RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Neurocritical care focuses on the care of critically ill patients with an acute neurologic disorder and has grown significantly in the past few years. However, there is a lack of data that describe the scope of practice of neurointensivists and epidemiological data on the types of patients and treatments used in neurocritical care units worldwide. To address these issues, we designed a multicenter, international, point-prevalence, cross-sectional, prospective, observational, non-interventional study in the setting of neurocritical care (PRINCE Study). METHODS: In this manuscript, we analyzed data from the initial phase of the study that included registration, hospital, and intensive care unit (ICU) organizations. We present here descriptive statistics to summarize data from the registration case report form. We performed the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn procedure to test for differences in practices among world regions. RESULTS: We analyzed information submitted by 257 participating sites from 47 countries. The majority of those sites, 119 (46.3%), were in North America, 44 (17.2%) in Europe, 34 (13.3%) in Asia, 9 (3.5%) in the Middle East, 34 (13.3%) in Latin America, and 14 (5.5%) in Oceania. Most ICUs are from academic institutions (73.4%) located in large urban centers (44% > 1 million inhabitants). We found significant differences in hospital and ICU organization, resource allocation, and use of patient management protocols. The highest nursing/patient ratio was in Oceania (100% 1:1). Dedicated Advanced Practiced Providers are mostly present in North America (73.7%) and are uncommon in Oceania (7.7%) and the Middle East (0%). The presence of dedicated respiratory therapist is common in North America (85%), Middle East (85%), and Latin America (84%) but less common in Europe (26%) and Oceania (7.7%). The presence of dedicated pharmacist is highest in North America (89%) and Oceania (85%) and least common in Latin America (38%). The majority of respondents reported having a dedicated neuro-ICU (67% overall; highest in North America: 82%; and lowest in Oceania: 14%). CONCLUSION: The PRINCE Study results suggest that there is significant variability in the delivery of neurocritical care. The study also shows it is feasible to undertake international collaborations to gather global data about the practice of neurocritical care.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/terapia , Cuidados Críticos/organização & administração , Pessoal de Saúde/organização & administração , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/organização & administração , Alocação de Recursos/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Ásia , Protocolos Clínicos , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Europa (Continente) , Bolsas de Estudo , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Internacionalidade , Internato e Residência , América Latina , Oriente Médio , Neurologia , Neurocirurgia , América do Norte , Oceania , Gestão de Recursos Humanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Farmacêuticos , Médicos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Terapia Respiratória , Telemedicina , Tomógrafos Computadorizados , Transporte de PacientesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neurocritical care is devoted to the care of critically ill patients with acute neurological or neurosurgical emergencies. There is limited information regarding epidemiological data, disease characteristics, variability of clinical care, and in-hospital mortality of neurocritically ill patients worldwide. We addressed these issues in the Point PRevalence In Neurocritical CarE (PRINCE) study, a prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. METHODS: We recruited patients from various intensive care units (ICUs) admitted on a pre-specified date, and the investigators recorded specific clinical care activities they performed on the subjects during their first 7 days of admission or discharge (whichever came first) from their ICUs and at hospital discharge. In this manuscript, we analyzed the final data set of the study that included patient admission characteristics, disease type and severity, ICU resources, ICU and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. We present descriptive statistics to summarize data from the case report form. We tested differences between geographically grouped data using parametric and nonparametric testing as appropriate. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to evaluate factors associated with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 1545 patients admitted to 147 participating sites from 31 countries of which most were from North America (69%, N = 1063). Globally, there was variability in patient characteristics, admission diagnosis, ICU treatment team and resource allocation, and in-hospital mortality. Seventy-three percent of the participating centers were academic, and the most common admitting diagnosis was subarachnoid hemorrhage (13%). The majority of patients were male (59%), a half of whom had at least two comorbidities, and median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 13. