriminatory ability of all prediction models beyond traditional risk factors, the improvement in C-statistic ranging +0.02 - +0.05. Improvements with SDOH were smaller, and were none on top of CAC. CONCLUSIONS: CAC improves ASCVD risk stratification across the spectrum of social vulnerability, while SDOH fail to improve risk prediction beyond traditional RFs and CAC.

Lipoprotein(a) and Coronary Plaque in Asymptomatic Individuals: The Miami Heart Study at Baptist Health South Florida.

BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) are independently associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. However, the mechanisms driving this association are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the association between Lp(a) and coronary plaque characteristics in a contemporary US cohort without clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography, the noninvasive gold standard for the assessment of coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: We used baseline data from the Miami Heart Study-a community-based, prospective cohort study-which included asymptomatic adults aged 40 to 65 years evaluated using coronary computed tomography angiography. Those taking any lipid-lowering therapies were excluded. Elevated Lp(a) was defined as ≥125 nmol/L. Outcomes included any plaque, coronary artery calcium score >0, maximal stenosis ≥50%, presence of any high-risk plaque feature (positive remodeling, spotty calcification, low-attenuation plaque, napkin ring), and the presence of ≥2 high-risk plaque features. RESULTS: Among 1795 participants (median age, 52 years; 54.3% women; 49.6% Hispanic), 291 (16.2%) had Lp(a) ≥125 nmol/L. In unadjusted analyses, individuals with Lp(a) ≥125 nmol/L had a higher prevalence of all outcomes compared with Lp(a) <125 nmol/L, although differences were only statistically significant for the presence of any coronary plaque and ≥2 high-risk features. In multivariable models, elevated Lp(a) was independently associated with the presence of any coronary plaque (odds ratio, 1.40, [95% CI, 1.05-1.86]) and with ≥2 high-risk features (odds ratio, 3.94, [95% CI, 1.82-8.52]), although only 35 participants had this finding. Among participants with a coronary artery calcium score of 0 (n=1200), those with Lp(a) ≥125 nmol/L had a significantly higher percentage of any plaque compared with those with Lp(a) <125 nmol/L (24.2% versus 14.2%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary analysis, elevated Lp(a) was independently associated with the presence of coronary plaque. Larger studies are needed to confirm the strong association observed with the presence of multiple high-risk coronary plaque features.

Low monocytic HLA-DR expression in critically ill patients of sepsis: An indicator for antimicrobial and/or immunomodulatory intervention.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a result of suppressed host immune response which leads to fatal multi-organ dysfunctionality. Low frequency of active monocytes or reduced expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR on monocytes shows the suppressed immune response in sepsis patients. One of the well-studied markers in patients with sepsis is procalcitonin (PCT). The role of monocytic (m) HLA-DR expression has been monitored in sepsis and is being considered a marker of the severity of interim immuno-depression in these patients. The study describes the impact of HLA-DR expression on monocytes quantitatively using flow cytometry. METHODS: In this prospective study, we quantified monocytes and their HLA-DR expression in 20 patients of sepsis admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Serum levels of PCT and interleukin (IL)-6 production were also measured in these patients, and the results were compared with those in healthy controls. RESULTS: Monocyte frequency calculated was higher in sepsis patients as compared to healthy controls, however, HLA-DR expressing monocytes were significantly reduced as was the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of HLA-DR. Contrastingly, IL-6 and PCT levels were significantly high in sepsis than controls. The results suggest that low HLA-DR expression, combined with PCT, is a better prognostic parameter in the early phase of sepsis. CONCLUSION: Poor recovery of mHLA-DR may serve as an early guide for clinicians to assess the prognosis of sepsis patients and consider immunomodulatory therapy in its management.

Coronary Atherosclerosis Across the Glycemic Spectrum Among Asymptomatic Adults: The Miami Heart Study at Baptist Health South Florida.

