[How Does Affect the Type of Instability after Total Hip Arthroplasty the Outcomes? Our Experience between 1999 and 2020]. / Jak ovlivnuje typ luxace TEP kycle výsledek lécby? Analýza souboru pacientu za období 1999­2020.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Dislocation is one of the most common early complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this manuscript, 20 years of experience with the management of this complication are presented, particularly in relation to the type of instability. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the period between January 1999 and December 2020, at least one dislocation occurred in 157 of 8 286 (1.9%) THA patients, of which 117 dislocations (1.6%) in primary and 40 (3.4%) in revision THAs. Almost all patients were operated on from the anterolateral approach during the follow-up period. The type of dislocation was evaluated using the modified Dorr classification. In the first dislocations, conservative approach was usually opted for, except for cases with a clear malposition, irreducible or unstable hips after the reduction. The minimum follow-up period was 18 months (18-240). The success rate of the chosen treatment approach was assessed by means of standard statistical methods. RESULTS The total dislocation rate in the follow-up period was 1.6% for primary THAs and 3.4% for revision THAs. The dislocation rate was slightly higher between 1999 and 2009 compared to the following decade (2.1% versus 1.3% for primary THAs; p=0.009). The most common type of dislocation was the positional dislocation (62%), followed by dislocations due to a combination of causes (17%) and component malposition (11%). Treatment of dislocation was successful in a total of 130 patients (130/157; 83%). Even though a stable hip was achieved in 21 patients (13%), the functional outcome was unsatisfactory, and in 6 patients (4%) we failed to achieve a stable hip. In the positional type of dislocation, the success rate of closed reduction following the first-time dislocation was 86.4% and a similar success rate was reported for reoperations in the first-time dislocations due to the malpositioned components (85.7%). In the second-time dislocation, the surgical therapy was significantly more reliable compared to closed reduction regardless of the type of dislocation (78.6% versus 46%). The treatment of dislocations following primary THAs showed comparable outcomes to those of the treatment of dislocations following revision THAs. Overall, the worst outcomes were achieved in patients with a combined type of dislocation. In total, the THA had to be removed in 11.5% of hips (18/157). The probability of final THA removal increased with the increasing order of dislocation. DISCUSSION In our group of patients, the dislocation rate in THA was comparable or lower than the published data. With the use of preventive measures, i.e. dual mobility cup or larger head diameters in high-risk patients, we managed to reduce the dislocation rate over time. The positional type of dislocation prevails in our group of patients just as in the previously published series, followed by instability from malposition of components. The modified Dorr classification is used to guide the treatment since it allows us not only to make good decision about the treatment modality but to some extent also to estimate the final outcome, particularly with respect to restoring a functional and stable hip. CONCLUSIONS The total dislocation rate was 1.6% for primary THAs and 3.4% for revision THAs. The first-time dislocation of the positional type shall be treated conservatively. Conversely, in the other types of dislocations and in recurrent dislocations, surgical treatment is more likely to achieve a good clinical outcome. The worst outcomes are to be expected in an instability due to combination of multiple causes, which leads to the removal of THA more often than in other types of dislocations. Also, the benefit of preventive measures in high-risk patients over time has been confirmed. Key words: total hip arthroplasty, dislocation, Dorr's classification, treatment strategy, outcomes, complications.

[Arthroscopic Bankart Repair with Remplissage for Anterior Instability: Functional Outcomes, Risk of Failure]. / Artroskopická Bankartova operace se soucasnou remplissage: funkcní výsledky, riziko selhání.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and the rate of recurrence in patients who had undergone arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage for anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 96 arthroscopic Bankart procedures with remplissage performed between 2013 and 2019 at our department in 93 patients (81 men and 12 women; with the mean age of 33 years). We gathered and analysed preoperative data, including a 3D-CT scan of the affected shoulder. Apart from stability, the functional results were assessed postoperatively using the WOSI, SSV, Rowe score, and by measuring the strength of shoulder girdle muscles. The non-parametric MannWhitney U-test was used to identify the predisposing factors for recurrence of glenohumeral instability. RESULTS The arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage was indicated in 74 shoulders for primary TUBS and in 22 shoulders as a revision procedure. The recurrent instability was observed in 13 of 96 operated shoulders (13.5%). Subjective instability (positive apprehension test in the extreme positions of the shoulder joint, in abduction and external rotation in particular) was reported by 10 patients (10/13; 77%), three patients experienced a redislocation of the glenohumeral joint in the postoperative follow-up (3/13 patients; 23%). The risk of recurrence of the glenohumeral instability was not correlated with either the number of previous stabilisation procedures, or any other preoperative or intraoperative parameters. Conversely, a new postoperative injury was a factor of key importance. The patients with recurrent instability (subjective instability or glenohumeral dislocation) achieved a significantly lower Rowe score, SSV, postoperative VAS, and worse overall satisfaction with the procedure compared to the group with no recurrent instability. The remplissage induced minor limitations of external rotation at 0° abduction and internal rotation at 90° abduction. After rehabilitation, the muscle strength of the operated shoulder in both groups was comparable to that of the untreated shoulder in all planes of the shoulder range of motion. DISCUSSION Our study confirms the clinical relevance of the addition of remplissage to the arthroscopic Bankart procedure for reducing the rate of recurrent glenohumeral instability in TUBS with a clinically significant Hill-Sachs lesion. Satisfaction with the surgical outcome is high; the functional outcomes are very good, including muscle strength. Surprisingly, though, the risk of recurrent instability does not correlate with the number of implants used in the stabilisation procedure. CONCLUSIONS Addition of remplissage to the arthroscopic Bankart stabilisation in patients with a clinically significant Hill-Sachs lesion shows a low risk of recurrence of glenohumeral instability after surgery compared to the conventional arthroscopic Bankart repair alone. The remplissage does cause minor restrictions in the glenohumeral joint external rotation, but it was not reflected in the satisfaction of patients or a lower clinical score of the shoulder joint. The preoperative assessment of the HillSachs lesion using the "glenoid track" on a 3D-CT scan helps improve the preoperative planning and prediction of outcomes of the stabilisation procedure. Key words: glenohumeral instability, Bankart defect, Hill-Sachs lesion, Bankart repair, remplissage, arthroscopy.

