The health and economic burden associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in Trinidad and Tobago.

BACKGROUND: In Trinidad and Tobago, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death. Unhealthy diet is one modifiable NCD risk factor, which contributes to the NCD burden. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been associated with an increased risk of NCDs. AIM: The aim of this paper is to estimate the burden of disease and economic costs associated with the consumption of SSBs in Trinidad and Tobago as evidence to support the implementation of health and fiscal policies on SSB consumption. METHODS: The results of this study were obtained through the use of a mathematical model which used a comparative risk assessment approach to estimate the health and economic burden associated with SSB intake, by sex and age. RESULTS: Estimates for one year showed that SSB consumption was associated with approximately 15,000 cases of overweight and obesity in adults and 11,700 cases in children, 28% of all the cases of diabetes and overall, an estimated 387 deaths and 9000 years of healthy life were lost due to premature death and disability. Approximately US$23.1 million was spent in the public healthcare system to treat diseases associated with consumption of sugary beverages. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of SSBs is associated with increases in diseases, deaths and rising healthcare costs in Trinidad and Tobago. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide an added rationale and impetus for the implementation of policies to reduce the consumption of SSBs.

Sociodemographic and dietary influences on perceptions of eating habits in Jamaica.

Objective: To evaluate how sociodemographic factors and food intake affect survey respondents' perceptions of the quality of their diet. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis is based on a nonprobability sample of 374 participants in Jamaica aged ≥18 years. The three-stage process used a simple random sample to select three parishes; the main commercial areas of each parish were chosen for sampling. To ensure the inclusion of a cross-section that was as representative as possible, the sample included both public and private sector businesses, such as those in retail, hospitality and tourism as well as nongovernmental organizations. Employees and patrons completed a questionnaire regarding their food consumption and their perception of their own diet. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the nonlinear relationships among the variables. The results of the analysis guided the specification of a multivariate logistic regression model that was used to estimate the relationship between sociodemographic factors, food intake and perceived eating patterns. Results: The average predicted probability of perceiving a diet as unhealthy was reduced when the respondent was male, economically active, in good health, and married or in a common-law relationship. The probability of perceiving a diet as unhealthy was increased for respondents with a college degree and those living in a household that had a male as the sole head. Consuming healthful food and drink reduced the perception of having a poor diet and vice versa, indicating there are possibly connections between food intake, the perception of diet quality and actual diet quality. Conclusions: This exploratory analysis established links between perceived diet quality, eating habits and sociodemographic factors. The impact on the perception of diet quality can be negative or positive, depending on the variable under consideration.

Assessing the determinants of unhealthy dietary habits among a sample of survey participants in Jamaica.

Objective: To identify and assess the determinants of unhealthy dietary habits among a sample of survey participants in Jamaica. Methods: Because of resource constraints, this cross-sectional assessment is based on a three-stage non-probability sample of 374 survey respondents in Jamaica aged ≥18 years. Firstly, three administrative areas (parishes) were randomly selected. Secondly, the main commercial areas within the selected parishes were identified, from which a non-probability sample of establishments was drawn. A broad selection of establishments covering public, private, and nongovernmental organizations was chosen. This array of establishments was selected to capture a sample of respondents that was as representative as possible. Patrons and employees in the selected establishments were asked to complete a questionnaire. Results: Respondents' self-assessment of their general consumption revealed that 48.4% were unhealthy eaters. Among these, the top reasons for generally unhealthy dietary choices were greater accessibility of unhealthy foods (63.5%) and limited time to prepare healthy meals (61.3%). Additionally, 52.5% indicated "unhealthy foods cost less," and 47.0% identified affordability as the main factor in the food choice equation. Findings revealed that the determinants of eating unhealthily tended to vary across income, age, and gender. Female, younger, and lower-income respondents have a higher likelihood of being impacted by the factors. Conclusions: The largest proportions of the sample identified limited time to prepare healthy meals and the ease of access to unhealthy foods as the foremost determinants of unhealthy eating habits. These barriers to healthy eating are more likely to impact survey participants in the 18-34 age group.

