Inflammatory chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 inhibition ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis.

Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an irreversible complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) that leads to loss of peritoneal membrane function. We investigated PD effluent and serum levels and the tissue expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8) in patients with PD. Additionally, we investigated their association with PF in a mouse model. Eighty-two end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with PD were examined. CCL8 levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in PD effluents and serum and analyzed with peritoneal transport parameters. Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (hPMCs) were obtained from the PD effluents of 20 patients. Primary cultured hPMCs were treated with recombinant (r) transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß, and CCL8 expression was assessed via western blotting. As the duration of PD increased, the concentration of CCL8 in PD effluents significantly increased. Correlations between peritoneal transport parameters and dialysate CCL8 levels were observed. Western blotting analysis showed that CCL8 was upregulated via rTGF-ß treatment, accompanied by increases in markers of inflammation, fibrosis, senescence, and apoptosis in hPMCs after induction of fibrosis with rTGF-ß. Anti-CCL8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment suppressed the rTGF-ß-induced increase in all analyzed markers. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CCL8 along with fibrosis- and inflammation-related markers were significantly increased in the PF mouse model. Functional blockade of CCL8 using a CCR8 inhibitor (R243) abrogated peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. In conclusion, high CCL8 levels in PD effluents may be associated with an increased risk of PD failure, and the CCL8 pathway is associated with PF. CCL8 blockade can ameliorate peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis.

Machine learning powered detection of biological toxins in association with confined lateral flow immunoassay (c-LFA).

Biological weapons, primarily dispersed as aerosols, can spread not only to the targeted area but also to adjacent regions following the movement of air driven by wind. Thus, there is a growing demand for toxin analysis because biological weapons are among the most influential and destructive. Specifically, such a technique should be hand-held, rapid, and easy to use because current methods require more time and well-trained personnel. Our study demonstrates the use of a novel lateral flow immunoassay, which has a confined structure like a double barbell in the detection area (so called c-LFA) for toxin detection such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), ricinus communis (Ricin), and botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A). Additionally, we have explored the integration of machine learning (ML), specifically, a toxin chip boosting (TOCBoost) hybrid algorithm for improved sensitivity and specificity. Consequently, the ML powered c-LFA concurrently categorized three biological toxin types with an average accuracy as high as 95.5%. To our knowledge, the sensor proposed in this study is the first attempt to utilize ML for the assessment of toxins. The advent of the c-LFA orchestrated a paradigm shift by furnishing a versatile and robust platform for the rapid, on-site detection of various toxins, including SEB, Ricin, and BoNT-A. Our platform enables accessible and on-site toxin monitoring for non-experts and can potentially be applied to biosecurity.

Virtual conference participant's perceptions of its effectiveness and future projections.

BACKGROUND: The virtual conference format has become an essential tool for professional development of researchers around the world since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify empirical evidence of the benefits and challenges of virtual conferences by investigating participants' experiences with them. METHODS: The study participants were delegates to the 40th annual meeting of the Korean Society of Nephrology, which was held virtually in September, 2020. A questionnaire was developed and implemented among the conference attendees. The 44-item questionnaire included five sub-scales related to participant perceptions of the virtual conference, which were (a) convenience and accessibility, (b) planning and organization, (c) technology use, (d) social exchanges, and (e) overall satisfaction, their preferences of conference formats, and their views of future projections for a virtual conference. RESULTS: A total of 279 delegates completed and returned the questionnaires (18.8% response rate). Participants varied in gender, age, profession, work location, and prior experience with conferences. On a four-point Likert scale (1 = "strongly disagree" and 4 = "strongly agree"), participants showed positive perceptions of the virtual conference in general, where the total mean (M) was 3.03 and less positive perceptions on social exchanges (M = 2.72). Participant perceptions of the virtual conference differed across age groups, professions, and prior experience with conferences (p < .05). Approximately half of the participants (n = 139) preferred the virtual format, and 33% (n = 92) preferred the conventional format. Participant preferences for the virtual format were somewhat evenly distributed between asynchronous (32.9%) and synchronous (29.1%) modes. Participants predicted a virtual conference would continue to be a popular delivery format after the end of the COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Although participants had positive perceptions of the virtual conference, more support needs to be offered to those who may be less comfortable with using technology or with online interactions, and there is a need for improvement in supporting social exchange among attendees. Also, it is suggested that a blend of asynchronous and synchronous delivery methods should be considered to meet the varied needs of attendees.