BACKGROUND: The contemporary burden and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis, assessed using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), is unknown among asymptomatic adults with diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. The pooled cohort equations and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score stratify atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, but their association with CCTA findings across glycemic categories is not well established. METHODS: Asymptomatic adults without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease enrolled in the Miami Heart Study were included. Participants underwent CAC and CCTA testing and were classified into glycemic categories. Prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis (any plaque, noncalcified plaque, plaque with ≥1 high-risk feature, maximal stenosis ≥50%) assessed by CCTA was described across glycemic categories and further stratified by pooled cohort equations-estimated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and CAC score. Adjusted logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between glycemic categories and coronary outcomes. RESULTS: Among 2352 participants (49.5% women), the prevalence of euglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes was 63%, 30%, and 7%, respectively. Coronary plaque was more commonly present across worsening glycemic categories (euglycemia, 43%; prediabetes, 58%; diabetes, 69%), and similar pattern was observed for other coronary outcomes. In adjusted analyses, compared with euglycemia, prediabetes and diabetes were each associated with higher odds of any coronary plaque (OR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.05-1.60] and 1.75 [1.17-2.61], respectively), noncalcified plaque (OR, 1.47 [1.19-1.81] and 1.99 [1.38-2.87], respectively), and plaque with ≥1 high-risk feature (OR, 1.65 [1.14-2.39] and 2.53 [1.48-4.33], respectively). Diabetes was associated with stenosis ≥50% (OR, 3.01 [1.79-5.08]; reference=euglycemia). Among participants with diabetes and estimated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk <5%, 46% had coronary plaque and 10% had stenosis ≥50%. Among participants with diabetes and CAC=0, 30% had coronary plaque and 3% had stenosis ≥50%. CONCLUSIONS: Among asymptomatic adults, worse glycemic status is associated with higher prevalence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis, high-risk plaque, and stenosis. In diabetes, CAC was more closely associated with CCTA findings and informative in a larger population than the pooled cohort equations.

In-Hospital Characteristics and 30-Day Readmissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction and Major Bleeding in Patients With Active Cancer.

There are limited data on readmission with ischemic and major bleeding events in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with active cancer. The purpose of our study was to evaluate in-hospital characteristics and 30-day readmission rates for recurrent AMI and major bleeding by cancer type in patients with AMI and active cancer. From 2016 through 2018, patients in the Nationwide Readmission Database admitted with AMI and underlying active colon, lung, breast, prostate, and hematological cancers were included. Thirty-day readmission for recurrent AMI and major bleeding were reported. Of 1,524,677 index hospitalizations for AMI, 35,790 patients (2.2%) had cancer (0.9% hematological; 0.5% lung; 0.4% prostate; 0.2% breast; and 0.1% colon). Compared with patients without cancer, patients with cancer were about 6 to 10 years older and had a higher proportion of atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, previous stroke, and a greater co-morbidity burden. Of all cancer types, only active breast cancer (adjusted odds ratios 1.82, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.98) was found to be significantly associated with elevated odds of readmission for major bleeding; no such association was observed for recurrent AMI. In conclusion, AMI in patients with breast cancer is associated with significantly greater odds of readmission for major bleeding within 30 days after discharge. Management of patients with concomitant AMI and cancer is challenging but should be based on a multidisciplinary approach and estimation of an individual patient's risk of major coronary thrombotic and bleeding events.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients With COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by a clinical spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic or mild cases to severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring mechanical ventilation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used as rescue therapy in appropriate patients with COVID-19 complicated by ARDS refractory to mechanical ventilation. In this study, we review the indications, challenges, complications, and clinical outcomes of ECMO utilization in critically ill patients with COVID-19-related ARDS. Most of these patients required venovenous ECMO. Although the risk of mortality and complications is very high among patients with COVID-19 requiring ECMO, it is similar to that of non-COVID-19 patients with ARDS requiring ECMO. ECMO is a resource-intensive therapy, with an inherent risk of complications, which makes its availability limited and its use challenging in the midst of a pandemic. Well-maintained data registries, with timely reporting of outcomes and evidence-based clinical guidelines, are necessary for the careful allocation of resources and for the development of standardized utilization protocols.