Fractional CO2 laser therapy of hypertrophic scars - evaluation of efficacy and treatment protocol optimization.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertrophic scars are an unwanted and mutilating consequence of deep burns, and are further exacerbated by extensive burn injuries. Fractional CO2 laser therapy is one of the methods for complex treatment of hypertrophic scars, it has been used since 2007 [1]. Although its effectiveness has been objectively proven in clinical practice, the optimal settings parameters have not been determined. To evaluate the effect of laser therapy, previously designed evaluation tools are used, which evaluate the quality of scars well, but fail to capture specific changes for the performed laser therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fractional CO2 laser therapy of hypertrophic scars is performed at the Department of Plastic and Esthetic Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, since 2017 and the systematic study took place in 2019-2020. In common, 25 hypertrophic scars were treated in 13 patients; each scar was treated by fractional CO2 laser therapy more than once. RESULTS: Statistical analysis detected statistically significant improvement of the texture of the scars and the improvement of overall functional and esthetic result. We found significant reduction of the height under 2 mm (62,5% of scars) in scars with the height > 2 mm before the initiation of laser therapy. Correlation analysis detected a statistically significant positive correlation between the energy of laser beam and the reduction volume of the scar protruding above the niveau of healthy surrounding tissue. Fractional CO2 laser therapy showed statistically significant efficacy in the reduction of the risks associated with full-format CO2 laser-therapy. Fractional treatment was very well tolerated by the patients. Topical 5% lidocaine gel was effective in 24 out of 25 patients. Further healing was without complications in all patients. CONCLUSION: Fractional CO2 laser therapy has achieved statistically significant improvement of the texture and reduction of hypertrophic scars and overall improvement of functional and esthetic result in our study.

Screening of RHD fetal genotype in RhD negative women.

OBJECTIVE: In the Czech Republic in all women within a first trimester screening a laboratory testing for RhD blood group from the peripheral blood should be performed. The aim of the screening is to diagnose RhD negative pregnant women, who may be at risk of developing RhD alloimmunization if the fetus is RhD positive. Currently, the prevention of RhD alloimmunization is carried out regardless of the knowledge of RHD fetal status. Already at the beginning of pregnancy it is possible to determine the RHD genotype of the fetus non-invasively due to cell free fetal DNA circulating in maternal peripheral blood detection. The issue of screening examination of fetal RHD genotype is solved worldwide. In some European countries, the examination is routinely established and thus contributes to the optimization of prenatal care for RhD negative pregnant women, immunoglobulin administration is targeted only in pregnancies with RhD positive fetus. The aim of our study is to evaluate clinical and laboratory effectiveness of fetal RHD genotype screening in RhD negative women by TaqMan Real-time PCR method. Designe: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of the Faculty of Medicine University Palacky and the University Hospital Olomouc; Institute of Medical Genetics of the Faculty of Medicine UP and the University Hospital Olomouc; Transfusion Department of the University Hospital Olomouc; Institute of Biophysics of the Faculty of Medicine UP Olomouc. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2011-2015 at the University Hospital Olomouc 337 examinations of RHD fetal genotype were performed in pregnant women in first and second trimester and evaluated by TaqMan Real-time PCR, followed by verification of the newborn RHD genotype. RESULTS: Methodology of fetal RHD genotype examination is accurate, reliable and useful in clinical practice. The sensitivity was 97.8%. The specificity was 98.7%. When assessing the effectiveness of the introduction of non- -invasive fetal RHD genotype screening in RhD negative women, it is necessary to assess the medical, organizational and economic aspects. More consistent prevention of RhD alloimmunization in the cases actually indicated may reduce the incidence of RhD alloimmunization. CONCLUSION: From the medical point of view the RHD genotype determination in all RhD negative women at the beginning of pregnancy seems effective. It allows to diagnose about 40% of pregnancies with RhD negative fetuses that do not require administration of IgG anti-D. IgG anti-D should be administered only in indicated cases. Determination of fetal RHD genotype by using TaqMan Real-time PCR is useful in clinical practice.