What is the financial incentive to immigrate? An analysis of salary disparities between health workers working in the Caribbean and popular destination countries.

BACKGROUND: The continuous migration of Human Resources for Health (HRH) compromises the quality of health services in the developing supplying countries. The ability to increase earnings potentially serves as a strong motivator for HRH to migrate abroad. This study adds to limited available literature on HRH salaries within the Caribbean region and establishes the wage gap between selected Caribbean and popular destination countries. METHODS: Salaries are reported for registered nurses, medical doctors and specialists. Within these cadres, experience is incorporated at three different levels. Earnings are compared using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates allowing for cost of living adjusted salary differentials, awarded to different levels of work experience for the chosen health cadres in the selected Caribbean countries (Jamaica, Dominica, St Lucia and Grenada) and the three destination countries (United States, United Kingdom and Canada). RESULTS: Registered nurses in the destination countries, across all experience levels, have greater spending power compared to their Caribbean counterparts. Recently qualified registered nurses earn substantially more in the UK (86.4%), US (214.2%) and Canada (182.5% more). The highest PPP salary ($) gap amongst more experienced nurses (5-10 years) is found within the US, with a gap of 163.9%. PPP salary gaps amongst medical doctors were pronounced, with experienced cadres (10-20 years of experience) in the US earning 316.3% more than their Caribbean counterparts, whilst UK doctors (183.5%) and Canadian doctors (251.3%) also earning significantly more. Large salary differentials remained for medical specialists and consultants. US specialist salaries were 540.4% higher than their Caribbean based counterparts, whilst UK and Canadian specialists earned 95.2 and 181.6% more respectively. CONCLUSION: The PPP adjusted HRH salaries in the three destination countries are superior to those of comparable HRH working in the Caribbean countries selected. The extent of the salary gaps vary according to country and the health cadre under examination, but remain considerable even for newly qualified HRH. The financial incentive to migrate for HRH trained and working in the Caribbean region remains strong, with governments having to consider earning potential abroad when formulating policies and strategies aimed at retaining health professionals.

The potential for using alcohol and tobacco taxes to fund prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in Caribbean Community countries.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which increased taxes on alcohol and tobacco products in Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries might successfully reduce consumption of those products and raise revenues, which could then be channeled into noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention and control initiatives. METHODS: The Tobacco Tax Simulation (TaXSiM) model, which was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), was used to simulate the impact of tax changes on alcohol and tobacco products in three CARICOM member countries. Estimates of the NCD response cost in the 15 countries that are full members of CARICOM were also produced. RESULTS: For the 15 full-member CARICOM countries, the revenues from increased excise taxes on beer, rum, and cigarettes associated with a 5.0% reduction in consumption were estimated at US$ 86.32 million. This expected revenue intake from excise taxes exceeded the estimated US$ 52.73 million required to respond to NCDs in those 15 CARICOM countries. The amount also exceeds US$ 78.87 million, which will be required if there is a 50.0% increase in the per capita NCD response cost. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed that for CARICOM countries, there is a substantial potential for revenue generation from increases in taxes on alcohol and tobacco, as well as for decreases in consumption of the products. Although increased taxes on alcohol and cigarettes can sufficiently cover the cost of controlling NCDs among CARICOM countries, a comprehensive response also requires widespread participation from various sectors.

Increased taxation on cigarettes in Grenada: potential effects on consumption and revenue.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of addressing the public health concerns of tobacco consumption through increased taxation, while preserving or augmenting government revenues in Grenada. METHODS: Purposive sampling methods were used to ensure data availability and geographical representativeness. Average price per 20-pack of the most-sold brands of cigarettes was calculated using data from three major supermarkets. The World Health Organization's Tax Simulation Model was used, with excise tax rates adjusted to effect 5%, 10%, and 15% consumption decreases. RESULTS: A 17% to 117% excise tax increase on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value would achieve a 5% consumption decrease. Total government revenues would grow 8.7% and excise tax revenues would increase 11%. The average excise tax per 20-pack would move from EC$ 3.24 (2014 US$ 1.20) to EC$ 3.80 (US$ 1.41), while the average price per pack would increase to EC$ 9.21 (US$ 3.41) from EC$8.48 (US$ 3.14). In the 10% and 15% consumption reduction scenarios, excise taxes would have to be increased by 33% and 50% (to 133% and 150% of CIF, respectively), pushing the average excise tax per pack to EC$ 4.37 (US$ 1.62) and EC$ 4.90 (US$ 1.81), respectively. CONCLUSION: In Grenada, consumption can be reduced alongside growth in government revenues, making available additional resources for health. This aligns with the literature, which indicates that taxation can be effective in pursuing the public health objective of reduced incidence of smoking-related illnesses via reduced consumption.