Network Meta-Analysis Comparing the Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Alternative Access for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have pair-wise compared access sites for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) but pooled estimate of overall comparative efficacy and safety outcomes are not well known. We sought to compare short- and long-term outcomes following various alternative access routes for TAVR. METHODS: Thirty-four studies with a pooled sample size of 32,756 patients were selected by searching PubMed and Cochrane library databases from inception through 11th June 2021 for patients undergoing TAVR via 1 of 6 different access sites: Transfemoral (TF), Transaortic (TAO), Transapical (TA), Transcarotid (TC), Transaxillary/Subclavian (TSA), and Transcaval (TCV). Data were extracted to conduct a frequentist network meta-analysis with a random-effects model using TF access as a reference group. RESULTS: Compared with TF, both TAO [RR 1.91, 95% CI (1.46-2.50)] and TA access [RR 2.12, 95% CI (1.84-2.46)] were associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. No significant difference was observed for stroke, myocardial infarction, major bleeding, conversion to open surgery, and major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events at 30 days between different accesses. Major vascular complications were lower in TA [RR 0.43, (95% CI, 0.28-0.67)] and TC [RR 0.51, 95% CI (0.35-0.73)] access compared to TF. The 1-year mortality was higher in TAO [RR of 1.35, (95% CI, 1.01-1.81)] and TA [RR 1.44, (95% CI, 1.14-1.81)] groups. CONCLUSION: Non-thoracic alternative access site utilization for TAVR implantation (TC, TSA and TCV) is associated with outcomes similar to conventional TF access. Thoracic TAVR access (TAO and TA) translates into increased short and long-term mortality.

Role of pulmonary arterial capacitance in predicting mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial capacitance or compliance (PAC) has been reported as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (PH-LHD). METHODS: We conducted a literature search of PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library databases from July 30th to September 4th, 2020, and identified all the relevant studies reporting mortality outcomes in patients with PAH and PH-LHD. Pooled data from these studies were used to perform a meta-analysis to identify the role of PAC in predicting all-cause mortality in this subset of patients. RESULTS: Pooled data on 4997 patients from 15 individual studies showed that the mortality risk in patients with PAH and PH-LHD varies significantly per unit change in PAC either from baseline or during follow-up. A reduction in PAC per 1 ml/mmHg was associated with a 4.25 times higher risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI 1.42-12.71; p = 0.021) in PAH patients. Among patients with PH-LHD, mortality risk increased by ~30% following a unit decrease in PAC (HR, 1.29; p = 0.019), whereas an increase in PAC by 1 ml/mmHg lowered the mortality risk by 30% (HR, 0.70). CONCLUSION: PAC is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause mortality in both patients with PAH and PH-LHD. A decrease in PAC by 1 ml/mmHg from baseline or during follow-up significantly increases the risk of all-cause mortality among both patients with PAH and PH-LHD. Treatment modalities targeted at PAC improvement can affect the overall survival and quality of life in such patients.

Impact of congestive heart failure and role of cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to cause worse outcomes in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with acute cardiac injury, which is determined by elevated levels of high-sensitivity troponin. There is a paucity of data on the impact of congestive heart failure (CHF) on outcomes in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We conducted a literature search of PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases from 11/1/2019 till 06/07/2020, and identified all relevant studies reporting cardiovascular comorbidities, cardiac biomarkers, disease severity, and survival. Pooled data from the selected studies was used for metanalysis to identify the impact of risk factors and cardiac biomarker elevation on disease severity and/or mortality. RESULTS: We collected pooled data on 5967 COVID-19 patients from 20 individual studies. We found that both non-survivors and those with severe disease had an increased risk of acute cardiac injury and cardiac arrhythmias, our pooled relative risk (RR) was - 8.52 (95% CI 3.63-19.98) (p < 0.001); and 3.61 (95% CI 2.03-6.43) (p = 0.001), respectively. Mean difference in the levels of Troponin-I, CK-MB, and NT-proBNP was higher in deceased and severely infected patients. The RR of in-hospital mortality was 2.35 (95% CI 1.18-4.70) (p = 0.022) and 1.52 (95% CI 1.12-2.05) (p = 0.008) among patients who had pre-existing CHF and hypertension, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 infection appears to significantly adversely impact patient prognosis and survival. Pre-existence of CHF, and high cardiac biomarkers like NT-pro BNP and CK-MB levels in COVID-19 patients correlates with worse outcomes.