NK1.1- natural killer T cells upregulate interleukin-17 expression in experimental lupus nephritis.

Interleukin (IL)-17-secreting invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells are involved in several inflammatory diseases. However, their role in lupus nephritis (LN) has not been fully characterized. Samples from patients with LN or glomerulonephritis and healthy controls were obtained, and elevated IL-17+ NKT cell numbers and IL-17 expression were observed in blood cells and kidneys, respectively, in patients with LN. Comparison of a mouse model of experimental autoimmune LN with the parental strain (NKT-deficient B6.CD1d-/- mice) revealed improved proteinuria, disease severity, and histopathology and decreased levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 and T cell receptor-α variable 14 expression. Spleens and kidneys of B6.CD1d-/- mice also showed downregulation of inflammatory markers and IL-17. In coculture with renal mesangial and NKT cells, inflammatory markers and IL-17 were upregulated following α-galactosylceramide treatment and downregulated after treatment with IL-17-blocking antibodies. This was most prominent with killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 C (NK1.1)- NKT cells. Thus, IL-17 is upregulated in LN. Activation of NKT cells regulates IL-17-related immune responses systemically and in the kidneys, primarily via NK1.1- NKT cells. IL-17-secreting NK1.1- NKT cells could serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for LN.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study makes a significant contribution to the literature because our results indicate that IL-17 is upregulated in lupus nephritis and that natural killer T (NKT) cells are involved in its pathogenesis. Activation of NKT cells regulates IL-17-related immune responses, both systemically and in the kidney, and this mainly involves NK1.1- NKT cells. Furthermore, IL-17-secreting NK1.1- NKT cells could serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for lupus nephritis.

Ischemia-induced Netrin-4 promotes neovascularization through endothelial progenitor cell activation via Unc-5 Netrin receptor B.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) promote neovascularization and tissue repair by migrating to vascular injury sites; therefore, factors that enhance EPC homing to damaged tissues are of interest. Here, we provide evidence of the prominent role of the Netrin-4 (NTN4)-Unc-5 Netrin receptor B (UNC5B) axis in EPC-specific promotion of ischemic neovascularization. Our results showed that NTN4 promoted the proliferation, chemotactic migration, and paracrine effects of small EPCs (SEPCs) and significantly increased the incorporation of large EPCs (LEPCs) into tubule networks. Additionally, NTN4 prominently augmented neovascularization in mice with hindlimb ischemia by increasing the homing of exogenously transplanted EPCs to the ischemic limb and incorporating EPCs into vessels. Moreover, silencing of UNC5B, an NTN4 receptor, abrogated the NTN4-induced cellular activities of SEPCs in vitro and blood-flow recovery and neovascularization in vivo in ischemic muscle by reducing EPC homing and incorporation. These findings suggest NTN4 as an EPC-based therapy for treating angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, prevents adipogenesis through STAT5-mediated PPARγ and C/EBPα regulation.

Adipogenesis involved in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes is responsible for expanding the mass of adipose tissues in obese individuals. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) are two principal transcription factors induced by delicate signaling pathways, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), in adipogenesis. Here, we demonstrated a novel role of ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, as a STAT5 inhibitor that blocks the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. During the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, ginkgetin treatment during the first 2 days markedly inhibited the formation of lipid-bearing adipocytes. PPARγ and C/EBPα expression was decreased in 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenesis following ginkgetin treatment, whereas no change was observed in C/EBPß or C/EBPδ expression. Inhibition of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression by ginkgetin occurred through the prevention of STAT5 activation during the initiation phase of adipogenesis. In addition, ginkgetin-mediated the inhibition of adipogenesis was recapitulated in the differentiation of primary preadipocytes. Lastly, we confirmed the inhibitory effects of ginkgetin on the hypertrophy of white adipose tissues from high-fat diet-fed mice. These results indicate that ginkgetin is a potential anti-adipogenesis and anti-obesity drug.