The socio-economic determinants of multimorbidity among the elderly population in Trinidad and Tobago.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity and investigate the socioeconomic factors that are associated with multimorbidity among persons 70 years and older in Trinidad and Tobago. DESIGN AND METHODS: The data were obtained from a nationally representative comprehensive cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 among elderly persons in the targeted age group. The prevalence of multimorbidity among the elderly population was estimated. A logit model was utilized to determine the socioeconomic characteristics that are associated with multimorbidity in the elderly. RESULTS: The results of the study show that multimorbidity in the elderly population is strongly associated with age, ethnicity, lower education, smoking history, no physical activity and being female. An interesting finding is that elderly persons in the richest quintile are in general, more prone to multimorbidity. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that interventions to reduce multimorbidity among the elderly population must encourage greater levels of physical activity, provide education on the risk factors of multimorbidity, and discourage smoking.

Austerity, and funding cuts: Implications for sustainability of the response to the Caribbean HIV/AIDS epidemic.

The Caribbean, accessed significant external funding over the first three decades of the epidemic, which provided local authorities the opportunity to defer their responsibility in leading or matching the support provided from the external agencies. The reduction in external support has placed increased pressure on the response to the epidemic, with some countries more likely to be affected than others. This paper undertakes a review of the expenditure and funding landscape for HIV programs in the Caribbean. The findings confirm that despite the dwindling number of funding sources, some countries continue to display a significant degree of dependency on external funding sources. It is noteworthy that Treatment and Care accounted for the largest share of HIV expenditure in those countries, which displayed the highest degree of dependency on external funding. While, HIV spending was a relatively small percentage of both total health expenditure and gross domestic product, expenditure levels were noticeably higher in Haiti. These averages however conceal significant differences across countries, which should inform the magnitude and direction of any spending expansion by these countries if they are to achieve financial sustainability. Some recommendations are provided on the way forward to facilitate building a sustainable response to the epidemic.

Sociodemographic and dietary influences on perceptions of eating habits in Jamaica / Influencias sociodemográficas y alimentarias en las percepciones de los hábitos de alimentación en Jamaica / Influências sociodemográficas e dietéticas na percepção dos hábitos alimentares na Jamaica