The effectiveness of KEL and RHCE fetal genotype assessment in alloimmunized women by minisequencing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the fetal KEL and RHCE genotype assessment in alloimmunized pregnant women by minisequencing. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of the Faculty of Medicine UP and the University Hospital Olomouc; Institute of Medical Genetics of the Faculty of Medicine UP and the University Hospital Olomouc; Transfusion Department of the University Hospital Olomouc; Institute of Biophysics of the Faculty of Medicine UP Olomouc. SUBJECT AND METHOD: In the years 2001-2019, 366 samples of pregnant women in the first and second trimester were assessed KEL (n = 327) or RHCE (n = 39) genotype from the free fetal DNA circulating in the peripheral blood by minisequencing. The genotype of the fetus was verified from the buccal smear of the newborn. RESULTS: The KEL genotype was assessed in 327 women (the presence of a variant of the KEL1 alele, which corresponds to the presence of the erythrocyte antigen “K“. The analysis failed in 2 cases (2/327), 16 heterozygote women (KEL1/KEL2) were excluded and in the case of 309 homozygote women (KEL2/KEL2) the fetal KEL genotype was assessed. In the case of 95.8% of the fetuses (296/309) and 95.5% of the newborns (295/309), the KEL2/KEL2 genotype was assessed. In the case of 4.2 % of the fetuses (13/309) and 4.5% of the newborns (14/309), the KEL1/KEL2 genotype was assessed. The sensitivity was 92.86%. The specificity was 100%. The RHCE genotype was assessed in 39 women. In the case of 22 women, the presence of a variant of the RHCE gene, which corresponds to the presence of the erythrocyte antigen “C“/“c“, was assessed. 5 heterozygote women (C/c) were excluded. In the case of 11 homozygote women (C/C), the RHCE genotype was assessed. In the case of 64% (7/11) of the fetuses and newborns, the C/c genotype was assessed, in the case of 36% (4/11) the C/C genotype was assessed. In the case of 6 homozygote women (c/c), the RHCE genotype was assessed. In the case of 67% (4/6) of the fetuses and newborns, the C/c genotype was assessed, in the case of 33% (2/6) the c/c genotype was assessed. The sensitivity and specificity were 100%. In the case of 17 women, the presence of the variant of the RHCE gene, which corresponds to the presence of the erythrocyte antigen “E“/“e“, was assessed. 1 heterozygote woman (E/e) was excluded. In the case of 16 homozygote women (e/e), the RHCE genotype was assessed. In the case of 75% (12/16) of the fetuses and newborns, the e/e genotype was assessed, in the case of 25% (4/16) the E/e genotype was assessed. The sensitivity and specificity were 100%. CONCLUSION: The minisequencing method using the capillary electrophoresis enabled a reliable detection of the fetal KEL and RHCE genotype from the peripheral blood of pregnant women.

Robotic paraaortic lymphadenectomy in oncogynecology. Double side docking of daVinci S system increases the success rates of high paraaortic lymph node dissection in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of minimally invasive approaches to suprapelvic lymphadenectomy and compare two different methods of staging robotic transperitoneal paraaortic lymphadenectomies in patients with early stages of endometrial cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective study and literature review. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, University Hospital Olomouc. METHODS: In this retrospective study we enrolled 70 patients with early stages of endometrial cancer undergoing staging robotic surgery at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Olomouc from January 2016 to March 2018. Primary systematic pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy was suggested in all patients. In 39 out of 70 patients single docking was used for robotic staging surgery, whereas in 28 patients the procedure was done using double side docking approach. Number of patients with total and infra-renal suprapelvic lymphadenectomy, number of para-aortic lymphonodes retrieved and the rate of lymphadenectomy complications were compared. RESULTS: Robotic surgery was performed in 67 (96%) out of 70 patients. In three cases (0,4%) laparoscopy was converted to laparotomy. Single side docking was used in 39 cases (58%), whereas in 28 patients (42%) double side docking was used. Paraaortic lymhadenectomy was performed in 45 cases (67%). In 16 patients (24%) the upper limit of the left renal wein was reached. Upper limit of paraaortic lymphadenectomy was above inferior mesenteric artery but did not reach left renal vein in 19 cases (28%). Inferior mesenteric represented upper limit of paraaortic lymphadenectomy in 10 patients (15%). Number of paraaortic lymphonodes retrived (4,9 ± 3,3 vs 3,7 ± 4,9, p = 0,028) as well as number of paraaortic lymphadenectomies with upper limit at the left renal vein (p < 0,0001) was higher in double side docking cases. Complication rates were low in both groups and the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: Number of lymphonodes retrieved as well as the number of paraaortic lymphadenectomy cases with upper limit at the left renal vein was higher in double side docking group. Operating time, complication and conversion rates were low without differences between both groups.

The impact of ECG synchronization during acquisition of left­atrium computed tomography model on radiation dose and arrhythmia recurrence rate after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation - a prospective, randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of ECG gating during computed tomography (CT) acquisition of left atrium (LA) model on radiation dose, image quality and ablation event-free survival rate after catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is not well defined. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were randomized for two types of LA CT (with vs without ECG gating) before CA. Pulmonary veins isolation was performed in all patients. Patients were followed for 12 months after CA. RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups in CA length (131.61±32.57 vs 119.84±33.18 min; p=0.108), CA fluoroscopy time (4.48±2.19 vs 3.89±1.83 min; p=0.251), CA fluoroscopy dose (3.99±2.79 vs 3.91 vs2.91 Gy*cm2; p=0.735), visual data quality (1.77±0.88 vs 2.0±0.63; p=0.102) and registration error (2.42±0.72 vs 2.43±0.46 mm; p=0.612). We found a significant difference in CT Dose index (89.55±5.99 vs 19.19±4.33 mGy; p<0.0001) and Dose Length product (1438.87±147.75 vs 328.21±73.83 mGy*cm; p<0.0001). Twelve months after CA, 25 of 31 patients in the gated group and 24 of 31 patients in the non-gated group were free of AF (80.65 vs 77.42 %; p=0.838). CONCLUSION: ECG gating of computed tomography of LA before AF ablation burdens patients with a four times higher radiation dose while improving neither the quality of CT model or fusion of CT with the electroanatomic map. As a result, it has no significant impact on arrhythmia recurrence rate after ablation (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 25).