Percutaneous catheter drainage of uncomplicated amoebic liver abscess: prospective evaluation of a clinical protocol for catheter removal and the significance of residual collections.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with amoebic liver abscess (ALA) may require percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD). Once the PCD output is substantially reduced or has ceased along with clinical recovery, residual collections on radiological evaluation may concern the treating physicians. The prevalence and significance of such collections is unknown, and the subsequent approach how to tackle them is unclear. METHODS: Consecutive patients with one or more uncomplicated ALAs requiring drainage were prospectively enrolled from 3 hospitals and managed based on a standard approach. Catheter removal was attempted after the patients fulfilled all 4 of the following criteria: disappearance of abdominal pain, absence of fever for at least 48 h, an improving trend of TLC (documented on 2 consecutive reports), and catheter drain output of < 10 ml/day for at least 2 consecutive days. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients (mean age 46.6 ± 10.5 years, 93.6% males, 89.1% alcoholics) underwent PCD placement; 69 patients (69/110; 62.7%) met all 4 criteria within 5 days of PCD placement (optimal response) and had an uncomplicated course. Patients with suboptimal responses (41/110; 37.3%) were evaluated for local and systemic complications; the appearance of fresh collections (5/110; 4.5%), abscess rupture (2/110; 1.8%), bile leakage (3/110; 2.7%), cholangitis (2/110; 1.8%), thrombophlebitis (2/110; 1.8%) and hospital-acquired infections (2/110; 1.8%) were diagnosed and treated accordingly. Ultimately, PCD removal (based on the fulfilment of all 4 criteria) was universally successful after a median of 5 days (IQR, 4-9 days). None of the patients had symptom recurrence after PCD removal, although residual collections were still seen in 97.3% of patients at the time of PCD removal and in 92.1% and 84.9% of patients available for follow-up at 1 and 3 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on our clinical protocol, PCD removal in ALA can be successfully expedited even in the presence of residual collections. An inability to fulfill all 4 criteria within 5 days of PCD placement warrants further evaluations for local and systemic complications that require additional therapeutic measures.

Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019.

Hydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with several speculated mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the mechanisms surrounding hydroxychloroquine. The review is an in-depth analysis of the antimalarial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine, with detailed and novel pictorial explanations. The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine are related to potential cardiotoxic manifestations and demonstrate potential adverse effects when used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, current literature associated with hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 has been analyzed to interrelate the mechanisms, adverse effects, and use of hydroxychloroquine in the current pandemic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19. KEY MESSAGES HCQ, initially an antimalarial agent, is used as an immunomodulatory agent for managing several autoimmune diseases, for which its efficacy is linked to inhibiting lysosomal antigen processing, MHC-II antigen presentation, and TLR functions. HCQ is generally well-tolerated although severe life-threatening adverse effects including cardiomyopathy and conduction defects have been reported. HCQ use in COVID-19 should be discouraged outside clinical trials under strict medical supervision.

Iatrogenic Delayed Pneumothorax After Transbronchial Biopsy.

Transbronchial biopsy (TBB) is one of the commonly performed procedures by pulmonologists in everyday practice. Although the procedure has a very low-risk profile, complications often develop in certain patients. Pneumothorax is one such complication pertaining to TBB. As only a small percent of procedures get complicated by pneumothorax, handful of cases have been reported with its delayed occurrence in the past 5 decades. The purpose of our report is to highlight another uncommon yet interesting case of delayed iatrogenic pneumothorax in an immunocompromised patient after TBB. Although the chain of events behind the pathophysiology of delayed pneumothorax largely remain a mystery, its development has been linked to altered immune mechanics as they are frequently recognized in immunocompromised patients.

Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in COVID-19: Mounting Evidence.

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the binding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present on various locations such as the pulmonary alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. In COVID-19 patients, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with these receptors in the cerebral blood vessels has been attributed to stroke. Although the incidence of acute ischemic stroke is relatively low, ranging from 1% to 6%, the mortality associated with it is substantially high, reaching as high as 38%. This case series describes three distinct yet similar scenarios of COVID-19 positive patients with several underlying comorbidities, wherein two of the patients presented to our hospital with sudden onset right-sided weakness, later diagnosed with ischemic stroke, and one patient who developed an acute intracerebral hemorrhage during his hospital stay. The patients were diagnosed with acute stroke as a complication of COVID-19 infection. We also provide an insight into the possible mechanisms responsible for the life-threatening complication. Physicians should have a low threshold for suspecting stroke in COVID-19 patients, and close observation should be kept on such patients particularly those with clinical evidence of traditional risk factors.