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate how sociodemographic factors and food intake affect survey respondents' perceptions of the quality of their diet. Methods. This cross-sectional analysis is based on a nonprobability sample of 374 participants in Jamaica aged ≥18 years. The three-stage process used a simple random sample to select three parishes; the main commercial areas of each parish were chosen for sampling. To ensure the inclusion of a cross-section that was as representative as possible, the sample included both public and private sector businesses, such as those in retail, hospitality and tourism as well as nongovernmental organizations. Employees and patrons completed a questionnaire regarding their food consumption and their perception of their own diet. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the nonlinear relationships among the variables. The results of the analysis guided the specification of a multivariate logistic regression model that was used to estimate the relationship between sociodemographic factors, food intake and perceived eating patterns. Results. The average predicted probability of perceiving a diet as unhealthy was reduced when the respondent was male, economically active, in good health, and married or in a common-law relationship. The probability of perceiving a diet as unhealthy was increased for respondents with a college degree and those living in a household that had a male as the sole head. Consuming healthful food and drink reduced the perception of having a poor diet and vice versa, indicating there are possibly connections between food intake, the perception of diet quality and actual diet quality. Conclusions. This exploratory analysis established links between perceived diet quality, eating habits and sociodemographic factors. The impact on the perception of diet quality can be negative or positive, depending on the variable under consideration.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar cómo los factores sociodemográficos y la ingesta de alimentos afectan las percepciones de las personas encuestadas sobre la calidad de su alimentación. Métodos. Este análisis transversal se basa en una muestra no probabilística de 374 participantes mayores de 18 años en Jamaica. En el proceso, de tres etapas, se utilizó una muestra aleatoria simple para seleccionar tres distritos; para el muestreo, se eligieron las principales áreas comerciales de cada distrito. Para garantizar la inclusión de una sección transversal lo más representativa posible, la muestra incluyó a empresas de los sectores público y privado, como las del comercio minorista, hotelería y turismo, así como a organizaciones no gubernamentales. Tanto empleados como clientes llenaron un cuestionario sobre su consumo de alimentos y su percepción sobre su alimentación. Para evaluar las relaciones no lineales entre las variables se utilizó el análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Los resultados del análisis se usaron como guía para las especificaciones de un modelo de regresión logística multivariante, utilizado para estimar la relación entre los factores sociodemográficos, la ingesta de alimentos y los patrones de alimentación percibidos. Resultados. La probabilidad promedio predicha de percibir que un régimen alimentario es poco saludable era menor cuando el encuestado era de sexo masculino y económicamente activo, tenía buena salud y estaba casado o en una unión de hecho. La probabilidad de percibir un régimen alimentario como poco saludable era mayor en el caso de los encuestados con título universitario y de los que vivían en un hogar con un hombre como único cabeza de familia. El consumo de alimentos y bebidas saludables redujo la percepción de tener una mala alimentación y viceversa, lo que indica la posible existencia de una relación entre la ingesta de alimentos, la percepción de la calidad del régimen alimentario y la calidad real del régimen alimentario. Conclusiones. En este análisis exploratorio se estableció una relación entre la percepción de la calidad del régimen alimentario, los hábitos alimentarios y los factores sociodemográficos. El impacto sobre la percepción de la calidad del régimen alimentario puede ser negativo o positivo, según la variable considerada.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar como fatores sociodemográficos e a ingestão de alimentos influenciam a percepção dos participantes da pesquisa sobre a qualidade de sua alimentação. Métodos. Trata-se de uma análise transversal realizada em uma amostra não probabilística com 374 participantes maiores de 18 anos na Jamaica. Três localidades no país foram selecionadas por meio de um processo de amostragem aleatória simples em três etapas, com amostragem da população nas áreas comerciais centrais de cada localidade. Para garantir uma boa amostra transversal representativa da população, foram incluídos estabelecimentos comerciais dos setores público e privado, como varejistas, hotelaria e turismo e organizações não governamentais. Clientes e empregados responderam um questionário sobre seu consumo de alimentos e percepção sobre a própria alimentação. Uma análise de correspondência múltipla foi realizada para avaliar as relações não lineares entre as variáveis e, a partir dos resultados desta análise, foi construído um modelo de regressão logística multivariada para estimar a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos, consumo de alimentos e padrões alimentares percebidos. Resultados. A probabilidade prevista média de perceber a alimentação como pouco saudável foi menor entre os participantes do sexo masculino, economicamente ativos, com boa saúde e casados ou em união estável. A probabilidade de perceber a alimentação como pouco saudável foi maior entre os participantes com nível superior de escolaridade e que residiam em um ambiente familiar com uma pessoa do sexo masculino como chefe de família. Consumir alimentos e bebidas saudáveis foi associado a uma percepção menor de má alimentação, e vice-versa, o que indica um possível vínculo entre o consumo de alimentos, a percepção da qualidade da alimentação e a qualidade efetiva da alimentação. Conclusões. Esta análise exploratória demonstrou existir um vínculo entre qualidade percebida da alimentação, hábitos alimentares e fatores sociodemográficos. A influência na percepção da qualidade da alimentação é negativa ou positiva dependendo da variável considerada.