Using three-dimensional digital models to establish alveolar morphotype.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to propose a classification of alveolar morphotype and assess a relationship between extraction/non-extraction orthodontic treatment and changes to the alveolar process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five subjects (mean age = 23.2, SD = 5.1) were selected. Areas of the sections of the alveolar process (ASAP) at three different levels (0, 2, and 4 mm) were measured on pre- and post-treatment three-dimensional digital models. Method reliability was analysed using Dahlberg's formula, intraclass correlation coefficient, and paired t-tests. RESULTS: The mean ASAP was smallest at level 0 and largest at level 4. Pre-treatment ASAP < 773 mm2, < 863.9 mm2, and < 881.1 mm2 at levels 0, 2, and 4 mm, respectively, should be described as a "thin" alveolar morphotype. Regression models showed that pre-treatment ASAP was a predictor of the change of the alveolus during treatment only at level 2. CONCLUSIONS: Patients for whom pre-treatment ASAP is < 773 mm2, < 863.9 mm2, and < 881.1 mm2 at levels 0, 2, and 4 mm, respectively, should be described as having a "thin" alveolar morphotype. In these patients, extraction treatment, associated with a decrease in the alveolus area, should be exercised with caution.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation after fludarabine, melphalan and thymoglobulin followed by early withdrawal of prophylactic immunosuppression in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia - update of single center study.

Presented are updated results of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) in 25 adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in complete remission (CR) after a reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) combining fludarabine (150 mg/m2) and melphalan (140 mg/m2) with thymoglobulin (4.5 mg/kg or recently 4.0 mg/kg) followed by early initiation of reduction and withdrawal of prophylactic posttransplant immunosuppression. The median post-transplant follow-up was 32 (range, 4-87) months. Stable engraftment of donor's hematopoiesis was achieved in all patients. Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) as well as the chronic one were equally observed in four cases (16%). Five patients (20%) relapsed with ALL in the median of 9 (range, 3-15) months after HSCT. During the above post-transplant follow-up, 4 recipients (16%) died. Disease progression and posttransplant complications were the cause of death in three (12%) and one (4%) of them, respectively. The probabilities of 2-year event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 70.3% (95% CI 51.9-88.7%) and 86.1% (95% CI 71.6-100%), respectively. Presented study confirmed our previously reported promising results and this approach may be considered as an alternative to traditional HSCTs performed in high-risk patients with ALL.

Detection of the etiological agents of hospital-acquired pneumonia - validity and comparison of different types of biological sample collection: a prospective, observational study in intensive care patients.

BACKGROUND: There is still a lack of evidence as to which method of biological sample collection is optimal for identifying bacterial pathogens causing hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Much effort has been made to find an easy and valid approach to be used in clinical practice. METHODS: The primary endpoint of this prospective, observational study was to determine the predictive value of oropharyngeal swab (OS) and gastric aspiration (GA) as simple and non-invasive methods for diagnosing HAP. Their efficacy was compared to endotracheal aspiration (ETA) and protected specimen brushing (PSB), the standard methods approved for HAP diagnosis. RESULTS: Initially, 56 patients were enrolled. Significant amounts of bacterial pathogens were detected in 48 patients (79 isolates) in Round A and in 39 patients (45 isolates) in Round B (after 72 hours). The sensitivity rates were: ETA 98%, PSB 31%, OS 64% and GA 67% in Round A and ETA 87%, PSB 32%, OS 74% and GA 42% in Round B. Strains of 12 bacterial species were identified in the samples. The three most common etiological agents (both rounds together) were Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.7%), Burkholderia multivorans (21.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Blind ETA is an optimum method for obtaining biological samples for identification of etiological agents causing HAP in intubated patients. Microbial etiological agents were more frequently detected in ETA samples than in those collected by PSB. If ETA/PSB results are negative, samples may be collected by OS and/or GA as these techniques followed ETA in terms of the frequency of pathogen detection.

[Comparison of vaginal use of micronized progesterone for the luteal support. Randomized study comparison of Utrogestan and Crinone 8]. / Srovnání vaginálního uzití mikronizovaného progesteronu k luteální podpore. Randomizovaná studie porovnávající Utrogestan a Crinone 8.

OBJECTIVE: The study was focused on comparison of efficiency, safety and tolerance of vaginal use of micronized progesterone in preparations Utrogestan and Crinone 8%. DESIGN: Prospective randomized study. SETTING: Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, University Hospital, Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: Into a prospective randomized study was, after calculation of 80% of the power of the study, α = 0,05, included 111 women in age between 18-40 with a basal value FSH < 10 IU/l and a normal finding in uteral cavity. After evaluation of efficiency of both preparations there was selected a fertilization rate, an implantation rate, a pregnancy rate and a take-home baby rate. Comparison of tolerance was made from evaluation of 21 parameters which were obtained through a questionnaire. RESULTS: There were not been proven any significant differences in efficiency between both preparations. Crinone 8% was in patients better tolerated. CONCLUSION: Luteal support within the IVF/ICSI-ET remains an integral part of the treatment. According to the outcomes of the study it seems to be more suitable to use a vaginal gel for the luteal support with micronized progesterone.