Two distinct cellular pathways leading to endothelial cell cytotoxicity by silica nanoparticle size.

BACKGROUND: Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are widely used for biosensing and diagnostics, and for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Safety concerns about the biomedical and clinical applications of SiNPs have been raised, necessitating analysis of the effects of their intrinsic properties, such as sizes, shapes, and surface physicochemical characteristics, on human health to minimize risk in biomedical applications. In particular, SiNP size-associated toxicological effects, and the underlying molecular mechanisms in the vascular endothelium remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed mechanisms underlying the cellular response to exposure to trace amounts of SiNPs and to determine applicable size criteria for biomedical application. METHODS: To clarify whether these SiNP-mediated cytotoxicity due to induction of apoptosis or necrosis, human ECs were treated with SiNPs of four different non-overlapping sizes under low serum-containing condition, stained with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI), and subjected to flow cytometric analysis (FACS). Two types of cell death mechanisms were assessed in terms of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction, and autophagy activity. RESULTS: Spherical SiNPs had a diameter of 21.8 nm; this was further increased to 31.4, 42.9, and 56.7 nm. Hence, we investigated these effects in human endothelial cells (ECs) treated with these nanoparticles under overlap- or agglomerate-free conditions. The 20-nm SiNPs, but not SiNPs of other sizes, significantly induced apoptosis and necrosis. Surprisingly, the two types of cell death occurred independently and through different mechanisms. Apoptotic cell death resulted from ROS-mediated ER stress. Furthermore, autophagy-mediated necrotic cell death was induced through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling axis. Together, the present results indicate that SiNPs within a diameter of < 20-nm pose greater risks to cells in terms of cytotoxic effects. CONCLUSION: These data provide novel insights into the size-dependence of the cytotoxic effects of silica nanoparticles and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings are expected to inform the applicable size range of SiNPs to ensure their safety in biomedical and clinical applications.

Non-invasive stem cell tracking in hindlimb ischemia animal model using bio-orthogonal copper-free click chemistry.

Labeling of stem cells aims to distinguish transplanted cells from host cells, understand in vivo fate of transplanted cells, particularly important in stem cell therapy. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are considered as an emerging therapeutic option for tissue regeneration, but much remains to be understood regarding the in vivo evidence. In this study, a simple and efficient cell labeling method for labeling and tracking of stem cells was developed based on bio-orthogonal copper-free click chemistry, and it was applied in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. The human ASCs were treated with tetra-acetylated N-azidoacetyl-d-mannosamine (Ac4ManNAz) to generate glycoprotein with unnatural azide groups on the cell surface, and the generated azide groups were fluorescently labeled by specific binding of dibenzylcyclooctyne-conjugated Cy5 (DBCO-Cy5). The safe and long-term labeling of the hASCs by this method was first investigated in vitro. Then the DBCO-Cy5-hASCs were transplanted into the hindlimb ischemia mice model, and we could monitor and track in vivo fate of the cells using optical imaging system. We could clearly observe the migration potent of the hASCs toward the ischemic lesion. This approach to design and tailor new method for labeling of stem cells may be useful to provide better understanding on the therapeutic effects of transplanted stem cells into the target diseases.

Optical Imaging and Gene Therapy with Neuroblastoma-Targeting Polymeric Nanoparticles for Potential Theranostic Applications.