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality included age (OR 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.04); lower GCS (OR 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.16 for every point reduction in GCS); pupillary reactivity (OR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.23 for bilateral unreactive pupils); admission source (emergency room versus direct admission [OR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.75]; admission from a general ward versus direct admission [OR 5.85; 95% CI, 2.75 to 12.45; and admission from another ICU versus direct admission [OR 3.34; 95% CI, 1.27 to 8.8]); and the absence of a dedicated neurocritical care unit (NCCU) (OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.47). CONCLUSION: PRINCE is the first study to evaluate care patterns of neurocritical patients worldwide. The data suggest that there is a wide variability in clinical care resources and patient characteristics. Neurological severity of illness and the absence of a dedicated NCCU are independent predictors of in-patient mortality.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/terapia , Hemorragia Cerebral/terapia , Hematoma Subdural/terapia , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/terapia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Ásia/epidemiologia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/epidemiologia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Hemorragia Cerebral/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Cuidados Críticos , Gerenciamento Clínico , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Recursos em Saúde , Parada Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Parada Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Hematoma Subdural/epidemiologia , Hematoma Subdural/fisiopatologia , Monitorização Hemodinâmica/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Privados/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Públicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Internacionalidade , AVC Isquêmico/epidemiologia , AVC Isquêmico/fisiopatologia , AVC Isquêmico/terapia , América Latina/epidemiologia , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oriente Médio/epidemiologia , Análise Multivariada , Monitorização Neurofisiológica/estatística & dados numéricos , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Oceania/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Cuidados Paliativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Conforto do Paciente , Transferência de Pacientes/estatística & dados numéricos , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Reflexo Pupilar , Ordens quanto à Conduta (Ética Médica)RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The goal for this project was to develop a comprehensive set of common data elements (CDEs), data definitions, case report forms and guidelines for use in unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) clinical research, as part of a new joint effort between the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Library of Medicine of the US National Institutes of Health. These UIA and SAH CDEs will join several other neurological disease-specific CDEs that have already been developed and are available for use by research investigators. METHODS: A Working Group (WG) divided into eight sub-groups and a Steering Committee comprised of international UIA and SAH experts reviewed existing NINDS CDEs and instruments, created new elements when needed and provided recommendations for UIA and SAH clinical research. The recommendations were compiled, internally reviewed by the entire UIA and SAH WG and posted online for 6 weeks for external public comments. The UIA and SAH WG and the NINDS CDE team reviewed the final version before posting the SAH Version 1.0 CDE recommendations. RESULTS: The NINDS UIA and SAH CDEs and supporting documents are publicly available on the NINDS CDE ( https://www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov/#page=Default ) and NIH Repository ( https://cde.nlm.nih.gov/home ) websites. The recommendations are organized into domains including Participant Characteristics and Outcomes and Endpoints. CONCLUSION: Dissemination and widespread use of CDEs can facilitate UIA and SAH clinical research and clinical trial design, data sharing, and analyses of observational retrospective and prospective data. It is vital to maintain an international and multidisciplinary collaboration to ensure that these CDEs are implemented and updated when new information becomes available.