Assessing the determinants of unhealthy dietary habits among a sample of survey participants in Jamaica / Evaluación de los determinantes de los hábitos alimentarios poco saludables en una muestra de encuestados en Jamaica / Uma análise dos determinantes de hábitos alimentares não saudáveis em uma amostra de participantes de pesquisa na Jamaica

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify and assess the determinants of unhealthy dietary habits among a sample of survey participants in Jamaica. Methods. Because of resource constraints, this cross-sectional assessment is based on a three-stage non-probability sample of 374 survey respondents in Jamaica aged ≥18 years. Firstly, three administrative areas (parishes) were randomly selected. Secondly, the main commercial areas within the selected parishes were identified, from which a non-probability sample of establishments was drawn. A broad selection of establishments covering public, private, and nongovernmental organizations was chosen. This array of establishments was selected to capture a sample of respondents that was as representative as possible. Patrons and employees in the selected establishments were asked to complete a questionnaire. Results. Respondents' self-assessment of their general consumption revealed that 48.4% were unhealthy eaters. Among these, the top reasons for generally unhealthy dietary choices were greater accessibility of unhealthy foods (63.5%) and limited time to prepare healthy meals (61.3%). Additionally, 52.5% indicated "unhealthy foods cost less," and 47.0% identified affordability as the main factor in the food choice equation. Findings revealed that the determinants of eating unhealthily tended to vary across income, age, and gender. Female, younger, and lower-income respondents have a higher likelihood of being impacted by the factors. Conclusions. The largest proportions of the sample identified limited time to prepare healthy meals and the ease of access to unhealthy foods as the foremost determinants of unhealthy eating habits. These barriers to healthy eating are more likely to impact survey participants in the 18-34 age group.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar y evaluar los determinantes de los hábitos alimentarios poco saludables en una muestra de encuestados en Jamaica. Métodos. Debido a las limitaciones de recursos, esta evaluación transversal se basa en una muestra no probabilística de tres etapas de 374 encuestados en Jamaica de edad igual o superior a los 18 años. Primero, se seleccionaron al azar tres parroquias (áreas administrativas). Luego, se identificaron las principales áreas comerciales dentro de las parroquias seleccionadas, y se extrajo una muestra no probabilística de establecimientos de esas áreas comerciales. Se escogió una amplia selección de establecimientos que abarcaban organizaciones públicas, privadas y no gubernamentales. Se seleccionó este rango de establecimientos para reunir una muestra de encuestados que fuera lo más representativa posible. Se pidió a los clientes y empleados de los establecimientos seleccionados que llenaran un cuestionario. Resultados. La autoevaluación de los encuestados sobre su consumo general reveló que 48,4 % tenían una alimentación poco saludable. Entre estos, las principales razones tras estas decisiones alimentarias generalmente poco saludables fueron un mayor acceso a alimentos poco saludables (63,5 %) y limitaciones en el tiempo para preparar comidas saludables (61,3 %). Además, 52,5 % indicó que "los alimentos poco saludables cuestan menos", y 47,0 % identificó la asequibilidad como el factor principal en la ecuación relativa a la selección de alimentos. Los resultados revelaron que los determinantes de una alimentación poco saludable tendían a variar según los ingresos, la edad y el sexo. Entre los encuestados, las mujeres más jóvenes y con menores ingresos tenían una mayor probabilidad de verse afectadas por los factores. Conclusiones. La mayoría de los encuestados identificó las limitaciones con el tiempo necesario para preparar comidas saludables y la facilidad de acceso a alimentos poco saludables como los principales determinantes de hábitos alimentarios poco saludables. Es más probable que estas barreras para una alimentación saludable afecten a los encuestados del grupo etario de 18 a 34 años.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar e analisar os determinantes de hábitos alimentares não saudáveis em uma amostra de participantes de pesquisa na Jamaica. Métodos. Por limitação de recursos, esta análise transversal foi realizada a partir de uma amostra não probabilística com 374 participantes maiores de 18 anos na Jamaica. A amostragem seguiu um processo de três estágios. Primeiro, três áreas administrativas (localidades) foram selecionadas de forma aleatória e, em seguida, foram identificadas as áreas comerciais centrais em cada localidade selecionada. Para garantir a representatividade da população, uma amostra não probabilística de estabelecimentos comerciais em setores variados (público e privado e organizações não governamentais) foi obtida, com a aplicação do questionário da pesquisa aos seus clientes e funcionários. Resultados. Os participantes avaliaram o próprio consumo alimentar em geral, o que demonstrou que 48,4% consumiam alimentos não saudáveis. Os principais fatores para escolhas alimentares pouco saudáveis foram maior acesso a alimentos não saudáveis (63,5%) e falta de tempo para o preparo de refeições saudáveis (61,3%), sendo que 52,5% indicaram que "os alimentos pouco saudáveis são mais baratos" e 47,0% citaram os preços acessíveis como o principal fator na escolha dos alimentos. Os determinantes da alimentação pouco saudável tenderam a variar de acordo com o gênero, idade e o nível de renda, afetando mais as mulheres, os jovens e pessoas de baixa renda. Conclusões. Uma grande parcela da amostra estudada apontou a falta de tempo para o preparo de refeições saudáveis e a facilidade de acesso a alimentos pouco saudáveis como determinantes de hábitos alimentares não saudáveis. Os obstáculos à alimentação saudável repercutem mais entre os participantes jovens de 18 a 34 anos de idade.