Recently, targeted delivery systems based on functionalized polymeric nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, as neuroblastoma occurs in infancy and childhood, targeted delivery may be critical to reduce the side effects that can occur with conventional approaches, as well as to achieve precise diagnosis and efficient therapy. Thus, biocompatible poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles containing an imaging probe and therapeutic gene are prepared, followed by modification with rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) peptide for neuroblastoma-targeting delivery. RVG peptide is a well-known neuronal targeting ligand and is chemically conjugated to PLG nanoparticles without changing their size or shape. RVG-modified nanoparticles are effective in specifically targeting neuroblastoma both in vitro and in vivo. RVG-modified nanoparticles loaded with a fluorescent probe are useful to detect the tumor site in a neuroblastoma-bearing mouse model, and those encapsulating a therapeutic gene cocktail (siMyc, siBcl-2, and siVEGF) significantly suppressed tumor growth in the mouse model. This approach to designing and tailoring of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery may be useful in the development of multimodality systems for theranostic approaches.

In vivo monitoring of angiogenesis in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model using fluorescent peptide-based probes.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are up-regulated in ischemic tissue and play pivotal roles in promoting angiogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate two fluorophore-conjugated peptide probes specific to VEGFR and MMP for dual-targeted in vivo monitoring of angiogenesis in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. To this end, VEGFR-Probe and MMP-Probe were developed by conjugating distinct near-infrared fluorophores to VEGFR-binding and MMP substrate peptides, respectively. VEGFR-Probe exhibited specific binding to VEGFR on HUVECs, and self-quenched MMP-Probe produced strong fluorescence intensity in the presence of MMPs in vitro. Subsequently, VEGFR-Probe and MMP-Probe were successfully utilized for time course in vivo visualization of VEGFR or MMP, respectively. Simultaneous visualization provided information regarding the spatial distribution of these proteins, including areas of co-localization. This dual-targeted in vivo imaging approach will be useful for understanding the detailed mechanism of angiogenesis and for evaluating therapeutic angiogenesis.

Association of metformin with cardiovascular and graft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients with posttransplantation diabetes mellitus.

Background: Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a crucial problem after kidney transplantation. We aimed to determine whether metformin affects cardiovascular and graft outcomes in patients with PTDM. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 1,663 kidney transplant recipients without preexisting diabetes mellitus. The patients were divided into metformin and non-metformin groups, with matched propensity scores. We also estimated metformin's effect on percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), acute rejection, and graft failure. Results: Of 634 recipients with PTDM, 406 recipients were treated with metformin. The incidence of PCI was 2.4% and 7.1% in the metformin and non-metformin groups, respectively (p = 0.04). The metformin group exhibited a lower risk of PCI in Cox regression analyses (hazard ratio [HR], 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.77; p = 0.014), especially in subgroups with male sex, age over 49 years (median), long-term metformin use (mean of ≥1,729 days), and simultaneous tacrolimus administration. Long-term metformin use was also associated with lower incidence of MACEs (HR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.67; p = 0.02). Incidence of graft failure was 9.9% and 17.0% in the metformin and non-metformin groups, respectively (p = 0.046). Both long-term use and higher dose of metformin, as well as tacrolimus administration with metformin, were associated with a lower risk of graft failure (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.75; p = 0.01; HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.85; p = 0.02; and HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.19-0.79; p = 0.009, respectively). Conclusion: Metformin use is associated with a decreased risk of developing coronary artery disease and better graft outcomes in PTDM.

Development of a novel sandwich immunoassay based on targeting recombinant Francisella outer membrane protein A for the diagnosis of tularemia.