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Elementos de Dados Comuns , Aneurisma Intracraniano , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Pesquisa Biomédica , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (USA) , National Library of Medicine (U.S.) , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: A relationship between reduced brain tissue oxygenation and poor outcome following severe traumatic brain injury has been reported in observational studies. We designed a Phase II trial to assess whether a neurocritical care management protocol could improve brain tissue oxygenation levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and the feasibility of a Phase III efficacy study. DESIGN: Randomized prospective clinical trial. SETTING: Ten ICUs in the United States. PATIENTS: One hundred nineteen severe traumatic brain injury patients. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to treatment protocol based on intracranial pressure plus brain tissue oxygenation monitoring versus intracranial pressure monitoring alone. Brain tissue oxygenation data were recorded in the intracranial pressure -only group in blinded fashion. Tiered interventions in each arm were specified and impact on intracranial pressure and brain tissue oxygenation measured. Monitors were removed if values were normal for 48 hours consecutively, or after 5 days. Outcome was measured at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A management protocol based on brain tissue oxygenation and intracranial pressure monitoring reduced the proportion of time with brain tissue hypoxia after severe traumatic brain injury (0.45 in intracranial pressure-only group and 0.16 in intracranial pressure plus brain tissue oxygenation group; p < 0.0001). Intracranial pressure control was similar in both groups. Safety and feasibility of the tiered treatment protocol were confirmed. There were no procedure-related complications. Treatment of secondary injury after severe traumatic brain injury based on brain tissue oxygenation and intracranial pressure values was consistent with reduced mortality and increased proportions of patients with good recovery compared with intracranial pressure-only management; however, the study was not powered for clinical efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Management of severe traumatic brain injury informed by multimodal intracranial pressure and brain tissue oxygenation monitoring reduced brain tissue hypoxia with a trend toward lower mortality and more favorable outcomes than intracranial pressure-only treatment. A Phase III randomized trial to assess impact on neurologic outcome of intracranial pressure plus brain tissue oxygenation-directed treatment of severe traumatic brain injury is warranted.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/terapia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Pressão Intracraniana/fisiologia , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica , Estudos Prospectivos , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
Effective methods of monitoring the status of patients with neurological injuries began with non-invasive observations and evolved during the past several decades to include more invasive monitoring tools and physiologic measures. The monitoring paradigm continues to evolve, this time back toward the use of less invasive tools. In parallel, the science of monitoring began with the global assessment of the patient's neurological condition, evolved to focus on regional monitoring techniques, and with the advent of enhanced computing capabilities is now moving back to focus on global monitoring. The purpose of this session of the Second Neurocritical Care Research Conference was to collaboratively develop a comprehensive understanding of the state of the science for global brain monitoring and to identify research priorities for intracranial pressure monitoring, neuroimaging, and neuro-electrophysiology monitoring.
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Cuidados Críticos , Monitorização Neurofisiológica , Encefalopatias/diagnóstico , Encefalopatias/fisiopatologia , Encefalopatias/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
Neurocritical care involves the care of highly complex patients with combinations of physiologic derangements in the brain and in extracranial organs. The level of evidence underpinning treatment recommendations remains low due to a multitude of reasons including an incomplete understanding of the involved physiology; lack of good quality, prospective, standardized data; and the limited success of conventional randomized controlled trials. Comparative effectiveness research can provide alternative perspectives and methods to enhance knowledge and evidence within the field of neurocritical care; these include large international collaborations for generation and maintenance of high quality data, statistical methods that incorporate heterogeneity and individualize outcome prediction, and finally advanced bioinformatics that integrate large amounts of variable-source data into patient-specific phenotypes and trajectories.
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Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Monitorização Neurofisiológica/métodos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , HumanosRESUMO
Multi-modal monitoring has become an integral part of neurointensive care. However, our approach is at this time neither standardized nor backed by data from randomized controlled trials. The goal of the second Neurocritical Care Research Conference was to discuss research priorities in multi-modal monitoring, what research tools are available, as well as the latest advances in clinical trial design. This section of the meeting was focused on how such a trial should be designed so as to maximize yield and avoid mistakes of the past.