A review of the response to HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago: 1983-2010.

This paper examines the character of the response to HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago and assesses the impact of the response on reducing the spread of the epidemic. The launch of the National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan in 2004 signalled the intent of the government to take the response to HIV/AIDS to a different level. This is seen by the sheer increase in the volume of resources allocated to the response from the levels of the 1980s and 1990s. The expectation was that there would be increased cohesiveness, which would allow for targeted interventions to be more effective. Though in 2009, there was a slight increase in the HIV prevalence rate to 1.5%, this was due mainly to improvements in access to antiretrovirals and same-day testing as well as improvements in data collection and analysis. The annual number of new infections fell from a high of 1709 in 2003 to 1154 in 2010. Additionally, great strides have been made in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme with some regions reporting 100% coverage of antenatal attendees. The study indicates that the country has responded relatively well in the areas of Strategic Planning, Care and Support, and Prevention and there has been involvement by both the public and private sector (NGOs in particular), in the response. However, there are gaps in the provision of social services and the implementing legislation to protect the rights of persons living with HIV/AIDS. Of note is the fact that a successful response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic is one that embraces all social groups, all spheres of activity and all areas of the country.

Increased taxation on cigarettes in Grenada: potential effects on consumption and revenue / Aumento de los impuestos a los cigarrillos en Granada: efectos potenciales sobre el consumo y los ingresos públicos / Aumento Dos Impostos Sobre Os Cigarros Em Granada: Efeitos Potenciais Sobre O Consumo E As Receitas Públicas

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the feasibility of addressing the public health concerns of tobacco consumption through increased taxation, while preserving or augmenting government revenues in Grenada. Methods Purposive sampling methods were used to ensure data availability and geographical representativeness. Average price per 20-pack of the most-sold brands of cigarettes was calculated using data from three major supermarkets. The World Health Organization's Tax Simulation Model was used, with excise tax rates adjusted to effect 5%, 10%, and 15% consumption decreases. Results A 17% to 117% excise tax increase on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value would achieve a 5% consumption decrease. Total government revenues would grow 8.7% and excise tax revenues would increase 11%. The average excise tax per 20-pack would move from EC$ 3.24 (2014 US$ 1.20) to EC$ 3.80 (US$ 1.41), while the average price per pack would increase to EC$ 9.21 (US$ 3.41) from EC$8.48 (US$ 3.14). In the 10% and 15% consumption reduction scenarios, excise taxes would have to be increased by 33% and 50% (to 133% and 150% of CIF, respectively), pushing the average excise tax per pack to EC$ 4.37 (US$ 1.62) and EC$ 4.90 (US$ 1.81), respectively. Conclusion In Grenada, consumption can be reduced alongside growth in government revenues, making available additional resources for health. This aligns with the literature, which indicates that taxation can be effective in pursuing the public health objective of reduced incidence of smoking-related illnesses via reduced consumption.