[Local Application of Tranexamic Acid in Total Hip Arthroplasty Decreases Blood Loss and Consumption of Blood Transfusion]. / Lokální aplikace kyseliny tranexamové u TEP kycle snizuje krevní ztráty a spotrebu krevních transfuzí.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The primary aim of our study was to identify the effects of local application of tranexamic acid (TXA, Exacyl) on the amount of postoperative blood loss and blood transfusion requirement in primary total hip arthroplasty. We also recorded the levels of postoperative haemoglobin and its drop in early period after surgery. In each patient, we monitored in detail the incidence of early complications (haematoma, wound exudate). Lastly, the economic aspect of TXA administration was also taken into account. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective study included a total of 312 patients (122 men and 190 women) undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) at our department between January 2012 and November 2015. The patients enrolled in the study were divided into the intervention group with local (intra-articular) application of TXA and the control group without using TXA. Each group had 156 patients. The mean age of patients in the group with TXA was 65.6 years and the most frequent indication for THA surgery was primary osteoarthritis (59.0 %). The groups did not show any differences in basic characteristics, which was statistically verified. In each patient the volume of postoperative drainage, total blood loss, including the hidden loss, was recorded. In postoperative period, we monitored the haemoglobin levels and haematocrit. On discharge of each patient from the hospital, the size and site of a haematoma, wound exudate if still present even after postoperative day 4 and early surgical revision were evaluated. RESULTS In the group with TXA the blood losses from drains were significantly lower compared to the control group (493.4 ± 357.1 ml vs. 777.3 ± 382.5 ml; p < 0.0001). The median value for total blood loss (i.e. drainage volume and hidden loss) in the group with TXA was by 29.5 % lower than the median in the group without TXA (689.2 vs. 977.1 ml). The mean total blood loss (intraoperative + postoperative) was 783.8 ± 478.6 ml (mean ± standard deviation) in the patients with TXA and 1079.7 ± 487.1 ml in the second group without TXA. The difference in the total blood loss volume was significant (p < 0.0001). In the group with TXA the consumption of blood transfusion was significantly lower by 50 % (20 vs. 40 units), (p = 0.0004). The patients with TXA also reported a significantly lower consumption of allogeneic blood (p = 0.004), a higher level of postoperative haemoglobin (p < 0.0001) and a lower mean drop of haemoglobin (p < 0.0001). We did not observe any significant differences in the incidence of haematomas (p = 0.644). No higher volume of wound drainage and joint swelling after postoperative day 4 in patients with TXA was found (p = 0.565; p = 0.242). The TXA group did not show a higher rate of surgical revision (p = 1.000). The total economic costs of blood transfusion requirements were significantly lower in the TXA group than in the control group (p = 0.004), including consumption of autologous transfusions and blood salvage (p < 0.0001). DISCUSSION The main effect of the local application of TXA is to reduce bleeding which should result in lower postoperative blood loss and consumption of allogenic blood transfusion. The advantage of the local application of TXA is its easy application and maximum concentration of TXA at the surgical site. In addition, a potential harm associated with a systemic administration of a higher TXA dose is reduced because of only minimal TXA resorption into the circulation. According to a number of recent studies, the local application of TXA achieves comparable results to its intravenous application. The economic benefit of TXA intervention is also worth considering. CONCLUSIONS The local application of TXA is an effective and, simultaneously, safe method to reduce perioperative blood loss and consumption of blood transfusions and also to decrease the costs of hospital stay in the patients after THA. Another advantage of the local application is the need to administer one dose only, whereas at least two doses need to be administered intravenously in order to achieve the same effect. No significant complications were observed in the patients with TXA. According to the recent literature, it is therefore appropriate to include the local application of TXA among the recommended procedures for THA, as is the case in total knee arthroplasty. Key words: tranexamic acid, local application, blood loss, hidden blood loss, THA, total hip arthroplasty, complications.