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Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Monitorização Neurofisiológica/métodos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , HumanosRESUMO
Regional multimodality monitoring has evolved over the last several years as a tool to understand the mechanisms of brain injury and brain function at the cellular level. Multimodality monitoring offers an important augmentation to the clinical exam and is especially useful in comatose neurocritical care patients. Cerebral microdialysis, brain tissue oxygen monitoring, and cerebral blood flow monitoring all offer insight into permutations in brain chemistry and function that occur in the context of brain injury. These tools may allow for development of individual therapeutic strategies that are mechanistically driven and goal-directed. We present a summary of the discussions that took place during the Second Neurocritical Care Research Conference regarding regional brain monitoring.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias/metabolismo , Encefalopatias/fisiopatologia , Cuidados Críticos , Monitorização Neurofisiológica , Encefalopatias/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease. Nimodipine is the only medical treatment shown to improve outcome of SAH patients. Human albumin (ALB) may exert neuroprotection in SAH. However, current usage of ALB in SAH is not known. We conducted an international survey of clinicians involved in the care of SAH patients to determine current practice of ALB administration in SAH. METHODS: We constructed a 27-question survey. Our sampling frame consisted of neurointensivists, general intensivists, neurocritical care nurses, critical care pharmacists, and neurosurgeons. The survey was available from 11/15/2012 to 12/15/2012. We performed mostly descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS: We obtained 362 responses from a diverse range of world regions. Most respondents were intensivist physicians (88 %), who worked in academic institutions (73.5 %) with a bed capacity >500 (64.1 %) and an established institutional management protocol for SAH patients (70.2 %). Most respondents (83.5 %) indicated that their institutions do not incorporate ALB in their protocol, but half of them (45.9 %) indicated using ALB outside it. ALB administration is influenced by several factors: geographic variation (more common among US respondents); institutions with a dedicated neuroICU; and availability of SAH management protocol. Most respondents (75 %) indicated that a clinical trial to test the efficacy of ALB in SAH is needed. CONCLUSIONS: In this survey we found that ALB administration in SAH patients is common and influenced by several factors. Majority of respondents support a randomized clinical trial to determine the safety and efficacy of ALB administration in SAH patients.
Assuntos
Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Albumina Sérica/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Protocolos Clínicos , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Neurologia/métodos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/administração & dosagem , Albumina Sérica/administração & dosagem , Albumina Sérica HumanaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine whether there is variability in the foundational literature and across centers in how mean arterial blood pressure is measured to calculate cerebral perfusion pressure. METHODS: We reviewed foundational literature and sent an e-mail survey to members of the Neurocritical Care Society. RESULTS: Of 32 articles reporting cerebral perfusion pressure data, the reference point for mean arterial blood pressure was identified in 16: 10 heart and 6 midbrain. The overall survey response rate was 14.3%. Responses from 31 of 34 (91%) United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties fellowship-accredited Neurointensive Care Units indicated the reference point was most often the heart (74%), followed by the midbrain (16%). Conflicting answers were received from 10%. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantive heterogeneity in both research reports and clinical practice in how mean arterial blood pressure is measured to determine cerebral perfusion pressure.
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Circulação Cerebrovascular , Monitorização Intraoperatória/métodos , Pressão Arterial/fisiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Protocolos Clínicos , Guias como Assunto , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Coração/fisiologia , Homeostase , Humanos , Mesencéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Mesencéfalo/fisiologia , Neurocirurgia/métodos , Postura/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brain oxygen (PbtO2) monitoring can help guide care of poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. The relationship between PbtO2-directed therapy and long-term outcome is unclear. We hypothesized that responsiveness to PbtO2-directed interventions is associated with outcome. METHODS: Seventy-six aSAH patients who underwent PbtO2 monitoring were included. Long-term outcome [Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended (GOS-E) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS)] was ascertained using the social security death database and structured telephone interviews. Univariate and multivariate regression were used to identify variables that correlated with outcome. RESULTS: Data from 64 patients were analyzed (12 were lost to follow-up). There were 530 episodes of compromised PbtO2 (<20 mmHg) during a total of 7,174 h of monitor time treated with 1,052 interventions. Forty-two patients (66 %) survived to discharge. Median follow-up was 8.5 months (range 0.1-87). At most recent follow-up 35 (55 %) patients were alive, and 28 (44 %) had a favorable outcome (mRS ≤3). In multivariate ordinal regression analysis, only age and response to PbtO2-directed intervention correlated significantly with outcome. Increased age was associated with worse outcome (coeff. 0.8, 95 % CI 0.3-1.3, p = 0.003), and response to PbtO2-directed intervention was associated with improved outcome (coeff. -2.12, 95 % CI -4.0 to -0.26, p = 0.03). Patients with favorable outcomes had a 70 % mean rate of response to PbtO2-directed interventions whereas patients with poor outcomes had a 45 % response rate (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Response to PbtO2-directed intervention is associated with improved long-term functional outcome in aSAH patients.