Introduction: Tularemia, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, poses health risks to humans and can spread through a variety of routes. It has also been classified as a Tier 1 Select agent by the CDC, highlighting its potential as a bioterrorism agent. Moreover, it is difficult to diagnose in a timely fashion, owing to the non-specific nature of tularemia infections. Rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection methods are required to reduce mortality rates. We aimed to develop antibodies directed against the outer membrane protein A of F. tularensis (FopA) for rapid and accurate diagnosis of tularemia. Methods: We used a baculovirus insect cell expression vector system to produce the FopA antigen and generate anti-FopA antibodies through immunization of BALB/c mice. We then employed hybridoma and phage display technologies to screen for antibodies that could recognize unique epitopes on FopA. Result: Two monoclonal antibodies, 6B12 and 3C1, identified through phage display screening specifically bound to recombinant FopA in a dose-dependent manner. The binding affinity of the anti-FopA 6B12 and 3C1 antibodies was observed to have an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.76 × 10-10 M and 1.32 × 10-9 M, respectively. These antibodies were used to develop a sandwich ELISA system for the diagnosis of tularemia. This assay was found to be highly specific and sensitive, with detection limits ranging from 0.062 ng/mL in PBS to 0.064 ng/mL in skim milk matrices. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of a novel diagnostic approach for detecting F. tularensis based on targeting FopA, as opposed to existing tests that target the bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

Phosphate level predicts mortality in acute kidney injury patients undergoing continuous kidney replacement therapy and has a U-shaped association with mortality in patients with high disease severity: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between serum phosphate level and mortality in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients undergoing continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) and evaluated whether this association differed according to disease severity. METHODS: Data from eight tertiary hospitals in Korea were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were classified into four groups (low, normal, high, and very high) based on their serum phosphate level at baseline. The association between serum phosphate level and mortality was then analyzed, with further subgroup analysis being conducted according to disease severity. RESULTS: Among the 3,290 patients identified, 166, 955, 1,307, and 862 were in the low, normal, high, and very high phosphate groups, respectively. The 90-day mortality rate was 63.9% and was highest in the very high group (76.3%). Both the high and very high groups showed a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate than did the normal phosphate group (high: hazard ratio [HR], 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.51, p < 0.001; very high: HR, 2.01, 95% CI, 1.78-2.27, p < 0.001). The low group also exhibited a higher 90-day mortality rate than did the normal group among those with high disease severity (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.09-1.99; p = 0.01) but not among those with low disease severity. CONCLUSION: High serum phosphate level predicted increased mortality in AKI patients undergoing CKRT, and low phosphate level was associated with increased mortality in patients with high disease severity. Therefore, serum phosphate levels should be carefully considered in critically ill patients with AKI.

Co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 using injectable microsphere/hydrogel hybrid systems for therapeutic angiogenesis.

PURPOSE: We hypothesized that combined delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) using microsphere/hydrogel hybrid systems could enhance mature vessel formation compared with administration of each factor alone. METHODS: Hybrid delivery systems composed of alginate hydrogels and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres containing angiogenic factors were prepared. The release behavior of angiogenic factors from hybrid systems was monitored in vitro. The hybrid systems were injected into an ischemic rodent model, and blood vessel formation at the ischemic site was evaluated. RESULTS: The sustained release over 4 weeks of both VEGF and Ang-1 from hybrid systems was achieved in vitro. Co-delivery of VEGF and Ang-1 was advantageous to retain muscle tissues and significantly induced vessel enlargement at the ischemic site, compared to mice treated with either VEGF or Ang-1 alone. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained and combined delivery of VEGF and Ang-1 significantly enhances vessel enlargement at the ischemic site, compared with sustained delivery of either factor alone. Microsphere/hydrogel hybrid systems may be a promising vehicle for delivery of multiple drugs for many therapeutic applications.

Intracellular Glucose-Depriving Polymer Micelles for Antiglycolytic Cancer Treatment.