[Influence of Enhanced Recovery Regime on Early Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty]. / Vliv intenzifikovaného pooperacního rezimu na casné výsledky TEP kolena.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Our study compared early outcomes of total knee arthroplasty performed in conventional and enhanced perioperative care regimes, i.e. without the use of Redon drain, with intensified perioperative analgesia and more frequent and intensive rehabilitation regime in the latter. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective study included 194 patients (76 men and 118 women) implanted with primary knee endoprosthesis. The mean age was 68.8 (44.7 - 88.0 years). The patients were divided into two groups - the "enhanced" and "conventional" procedures. In the first group, Redon suction drain was not inserted at the end of the surgery, and the patients commenced passive knee mobility exercise of the operated knee immediately after being brought back from the operating theatre. The general anaesthesia was supplemented by a combined femoral nerve block and wound infiltration with local anaesthetics. The second group comprised the patients who underwent conventional surgery, i.e. with the use of drain, without femoral nerve block, with no wound infiltration with local anaesthetics, and without immediate post-operative mobilization of the joint. The evaluation was carried out using regular clinical tools (subjective evaluation, objective examination, questionnaire and Knee Society Score (KSS)). Standard statistical methods were applied to data processing. RESULTS The patients under the "conventional regime" showed a significantly sharper drop in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, higher consumption of blood transfusion and analgesics during the first three days after the surgery. The patients under the "enhanced regime" showed a better range of joint motion at hospital discharge, flexion in particular (p = 0.001). During the hospital stay no frequent swelling, secretion or wound reddening was reported in any of the monitored groups. In the "conventional" group, however, haematomas were more frequently present. The postoperative checks did not reveal any differences in satisfaction of the patients with the surgery. At the first follow-up examination at the outpatient department the "conventional" group patients more often reported knee pain and a feeling of a swollen knee. Nonetheless, their statements did not correspond with the VAS score. In the period between the 6th and 12th months following the surgery, the differences in the range of motion disappeared. The KSS showed a noticeable improvement in both the groups as against the preoperative values. In the "enhanced" group patients, the score increased dramatically at the beginning, whereas in the "conventional" group, the score was growing slowly and gradually until the last follow-up check after the surgery. The "conventional" group patients more frequently reported infectious complications (surface and deep wound infections: 4 vs. 2 patients) requiring a revision surgery (p = 0.024). DISCUSSION Recently, attention has been drawn to the rapid recovery approach, which eliminated postoperative immobilization and enabled the patient to start exercising already on the day of the surgery, with some patients even walking independently. The individual enhanced recovery regimes differ in details but mostly result in achieving the aim much sooner when compared to the conventional approaches. The patients under the enhanced recovery regimes can accomplish better functional outcomes in the first few months after the surgery than the patients undergoing the surgery under the conventional regime. The routine use of Redon drains in TKA is obviously unnecessary; it tends to be associated with a higher blood loss and a higher risk of prosthetic joint infection. CONCLUSIONS The TKA implant without suction drains combined with intensified perioperative analgesia and intensive postoperative rehabilitation is a safe way to earlier recovery of the function of the operated knee, or, by extension, the lower limb. The described approach is not associated with a higher risk of perioperative complications (bleeding, healing disorders or early infections). Patients also benefit from lower blood losses. Based on the results of our study, we recommend performing the TKA surgeries routinely without drains, with perioperative analgesia and immediate postoperative joint mobilization. Key words: total knee arthroplasty; perioperative care; rapid recovery; drainage; active movement; postoperative outcomes; pain; infection.

Transcranial Sonography of the Insula: Digitized Image Analysis of Fusion Images with Magnetic Resonance.

Purpose: Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) of brain parenchyma is increasingly used as a diagnostic tool for movement disorders. Accordingly, experimental B-Mode Assist software was developed to enable digitized analysis of the echogenicity of predefined brain regions. The aim of the study was to assess the reproducibility of digitized TCS image analysis of the insula. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 patients with an indication for neurosonological examination were screened for participation in the study. The insula was imaged from the right temporal bone window using Virtual Navigator and TCS-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) fusion imaging. All subjects were examined three times by two experienced sonographers. Corresponding images of the insula in the axial thalamic plane were encoded and digitally analyzed. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used for the assessment of intra- and inter-reader as well as intra- and inter-investigator reliabilities. Results: TCS images of 114 patients were evaluated (21 patients with TIA, 53 patients with headache, 18 patients with essential tremor, 22 patients with neurodegerative disease). 16 patients were excluded from analysis due to insufficient bone window. The intra-reader, inter-reader, intra-investigator and inter-investigator ICCs/Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were 0.995/0.993, 0.937/0.921, 0.969/0.961 and 0.875/0.858, resp. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a high reliability to reproduce echogenicity values of the insula using digitized image analysis and TCS-MRI fusion images with almost perfect intra-reader, inter-reader, intra-investigator and inter-investigator agreement.

[Intra-Articular Application of Tranexamic Acid Significantly Reduces Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirement in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty]. / Lokální aplikace kyseliny tranexamové významne snizuje mnozství krevních ztrát a spotrebu krevních transfuzí po primární TEP kolena.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of topical application of tranexamic acid (TXA, Exacyl) on the amount of post-operative blood loss, and blood transfusion requirement in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Attention was paid to early complications potentially associated with TXA administration, such as haematoma, wound exudate, or knee swelling. In addition, the economic benefit of TXA treatment was also taken into account. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 238 patients (85 men and 153 women) who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at our department between January 2013 and November 2015. A group of 119 patients (41 men and 78 women) received intraarticular TXA injections according to the treatment protocol (TXA group). A control group matched in basic characteristics to the TXA group also consisted of 119 patients. The average age in the TXA group was 69.8 years, and the most frequent indication for TKA surgery was primary knee osteoarthritis (81.5%). In each patient, post-operative volume of blood lost from drains and total blood loss including hidden blood loss were recorded, as well as post-operative haemoglobin and haematocrit levels. On discharge of each patient from hospital, the size and site of a haematoma; wound exudate, if present after post-operative day 4; joint swelling; range of motion and early revision surgery, if performed, were evaluated. Requirements of analgesic drugs after surgery were also recorded. RESULTS In the TXA group, blood losses from drains were significantly lower than in the control group (456.7 ± 270.8 vs 640.5 ±448.2; p = 0.004). The median value for blood losses from drains was lower by 22% and the average value for total blood loss, including hidden losses, was also lower than in the control group (762.4 ± 345.2 ml vs 995.5 ± 457.3 ml). The difference in the total amount of blood loss between the two groups was significant (p = 0.0001), including hidden blood loss (p = 0.030). The TXA patients had significantly fewer requirements for allogeneic blood transfusion (p < 0.0004), higher post-operative haemoglobin levels (p = 0.014), lower incidence of haematomas (p = 0.0003), and a significantly higher flexion degree on discharge from hospital (p < 0.0001). No higher volume of wound drainage was found (p = 1.000). Only one patient of the TXA group underwent revision surgery due to wound healing disturbance. The total costs of blood transfusion requirements were significantly lower in the TXA group than in the control group (p = 0.0004). DISCUSSION Topical administration allows the antifibrinolytic effect of TXA to act directly at a bleeding site. Its advantages involve easy application, maximum TXA concentration at the site of application, no danger associated with administration of a higher TXA dose and minimal TXA resorption into the circulation. On the other hand, there are no exact instructions for an effective and safe topical application of TXA and some authors are concerned that a coagulum arising after TXA application might affect soft tissue behaviour (healing, swelling, rehabilitation) or result in infection. CONCLUSIONS The study showed the efficacy and safety of topical TXA administration resulting in lower peri-operative bleeding, fewer blood transfusion requirements and higher haemoglobin levels after TKA. The patients treated with TXA had less knee swelling, lower incidence of haematomas and used fewer analgesic drugs in the early post-operative period. The economic benefit is also worth considering. In agreement with the recent literature, it is suggested to add topical TXA application to the recommended procedures for TKA surgery. Key words: tranexamic acid, Exacyl, topical application, intra-articular application, blood loss, hidden blood loss, total knee arthroplasty, complications.