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Encéfalo/metabolismo , Oxigênio/análise , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/metabolismo , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Encéfalo/cirurgia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Escala de Resultado de Glasgow , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraniano/complicações , Aneurisma Intracraniano/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica/instrumentação , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/etiologia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/terapia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Lactate is central for the regulation of brain metabolism and is an alternative substrate to glucose after injury. Brain lactate metabolism in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage has not been fully elucidated. METHODS: Thirty-one subarachnoid hemorrhage patients monitored with cerebral microdialysis (CMD) and brain oxygen (PbtO(2)) were studied. Samples with elevated CMD lactate (>4 mmol/L) were matched to PbtO(2) and CMD pyruvate and categorized as hypoxic (PbtO(2) <20 mm Hg) versus nonhypoxic and hyperglycolytic (CMD pyruvate >119 µmol/L) versus nonhyperglycolytic. RESULTS: Median per patient samples with elevated CMD lactate was 54% (interquartile range, 11%-80%). Lactate elevations were more often attributable to cerebral hyperglycolysis (78%; interquartile range, 5%-98%) than brain hypoxia (11%; interquartile range, 4%-75%). Mortality was associated with increased percentage of samples with elevated lactate and brain hypoxia (28% [interquartile range 9%-95%] in nonsurvivors versus 9% [interquartile range 3%-17%] in survivors; P=0.02) and lower percentage of elevated lactate and cerebral hyperglycolysis (13% [interquartile range, 1%-87%] versus 88% [interquartile range, 27%-99%]; P=0.07). Cerebral hyperglycolytic lactate production predicted good 6-month outcome (odds ratio for modified Rankin Scale score, 0-3 1.49; CI, 1.08-2.05; P=0.016), whereas increased lactate with brain hypoxia was associated with a reduced likelihood of good outcome (OR, 0.78; CI, 0.59-1.03; P=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Brain lactate is frequently elevated in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, predominantly because of hyperglycolysis rather than hypoxia. A pattern of increased cerebral hyperglycolytic lactate was associated with good long-term recovery. Our data suggest that lactate may be used as an aerobic substrate by the injured human brain.
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Encéfalo/metabolismo , Lactatos/metabolismo , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/metabolismo , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/mortalidade , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2)-guided management facilitates treatment of reduced PbtO2 episodes potentially conferring survival and outcome advantages in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). To date, the nature and effectiveness of commonly used interventions in correcting compromised PbtO2 in TBI remains unclear. We sought to identify the most common interventions used in episodes of compromised PbtO2 and to analyze which were effective. METHODS: A retrospective 7-year review of consecutive severe TBI patients with a PbtO2 monitor was conducted in a Level I trauma center's intensive care unit or neurosurgical registry. Episodes of compromised PbtO2 (defined as <20 mm Hg for 0.25-4 hours) were identified, and clinical interventions conducted during these episodes were analyzed. Response to treatment was gauged on how rapidly (ΔT) PbtO2 normalized (>20 mm Hg) and how great the PbtO2 increase was (ΔPbtO2). Intracranial pressure (ΔICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (ΔCPP) also were examined for these episodes. RESULTS: Six hundred twenty-five episodes of reduced PbtO2 were identified in 92 patients. Patient characteristics were: age 41.2 years, 77.2% men, and Injury Severity Score and head or neck Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 34.0 ± 9.2 and 4.9 ± 0.4, respectively. Five interventions: narcotics or sedation, pressors, repositioning, FIO2/PEEP increases, and combined sedation or narcotics + pressors were the most commonly used strategies. Increasing the number of interventions resulted in worsening the time to PbtO2 correction. Triple combinations resulted in the lowest ΔICP and dual combinations in the highest ΔCPP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Clinicians use a limited number of interventions when correcting compromised PbtO2. Using strategies employing many interventions administered closely together may be less effective in correcting PbO2, ICP, and CPP deficits. Some PbtO2 deficits may be self-limited.
