High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia.

A high prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi infection (13.9%; 260/1,876) was found among schoolchildren and adults in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by fecal examination, worm expulsion, and molecular analysis of cox1 and nd1 genes. The source of infection was consumption of Pila sp. snails, a finding confirmed morphologically and molecularly.

Enhanced disease progression due to persistent HPV-16/58 infections in Korean women: a systematic review and the Korea HPV cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a key factor for the development and progression of cervical cancer. We sought to identify the type-specific HPV prevalence by cervical cytology and assess disease progression risk based on high-risk persistent HPV infection in South Korea. METHODS: To investigate the HPV prevalence by Pap results, we searched seven literature databases without any language or date restrictions until July 17, 2019. To estimate the risk of disease progression by HPV type, we used the Korea HPV Cohort study data. The search included the terms "HPV" and "Genotype" and "Korea." Studies on Korean women, type-specific HPV distribution by cytological findings, and detailed methodological description of the detection assay were included. We assessed the risk of disease progression according to the high-risk HPV type related to the nonavalent vaccine and associated persistent infections in 686 HPV-positive women with atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions from the Korea HPV Cohort Study. Type-specific HPV prevalence was the proportion of women positive for a specific HPV genotype among all HPV-positive women tested for that genotype in the systematic review. RESULTS: We included 23 studies in our review. HPV-16 was the most prevalent, followed by HPV-58, -53, -70, -18, and -68. In women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, including cancer, HPV-16, -18, and -58 were the most prevalent. In the longitudinal cohort study, the adjusted hazard ratio of disease progression from atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was significantly higher among those with persistent HPV-58 (increase in risk: 3.54-5.84) and HPV-16 (2.64-5.04) infections. CONCLUSIONS: While HPV-16 was the most prevalent, persistent infections of HPV-16/58 increased the risk of disease progression to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Therefore, persistent infections of HPV-16 and -58 are critical risk factors for cervical disease progression in Korea. Our results suggest that equal attention should be paid to HPV-58 and -16 infections and provide important evidence to assist in planning the National Immunization Program in Korea.

Genotypes of Blastocystis sp. among elderly health checkup people in South Korea with a questionnaire on risk factors.

Blastocystis sp. is a common zoonotic intestinal parasite of humans and animals, and has been classified into at least 17 distinct subtypes. Despite its potential impact on public health, the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. have seldom been the study subject in South Korea. To determine the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. and to obtain information on risk factors, we performed a cross-sectional study targeting elderly health checkup people, who visited Seoul Western Branch of the Korea Association of Health Promotion (KAHP) in October 2019. Stool samples were collected from 293 participants consisting of 128 males and 165 females with a mean age of 64.7 years (from 50 to 88 years) with a questionnaire on potential risk factors. All the samples were tested by PCR targeting the SSU rRNA gene of Blastocystis sp., and nucleotide sequences of positive samples were used to identify the subtypes. The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 9.2% (27/293). Among the positive samples, subtype 3 was predominant (59%; 16/27), followed by subtype 1 (41%; 11/27). No other subtypes were detected. In the univariable analysis, the age, sex, presence of digestive symptoms, source of drinking water, and history of drug intake were not significantly associated with Blastocystis sp. infection. Two parameters, including the Enterococcus hirae bacterial infection and the frequency of intake of cooked or boiled vegetables less than twice a week, showed statistical significance. However, the multivariable regression analysis revealed that only the latter parameter was statistically significant. The results suggested that subtypes 3 and 1 are the 2 major genotypes of Blastocystis sp. among elderly people in South Korea, and low frequency of consuming cooked or boiled vegetables is a potential risk factor.

Occurrence of a Hybrid Between Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica Tapeworms in Cambodia.

Human infection with Taenia asiatica or a hybrid between Taenia saginata and T. asiatica has not been reported in Cambodia. We detected for the first time a hybrid form between T. saginata and T. asiatica in Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia. An adult tapeworm specimen, i.e., 75 cm long strobila without scolex, was expelled from a 27-year-old man after praziquantel medication and purging. It was morphologically indistinguishable between T. saginata and T. asiatica. Several proglottids were molecularly analyzed to confirm the tapeworm species. The mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nuclear genes encoding elongation factor-1α (ef1) and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM)-like protein (elp) were sequenced, and a single-allele analysis was performed to confirm the haploid genotype. The results revealed that our sample showed a discrepancy between the mitochondrial and 2 nuclear genes. It possessed homozygous sequences typical of T. saginata at cox1 and ef1 loci. However, it was heterozygous at the elp locus, with 1 allele in T. asiatica (elpA) and 1 in T. saginata (elpC), which indicates that it is a hybrid between T. saginata and T. asiatica. The present results confirmed the presence of a hybrid between T. saginata and T. asiatica in Cambodia and strongly suggest the existence of also 'pure' T. asiatica in Cambodia.

Enterobius vermicularis Infection among Preschool Children: A 12-Year (2008-2019) Survey in Large Cities and Provinces of the Republic of Korea.