Randomized clinical trial comparing neurological outcomes after carotid endarterectomy or stenting.

BACKGROUND: Silent infarction in the brain can be detected in around 34 per cent of patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and 54 per cent after carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). This study compared the risk of new infarctions in the brain in patients undergoing CEA or CAS. METHODS: Consecutive patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis exceeding 70 per cent were screened for inclusion in this prospective study. Patients with indications for intervention, and eligible for both methods, were allocated randomly to CEA or CAS. Neurological examination, cognitive function tests and MRI of the brain were undertaken before and 24 h after intervention. RESULTS: Of 150 randomized patients, 73 (47 men; mean age 64·9(7·1) years) underwent CEA and 77 (58 men; 66·4(7·5) years) had CAS. New infarctions on MRI were found more frequently after CAS (49 versus 25 per cent; P = 0·002). Lesion volume was also significantly greater after CAS (P = 0·010). Multiple logistic regression analyses identified intervention in the right ICA as the only independent predictor of brain infarction (odds ratio 2·10, 95 per cent c.i. 1·03 to 4·25; P = 0·040). Stroke or transient ischaemic attack occurred in one patient after CEA and in two after CAS. No significant differences were found in cognitive test results between the groups. CONCLUSION: These data confirm a higher risk of silent infarction in the brain on MRI after CAS in comparison with CEA, but without measurable change in cognitive function. REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01591005 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation after fludarabine, melphalan and thymoglobulin followed by early withdrawal of prophylactic immunosuppression could be an effective approach to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Presented are results of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) in 13 patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the first complete remission after a reduced intensity conditioning combining fludarabine (150 mg/m2) and melphalan (140 mg/m2) with thymoglobulin (4.5 mg/kg). The immunosuppressive effect of T-cell depletion reducing the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and non-relapse mortality was compensated by early initiation of reduction and withdrawal of prophylactic immunosuppression aimed at maintaining effective immunological antileukemic control. The median post-transplant follow-up was 23 (range, 10-65) months. Stable engraftment of donor's hematopoiesis was achieved in all patients. Acute GVHD was observed in two cases (15.4%); the chronic form was not noted. Two patients (15.4%) relapsed with ALL at 3 and 16 months after transplantation. During the above post-transplant follow-up, all 13 recipients were alive, with a probability of 2-year disease-free survival of 76.9% (95% CI 51-100%). Although the results were obtained with a small pilot study group it may be assumed that, given the prognostic risk of most patients and the nearly 2-year median post-transplant follow-up, the approach may be considered as an alternative to HSCTs after traditional myeloablative or reduced conditioning regimens with standard GVHD prophylaxis.

Reliability of the cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of the cervical vertebrae maturation method (CVM). BACKGROUND: Skeletal maturity estimation can influence the manner and time of orthodontic treatment. The CVM method evaluates skeletal growth on the basis of the changes in the morphology of cervical vertebrae C2, C3, C4 during growth. These vertebrae are visible on a lateral cephalogram, so the method does not require an additional radiograph. METHODS: In this website based study, 10 orthodontists with a long clinical practice (3 routinely using the method - "Routine user - RU" and 7 with less experience in the CVM method - "Non-Routine user - nonRU") rated twice cervical vertebrae maturation with the CVM method on 50 cropped scans of lateral cephalograms of children in circumpubertal age (for boys: 11.5 to 15.5 years; for girls: 10 to 14 years). Kappa statistics (with lower limits of 95% confidence intervals (CI)) and proportion of complete agreement on staging was used to evaluate intra- and inter-assessor agreement. RESULTS: The mean weighted kappa for intra-assessor agreement was 0.44 (range: 0.30-0.64; range of lower limits of 95% CI: 0.12-0.48) and for inter-assessor agreement was 0.28 (range: -0.01-0.58; range of lower limits of 95% CI: -0.14-0.42). The mean proportion of identical scores assigned by the same assessor was 55.2 %(range: 44-74 %) and for different pairs of assessors was 42 % (range: 16-68 %). CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of the CVM method is questionable and if orthodontic treatment should be initiated relative to the maximum growth, the use of additional biologic indicators should be considered (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 24).

