Nocardia caishijiensis infection: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Nocardia caishijiensis is a rare soil actinomycete first described in Anhui province, China, in 2003. There has been only one reported instance of human infection caused by this species in the current literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia caishijiensis in a fifty-two-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus infection and concomitant use of high-dose dexamethasone for cervical myelopathy, treated successfully with amikacin and thrimetroprim-sulfametoxazole, antibiotic resistance pattern was obtained, although interpretation may be limited. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Nocardia caishijiensis infection in humans in North America and the second one in the literature, this pathogen should be recognized as a potentially rising etiology of nocardiosis, especially in solid organ transplant recipients. This has a rising importance as the survival for solid organ recipients continue to rise with advance in transplant medicine leading to increased life expectancy in this particularly susceptible group.

Presenilin-1 in smooth muscle cells facilitates hypermuscularization in elastin aortopathy.

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation is central to the pathogenesis of elastin-defective arterial diseases, including supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). We previously demonstrated that elastin insufficiency activates Notch signaling in aortic SMCs. Activation of Notch is catalyzed by the enzyme gamma-secretase, but the role of catalytic subunits presenilin (PSEN)-1 or PSEN-2 in elastin aortopathy is not defined. Genetic approaches reveal that endothelial cell-specific Psen1 deletion does not improve elastin aortopathy whereas the deletion of either Psen1 in SMCs or Psen2 globally attenuates Notch pathway and SMC proliferation, mitigating aortic disease. With SMC-specific Psen1 deletion in elastin nulls, these rescue effects are more robust and in fact, survival is increased. SMC deletion of Psen1 also attenuates hypermuscularization in newborns heterozygous for the elastin null gene, which genetically mimics SVAS. Similarly, the pharmacological inhibition of PSEN-1 mitigates SMC accumulation in elastin aortopathy. These findings put forth SMC PSEN-1 as a potential therapeutic target in SVAS.

Inter-Rater Reliability for the Amputation Endpoint in the National Vascular Quality Initiative.

BACKGROUND: National quality reporting efforts after revascularization for peripheral artery disease (PAD) are ongoing. Validation of endpoints are necessary in national quality registries. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the interrater reliability for the endpoint of major amputation at 1 year in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) registry and the Medicare-linked Vascular Quality Initiative registry (VQI-VISION) against electronic health record (EHR) review. METHODS: Surgical or endovascular revascularization procedures between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017, in the VQI registry and VQI-VISION for 2 academic health systems were queried. Major amputation data were abstracted by trained data collectors for the VQI and derived from Current Procedural Terminology codes for VQI-VISION. Cases underwent protocolized adjudication for the endpoint of major amputation by EHR review. Paired tests were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity. Spearman's ρ and Cohen's κ were used to evaluate interrater reliability. RESULTS: Amputation endpoints for 1,936 revascularizations were examined. Compared with major amputation data in EHR review, the sensitivity for the VQI registry was 35.9% and the specificity was 99.4% (ρ = 0.53; κ = 0.48). For VQI-VISION, sensitivity was 67.7% and specificity was 98.9% (ρ = 0.75; κ = 0.74). For any amputation in VQI data, sensitivity was 35.3% and specificity was 99.3% (ρ = 0.53; κ = 0.46), and for VQI-VISION, they were 71.6% and 97.7%, respectively (ρ = 0.75; κ = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Almost two-thirds of the amputations in the VQI registry and one-third of amputations in VQI-VISION were missing at 1 year compared against adjudicated EHR review. In preparing for national reporting systems for major amputation tracking, data collection system reform is needed.

Early-Onset Vascular Dementia in a 43-Year-Old Man with Accelerated Atherosclerotic Disease, Elevated Lipoprotein (a), and a Missense DNAJC5 Variant with Potential Association to Adult-Onset Ceroid Lipofuscinosis.

Early-onset dementia is defined as dementia occurring prior to the age of 65. Given its impact on physical, mental, and socioeconomic well-being, it is crucial to identify modifiable risk factors. Here, we report a 43-year-old man with early-onset dementia associated with elevated lipoprotein (a) and a missense variant in the DNAJC5 gene. He presented to the hospital with memory loss and multiple cerebrovascular infarcts. Eight months prior, an MRI revealed small acute and subacute infarcts involving the left PCA for which he was treated with antiplatelet agents and a statin. Three months later, he was readmitted for progressive memory loss. CT imaging showed evolving and new infarcts compared to prior scans. A cardiac echocardiogram excluded thrombus and PFO, and he was diagnosed with early vascular dementia. He was readmitted again 5 months later with additional evaluation revealing multifocal moderate to severe stenosis and irregularities involving the bilateral ICA and bilateral PCAs. MRI showed more pronounced infarcts compared to a previous MRI as well as new infarcts. CSF studies, VDRL, RF, ANA, ANCA, homocysteine, and MMA levels were normal. Lipoprotein (a) was found to be markedly elevated, and genetic testing revealed a missense variant of the DNAJC5 gene, the mutation of which is associated with ceroid lipofuscinosis. In conclusion, in patients with early-onset dementia and evidence of accelerated atherosclerosis, it is reasonable to measure Lp(a) and consider testing for variants in genes such as DNAJC5 and others, particularly when disease severity appears unexplained by known risk factors or circumstances.

Parachute Mitral Valve: A Case of Isolated Accessory Mitral Valve Tissue.

A 69-year-old male presented to the emergency room with dyspnea on exertion lasting more than 2 weeks. Echocardiography showed an ill-defined subaortic structure. Subsequent transesophageal echocardiography revealed a parachute-like structure prolapsing into the left ventricular outflow tract causing subvalvular aortic obstruction. Surgical excision confirmed this structure as an accessory anterior mitral leaflet. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).