A new anticancer strategy to exploit abnormal metabolism of cancer cells rather than to merely control the drug release or rearrange the tumor microenvironment is reported. An antiglycolytic amphiphilic polymer, designed considering the unique metabolism of cancer cells (Warburg effect) and aimed at the regulation of glucose metabolism, is synthesized through chemical conjugation between glycol chitosan (GC) and phenylboronic acid (PBA). GC-PBA derivatives form stable micellar structures under physiological conditions and respond to changes in glucose concentration. Once the micelles accumulate at the tumor site, intracellular glucose capture occurs, and the resultant energy deprivation through the inhibition of aerobic glycolysis remarkably suppresses tumor growth without significant side effects in vivo. This strategy highlights the need to develop safe and effective cancer treatment without the use of conventional anticancer drugs.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Usage of Blood for Transfusions: A 2-Year Experience from a Tertiary Center in Korea.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak affected the utilization and management of blood products in hospitals. Blood shortages occurred owing to social distancing policies and reduction in blood donors. However, only a few studies examined whether these changes affected blood usage and transfusion patterns. We retrospectively reviewed blood component usage according to hospital departments and phases of surgery in transfused patients admitted between 1 March 2019 and 28 February 2021, in a single center in Anyang, Korea. We also analyzed the length of hospital stay and mortality to determine prognosis. In 2020, 32,050 blood components were transfused to 2877 patients, corresponding to 15.8% and 11.8% less than the rates in 2019, respectively. Postoperative usage of blood products significantly decreased in 2020 (3.87 ± 6.50) compared to 2019 (7.12 ± 21.71) (p = 0.047). The length of hospital stay of the patients who underwent postoperative transfusion in 2019 (n = 197) was 13.97 ± 11.95 days, which was not significantly different from that in 2020 (n = 167), i.e., 16.44 ± 17.90 days (p = 0.118). Further, 9 of 197 postoperative transfusion patients died in 2019, while 8 of 167 patients died in 2020 (p = 0.920). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in limited blood supply and reduced postoperative transfusions; however, patient prognosis was not affected.

Novel sandwich immunoassay detects a shrimp AHPND-causing binary PirABVp toxin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Introduction: The binary PirA/PirB toxin expressed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (PirABVp) is a virulent complex that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps, affecting the global shrimp farming industry. AHPND is currently diagnosed by detecting pirA and pirB genes by PCR; however, several V. parahaemolyticus strains do not produce the two toxins as proteins. Thus, an immunoassay using antibodies may be the most effective tool for detecting toxin molecules. In this study, we report a sandwich ELISA-based immunoassay for the detection of PirABVp. Methods: We utilized a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library to select scFvs against the PirA or PirB subunits. Phage display panning rounds were conducted to screen and identify scFv antibodies directed against each recombinant toxin subunit. Selected scFvs were converted into IgGs to develop a sandwich immunoassay to detect recombinant and bacterial PirABVp. Results: Antibodies produced as IgG forms showed sub-nanomolar to nanomolar affinities (KD), and a pair of anti-PirA antibody as a capture and anti-PirB antibody as a detector showed a limit of detection of 201.7 ng/mL for recombinant PirABVp. The developed immunoassay detected PirABVp in the protein lysates of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) and showed a significant detectability in moribund or dead shrimp infected with a VpAHPND virulent strain compared to that in non-infected shrimp. Discussion: These results indicate that the developed immunoassay is a reliable method for diagnosing AHPND by detecting PirABVp at the protein level and could be further utilized to accurately determine the virulence of extant or newly identified VpAHPND in the global shrimp culture industry.

Hepatic PTP4A1 ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hepatosteatosis and hyperglycemia by the activation of the CREBH/FGF21 axis.