[Prebioptic methods in the cervical cancer screening]. / Prebioptické metody pri screeningu karcinomu delozního hrdla.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between Pap smears, colposcopic findings and definitive excisional specimen in patients with abnormal Pap smears. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Center of outpatient gynecology and primary care, Brno; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Olomouc; Department of Medical Biophysics, Palacky University, Olomouc.Subjects and methods of the study: This retrospective study assessed the correlation between colposcopy and histopathology of woman who had abnormal Pap smears. Colposcopic chart review included participants from 2008 to 2012 who attended colposcopic clinic, center of outpatient gynecology care, Brno. RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred and twenty five patients screened by cytology, submitted to colposcopy and subjected to cone biopsy were selected. Cytopathological results were compared with colposcopic findings and results obtained on the basis of histological analyses of cone biopsy specimen. Agreement of cytology and histopathological diagnosis was in 1199 patients (62.3%). Agreement of colposcopic diagnosis and cervical pathology was matched in 1492 (93.5%). Agreement of colposcopy and cytology was found in 1022 pacientek (64.1%). False negatives of cytology in high grade lesions were in 36.4%. CONCLUSION: Strength of agreement between colposcopic diagnosis and cervical pathology was found to be very good while for cytology high percentage of false negative results was seen. Expert colposcopists and high quality standard cytopathologic and bioptic laboratories are necessary for nationwide cervical screening programmes. KEYWORDS: cervical cancer, colposcopy, oncological cytology, histology, CIN, cone biopsy.

[Use of artifiial bone in lateral interbody fusion of the lumbar spine: a prospective radiographic study]. / Pouzití umelé kostní náhrady pri laterální mezitelové fúzi na bederní páteri: prospektivní radiologická studie.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the extent of fusion using synthetic ß-tricalcium phosphate as a bone substitute in extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective study, patients undergoing XLIF with an Oracle cage filed with the artifiial bone ChronOs Strip (Synthes, USA) were evaluated. The group consisted of 61 patients, 33 women and 28 men, with an average age of 50.9 years (range, 21 to 73 years). A total of 64 segments were operated on. Stand-alone interbody fusion was performed in 14 segments, lateral plate fiation in 19, transpedicular (TP) fiation before XLIF was carried out in 14 and TP fiation after XLIF in 17 segments. At one-year follow-up, dynamic X-rays to exclude instability, and CT images were obtained in order to evaluate the extent of bone fusion outside the implant (complete fusion, partial fusion, no fusion) and inside it (% of the bone fusion surface area). In addition, bone mineral density following fusion mass bone quality (expressed in Hounsfild units [HU]) was assessed inside the implant at the site of ChronOs Strip placement, using a region of interest (ROI) analysis. For the evaluation of fusion bone quality inside the implant on CT scans with HU qualifiation, the authors propose the following scale: 1. no fusion (0-99 HU) 2. Uncertain fusion (100-190 HU) 3. Probable fusion (200-299 HU) 4. Reliable fusion (300 and more HU) All results were statistically evaluated in relation to the gender, age, treated segment, surgical diagnosis, method of fiation, implant height and intervertebral space reduction at one-year follow-up. RESULTS: Fusion outside the implant was complete in 18 segments (28%) and partial in 27 (42%); in 19 segments (30%) it was not detected. The bone fusion surface area inside the implant was 54.5% (0-100%) on the average. It was related to age and implant height; the surface area increased with increasing age and with increasing implant height. Solid bone fusion inside the implant, as assessed on CT images using HU, was reliable in 36 segments (56%), probable in 11 (17%), uncertain in 10 (16%) and was not detected in seven segments (11%). A signifiant relationship was found between the quality of bone fusion and the type of fiation. Of the segments treated by stand-alone XLIF, 29% showed no fusion while the segments managed by lateral plate fiation had 32% of them with probable fusion. Correlations were also found with the height of an implant (the higher the implant, the more reliable its fusion), with age (the higher age, the higher bone density) and with the spinal level (the lower level, the lower bone density). In 45 (70%) segments, bone mineral density inside the implant was higher than the density of surrounding spongious bone. The average density inside the implant was 333.7 HU (14-1075) and that of the surrounding bone was 244.6 HU (66-500). The intervertebral space was reduced by an average of 1.1 mm (0-6.2). All treated segments were found stable on dynamic X-rays. DISCUSSION: The use of a tricortical bone graft collected from the iliac crest is associated with pain at the harvest donor site in 2.8% to 39% of the cases, and this has been an impetus for many surgeons to use bone substitutes. In terms of the final outcome, i.e., solid bone fusion, the difference between the resorption rates of allogenous graft/artificial bone and ingrowth of autologous bone (from vertebral bodies) plays the most decisive role. CONCLUSIONS: The change of (3-tricalcium phosphate to bone tissue is not always reliable and this can largely be expected when the resorption rate of ChronOs strip is low, i.e., at higher patient age and with a higher height of the implant.The authors recommend increasing the probability of solid fusion in XLIF by using lateral plate fixation.The method of assessing bone fusion by measuring bone density on CT scans proved to be useful because of its objectivity, and it can replace the current assessments based only on subjective judgement.