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Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Oxigenoterapia/métodos , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Lesões Encefálicas/mortalidade , Lesões Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Lesões Encefálicas/terapia , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Hipertensão Intracraniana/metabolismo , Hipertensão Intracraniana/mortalidade , Hipertensão Intracraniana/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão Intracraniana/terapia , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Monitorização Fisiológica , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brain tissue oxygen (PbtO(2)) monitors are utilized in a threshold-based fashion, triggering actions based on the presumption of tissue compromise when PbtO(2) is less than 20 mmHg. Some early published practice guidelines suggest that seizure is a potential culprit when PbtO(2) crosses this threshold; evidence for this is not well defined. METHODS: Data were collected manually as part of a prospective observational database. PbtO(2) monitors and continuous electroencephalogram (cEEG) were placed by clinical protocol in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8. Eight patients with discrete seizures during an overlapping monitored period were identified. Probability of seizure when PbtO(2) value was <20 mmHg (and the inverse) were calculated. RESULTS: There were 343 distinct seizure episodes and 1797 PbtO(2) measurements. 8.9% of seizures were followed by a PbtO(2) value below 20 mmHg. Of all observed low PbtO(2) values, 3.8% were associated with seizure. Seizure length did not influence PbtO(2). Two patients with the highest number of seizures developed low PbtO(2) values post-seizure. CONCLUSIONS: Seizures were neither associated with a PbtO(2) value of <20 mmHg nor associated with a drop in PbtO(2) value across a clinically significant threshold. However, we cannot rule out the existence of any relationship between PbtO(2) and seizure with this limited data set. Prospective research using electronically recorded data is required to more effectively examine the relationship between PbtO(2) and seizure.
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Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Monitorização Fisiológica , Oxigênio/análise , Convulsões/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Lesões Encefálicas/terapia , Eletroencefalografia , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Convulsões/terapia , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/fisiopatologia , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/terapia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In this study, available medical literature were reviewed to determine whether brain hypoxia as measured by brain tissue oxygen (Bto2) levels is associated with increased risk of poor outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). A secondary objective was to examine the safety profile of a direct BtO2 probe. DATA SOURCE AND EXTRACTION: Clinical studies published between 1993 and 2008 were identified from electronic databases, Index Medicus, bibliographies of pertinent articles, and expert consultation. The following inclusion criteria were applied for outcome analysis: 1) more than 10 patients described, 2) use of a direct Bto2 monitor, 3) brain hypoxia defined as Bto2 <10 mm Hg for >15 or 30 minutes, 4) 6-month outcome data, and 5) clear reporting of patient outcome associated with Bto2. For the analysis, each selected article had to have adequate data to determine odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Thirteen studies met the initial inclusion criteria and three were included in the final outcome analysis. Safety data were abstracted from any report where it was mentioned. DATA SYNTHESIS: The three studies included 150 evaluable patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale
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Lesões Encefálicas/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do FerimentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Multimodality monitoring is used frequently to guide care of patients with severe acute brain injury. The aim of this study was to examine the safety and reliability of multimodality monitoring. METHODS: From a prospective observational database at a Level I trauma center, 501 patients, including 300 men and 201 women (mean age 58 ± 39 years) were identified retrospectively. Each patient received a triple-lumen bolt and 3 monitors: intracranial pressure, brain temperature, and brain oxygen. Intensive care unit and hospital records were examined to identify complications, reasons for device replacement, malfunction and infection. Head computed tomography (CT) scans performed before and after the monitors were inserted were examined for evidence of monitor-related adverse effects. RESULTS: A total of 696 triple-lumen bolts were placed. Median duration of monitoring was 78.88 hours (interquartile range, 33.0-133.2 