Precise regulation of kinases and phosphatases is crucial for human metabolic homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the roles and molecular mechanisms of protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA1 (PTP4A1) in regulating hepatosteatosis and glucose homeostasis. Method: Ptp4a1-/- mice, adeno-associated virus encoding Ptp4a1 under liver-specific promoter, adenovirus encoding Fgf21, and primary hepatocytes were used to evaluate PTP4A1-mediated regulation in the hepatosteatosis and glucose homeostasis. Glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, 2-deoxyglucose uptake assay, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp were performed to estimate glucose homeostasis in mice. The staining, including oil red O, hematoxylin & eosin, and BODIPY, and biochemical analysis for hepatic triglycerides were performed to assess hepatic lipids. Luciferase reporter assays, immunoprecipitation, immunoblots, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry staining were conducted to explore the underlying mechanism. Results: Here, we found that deficiency of PTP4A1 aggravated glucose homeostasis and hepatosteatosis in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Increased lipid accumulation in hepatocytes of Ptp4a1-/- mice reduced the level of glucose transporter 2 on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes leading to a diminution of glucose uptake. PTP4A1 prevented hepatosteatosis by activating the transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH)/fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) axis. Liver-specific PTP4A1 or systemic FGF21 overexpression in Ptp4a1-/- mice fed an HF diet restored the disorder of hepatosteatosis and glucose homeostasis. Finally, liver-specific PTP4A1 expression ameliorated an HF diet-induced hepatosteatosis and hyperglycemia in wild-type mice. Conclusions: Hepatic PTP4A1 is critical for regulating hepatosteatosis and glucose homeostasis by activating the CREBH/FGF21 axis. Our current study provides a novel function of PTP4A1 in metabolic disorders; hence, modulating PTP4A1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy against hepatosteatosis-related diseases.

Gut Microbial Genes and Metabolism for Methionine and Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Diabetic mellitus nephropathy (DMN) is a serious complication of diabetes and a major health concern. Although the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) leading to DMN is uncertain, recent evidence suggests the involvement of the gut microbiome. This study aimed to determine the relationships among gut microbial species, genes, and metabolites in DMN through an integrated clinical, taxonomic, genomic, and metabolomic analysis. Whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing and nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic analyses were performed on stool samples from 15 patients with DMN and 22 healthy controls. Six bacterial species were identified to be significantly elevated in the DMN patients after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Multivariate analysis found 216 microbial genes and 6 metabolites (higher valine, isoleucine, methionine, valerate, and phenylacetate levels in the DMN group and higher acetate levels in the control group) that were differentially present between the DMN and control groups. Integrated analysis of all of these parameters and clinical data using the random-forest model showed that methionine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were among the most significant features, next to the eGFR and proteinuria, in differentiating the DMN group from the control group. Metabolic pathway gene analysis of BCAAs and methionine also revealed that many genes involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites were elevated in the six species that were more abundant in the DMN group. The suggested correlation among taxonomic, genetic, and metabolic features of the gut microbiome would expand our understanding of gut microbial involvement in the pathogenesis of DMN and may provide potential therapeutic targets for DMN. IMPORTANCE Whole metagenomic sequencing uncovered specific members of the gut microbiota associated with DMN. The gene families derived from the discovered species are involved in the metabolic pathways of methionine and branched-chain amino acids. Metabolomic analysis using stool samples showed increased methionine and branched-chain amino acids in DMN. These integrative omics results provide evidence of the gut microbiota-associated pathophysiology of DMN, which can be further studied for disease-modulating effects via prebiotics or probiotics.

The impact of C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio on mortality in patients with acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy: A multicenter retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) is a prognostic marker in various diseases that represents patients' inflammation and nutritional status. Here, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of CAR in critically ill patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from eight tertiary hospitals in Korea from 2006-2021. The patients were divided into quartiles according to CAR levels at the time of CRRT initiation. Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate the effect of CAR on in-hospital mortality. The mortality prediction performance of CAR was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS: In total, 3995 patients who underwent CRRT were included, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 67.3% during the follow-up period. The 7-day, 30-day, and in-hospital mortality rates increased toward higher CAR quartiles (all P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, the higher quartile groups had an increased risk of in-hospital mortality (quartile 3: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.43, P < 0.001; quartile 4: aHR, 1.22, 95% CI, 1.07-1.40, P = 0.003). CAR combined with APACHE II or SOFA scores significantly increased the predictive power compared to each severity score alone for the AUC, NRI, and IDI (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A high CAR is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients requiring CRRT. The combined use of CAR and severity scores provides better predictive performance for mortality than the severity score alone.