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar la viabilidad de abordar los problemas de salud pública relacionados con el consumo de tabaco mediante un aumento de los impuestos, al tiempo que se conservan o aumentan los ingresos públicos del gobierno en Granada. Métodos Se utilizaron métodos de muestreo intencional para garantizar la disponibilidad de datos y su representatividad geográfica. Se calculó el precio promedio del paquete de 20 cigarrillos de las marcas más vendidas a partir de los datos obtenidos en tres grandes supermercados. Se utilizó el Modelo de Simulación de Impuestos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, con tasas de impuestos al consumo ajustadas para obtener reducciones del 5%, 10% y 15% en el consumo. Resultados Un aumento del 17% al 117% en el impuesto al consumo sobre el valor del costo, seguro y flete (CSF) ocasionaría una disminución del 5% en el consumo. Los ingresos totales del gobierno crecerían un 8,7% y los ingresos por impuesto al consumo aumentarían un 11%. El impuesto al consumo promedio por paquete de 20 cigarrillos aumentaría de EC$ (dólar del Caribe oriental) 3,24 (USD 1,20 de 2014) a EC$ 3,80 (USD 1,41), y el precio promedio por paquete aumentaría de EC$ 8,48 (USD 3,14) a EC$ 9,21 (USD 3,41). En los escenarios de reducción del consumo del 10% y el 15%, los impuestos al consumo deberían aumentarse en un 33% y 50% (al 133% y 150% del CSF, respectivamente), lo que elevaría el promedio del impuesto al consumo por paquete a EC$ 4,37 (USD 1,62) y EC$ 4,90 (USD 1,81), respectivamente. Conclusión En Granada, el consumo de tabaco puede reducirse y aumentarse a la vez los ingresos públicos, generando recursos adicionales disponibles para la salud. Esto coincide con la bibliografía publicada, que indica que los impuestos pueden ser eficaces para alcanzar el objetivo de salud pública de reducir la incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con el hábito de fumar a través de una reducción del consumo.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a viabilidade de abordar problemas de saúde pública relacionados ao consumo de tabaco através de um aumento de impostos, enquanto conserva ou aumenta a receita do governo em Granada. Métodos Métodos intencionais de amostragem foram utilizados para garantir a disponibilidade de dados e sua representatividade geográfica. O preço médio da embalagem de 20 cigarros das marcas mais vendidas foi calculado a partir dos dados obtidos em três grandes supermercados. Utilizou-se o Modelo de Simulação Tributária da Organização Mundial de Saúde, com taxas de imposto de consumo ajustadas para obter reduções de 5%, 10% e 15% no consumo. Resultados Um aumento de 17% para 117% na taxa de consumo sobre o valor do custo, seguro e frete (CSF) causaria uma queda de 5% no consumo. As receitas totais do governo aumentariam em 8,7% e as receitas dos impostos sobre o consumo aumentariam em 11%. O imposto médio de consumo por pacote de 20 cigarros aumentaria de EC$ (dólar do Caribe Oriental) 3,24 (USD 1,20 de 2014) para EC$ 3,80 (USD 1,41), e o preço médio por pacote aumentaria de EC$ 8,48 (USD 3,14) para EC$ 9,21 (USD 3,41). Nos cenários de redução do consumo de 10% e 15%, os impostos sobre consumo devem ser aumentados em 33% e 50% (para 133% e 150% do CSF, respectivamente), o que elevaria a média do imposto sobre o consumo por pacote a EC$ 4,37 (USD 1,62) e EC$ 4,90 (USD 1,81), respectivamente. Conclusão Em Granada, o consumo de tabaco pode ser reduzido e as receitas do governo aumentadas, gerando recursos adicionais disponíveis para a saúde. Isso coincide com a literatura publicada, que indica que os impostos podem ser efetivos para alcançar o objetivo de saúde pública de reduzir a incidência de doenças relacionadas ao tabagismo através da redução do consumo.