hours). Bilateral monitors were inserted in 22 (3.16%) patients. Ten (1.43%) monitors were replaced to allow magnetic resonance imaging, and 40 (5.74%) monitors were replaced to facilitate additional cranial surgery. Of 35 (5.02%) monitors that were replaced because they were thought to not be functioning properly, 19 (54.29%) were subsequently found to be functioning normally. Follow-up CT scans were compared with CT scans obtained before insertion of monitors; 9 (2.13%) small contusions and 10 (2.36%) extra-axial hematomas associated with the devices were identified. Based on the CT findings, the hematomas were thought to be associated with the insertion technique rather than the device; 4 hematomas required treatment. Twenty-two (3.16%) devices were incorrectly placed (e.g., the probe was in an infarct or an already existing contusion). Only 1 associated infection was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of intracranial monitors for multimodality neuromonitoring using a triple-lumen bolt appears to be safe. The complication rate is similar to published complication rates for single-lumen bolts and single monitors.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Monitorização Fisiológica/efeitos adversos , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Idoso , Lesões Encefálicas/cirurgia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Pressão Intracraniana , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/instrumentação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Segurança , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
Hypertonic saline (HTS) may decrease intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) and effectively resuscitates hypotensive patients. No data exist on institutional standardization of HTS for hypotensive patients with STBI. It remains unclear how HTS affects brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) in STBI. We hypothesized HTS could be safely standardized in patients with STBI and would lower ICP while improving cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and PbtO2. Under institutional guidelines in a Level I trauma center, 12 hypotensive STBI intensive care unit subjects received HTS. Inclusion criteria included mean arterial pressure (MAP) < or = 90 mmHg, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < or = 8, ICP > or = 20 mmHg, and serum [Na+] <155 mEq/L. All patients underwent ICP monitoring. Hemodynamics, CPP, ICP, and PbtO2 data were collected before and hourly for 6 hours after HTS infusion. Guideline criteria compliance was greater than 95 per cent. No major complications occurred. Mean ICP levels dropped by 45 per cent (P < 0.01) and this drop persisted for 6 hours. CPP levels increased by 20 per cent (P < 0.05). PbtO2 remained persistently elevated for all time points after HTS infusion. Institutional use of HTS in STBI can be safely implemented in a center caring for neurotrauma patients. HTS infusion in hypotensive STBI reduces ICP and raises CPP. Brain tissue oxygenation tends to improve after HTS infusion.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/terapia , Hidratação , Hipotensão/terapia , Solução Salina Hipertônica/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Feminino , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Hipotensão/etiologia , Pressão Intracraniana , Masculino , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to examine the utility of acetazolamide TCD ultrasound in the evaluation of MCA collateral blood flow reserve in patients with carotid occlusive disease. METHODS: Acetazolamide TCD and cerebral angiography were performed for 28 carotid territories in 14 patients with carotid occlusive disease. The percentage change in mean blood flow velocity and PI in the MCA was measured before and after 1 g of acetazolamide was administered. The carotid territories were divided into groups according their angiographic findings: (1) mild/moderate (<70%) vs severe (> or =70%) extracranial carotid artery stenosis, and (2) active collateral blood flow to the MCA territory vs no collateral blood flow to the MCA. RESULTS: After acetazolamide injection, the percentage increase in mean MCA velocity for mild/moderate vs severe carotid artery stenosis was 43% +/- 10% and 19% +/- 6%, respectively, indicating less collateral blood flow reserve in patients with severe stenosis (P = .04). The percentage decrease in the PI for MCA territories with vs without angiographic evidence of collateral blood flow was 4.6% +/- 4% and 16% +/- 3%, respectively (P = .04), indicating an exhausted vascular reserve in patients with evidence of active collateral blood flow on angiography. CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in the PI after acetazolamide administration represents a safe and noninvasive indicator of limited collateral blood flow reserve to the MCA territory ipsilateral to an extracranial carotid stenosis. Further study into the role acetazolamide TCD has in the preoperative evaluation of these patients, including threshold values, is warranted.