A 12-year nationwide survey (2008-2019) was performed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection among preschool children in Seoul, 4 large cites (Busan, Incheon, Daegu, and Ulsan), and 9 provinces (grouped into 5 localities) in the Republic of Korea (=Korea). The survey was carried out once a year by 16 regional offices of the Korea Association of Health Promotion. The cello-tape perianal swab method (1 smear per child) was applied to detect eggs of E. vermicularis and other helminths. According to the results, the egg positive rate of E. vermicularis infection in 2008-2009 was 1.8-2.0%, but it decreased gradually to 0.6% in 2019 (P<0.05). The prevalence was significantly higher in boys (0.7-5.0%, mean 1.8%) than in girls (0.5-2.8%, mean 1.3%) (P<0.05). The 2 most southern localities, Jejudo (Province) and Jeolla-do (inclusive of Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do) and a mid-western province, Gyeonggi-do, revealed higher prevalences, whereas Seoul and Gangwon-do showed lower prevalences. The results indicate that a low-grade prevalence of E. vermicularis infection (less than 4%) has been maintained for the recent 12 years among preschool children in Korea. Continuous monitoring of enterobiasis in the child age group is necessary in Korea.

Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea.

Life cycle stages, including daughter sporocysts, cercariae, and metacercariae, of Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974 (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) have been found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Aphaedo (Island), Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The daughter sporocysts were elongated sac-like and 307-570 (av. 395) µm long and 101-213 (av. 157) µm wide. Most of the daughter sporocysts contained 15-20 furcocercous cercariae each. The cercariae measured 112-146 (av. 134) µm in total length and 35-46 (av. 40) µm in width, with 69-92 (av. 85) µm long body and 39-54 (av. 49) µm long tail. The metacercariae were 210-250 (av. 231) µm in length and 170-195 (av. 185) µm in width, and characterized by having a large oral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, strongly suggesting P. duboisi. The metacercariae were experimentally infected to ICR mice, and adults were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The adult flukes were morphologically similar to the metacercariae except in the presence of up to 20 eggs in the uterus. The daughter sporocysts and metacercariae were molecularly (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) analyzed to confirm the species, and the results showed 99.8-99.9% identity with P. duboisi reported from Kyushu, Japan and Gochang, Korea. These results confirmed the presence of various life cycle stages of P. duboisi in the Manila clam, R. philippinarum, playing the role of the first as well as the second intermediate host, on Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea.

Association between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Risk of Osteoporosis in Korean Premenopausal Women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as a risk factor for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in Korean women after controlling for basic confounding factors and considering detailed demographic and clinical information. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort analysis and matched every IBS case with a non-IBS case at a 1:4 frequency ratio based on age. The population consisted of female patients with data in the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) database from 2002 to 2010. To determine the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in IBS and non-IBS patients, hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusting for confounding variables, such as the area of residence, health insurance type, and economic status. RESULTS: We identified 1,017,468 patients in the HIRA database with data from 2002 to 2010 who could potentially be included in the cohort. Among these, we identified 1,545 (11.4%) women (age >19 years) with newly diagnosed IBS (IBS group). Additionally, 6,180 patients without IBS and age-matched to the IBS group were selected. Cox modeling revealed that the crude HRs for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in patients with IBS were 1.476 (95% CI, 1.241-1.754) and 1.427 (95% CI, 1.086-1.876), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data showed an increased incidence of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in women with IBS compared with age-matched controls.

Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum Recovered from Villagers in Northern Cambodia.

Human hookworm infections caused by adult Ancylostoma spp. and Necator americanus are one of the most important tropical diseases. We performed a survey of intestinal helminths using the Kato-Katz fecal examination technique targeting 1,156 villagers residing in 2 northern provinces (Preah Vihear and Stung Treng) of Cambodia in 2018. The results revealed a high overall egg positive rate of intestinal helminths (61.9%), and the egg positive rate of hookworms was 11.6%. Nine of the hookworm egg positive cases in Preah Vihear Province were treated with 5-10 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate followed by purging with magnesium salts, and a total of 65 adult hookworms were expelled in diarrheic stools. The adult hookworms were analyzed morphologically and molecularly to confirm the species. The morphologies of the buccal cavity and dorsal rays on the costa were observed with a light microscope, and the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were analyzed. The majority of the hookworm adults (90.7%) were N. americanus, whereas the remaining 9.3% were Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a rare hookworm species infecting humans. The results revealed a high prevalence of hookworm infections among people in a northern part of Cambodia, suggesting the necessity of a sustained survey combined with control measures against hookworm infections.

Molecular Diagnosis of Taenia saginata Tapeworms from Two Residents of Northern Cambodia.

Taenia saginata infection has seldom been reported in Cambodia. In this study, we performed a survey of intestinal parasites in 1,156 residents of Preah Vihear and Stung Treng Provinces in 2018. The results revealed that 26 (2.4%) cases were positive for Taenia spp. eggs. In order to obtain the strobilae of the tapeworms, 2 patients in Preah Vihear were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium salts. The proglottids expelled after the medication were morphologically and molecularly analyzed to determine the species. The main uterine lateral braches in gravid proglottids were >15 in number suggesting that they are either T. saginata or Taenia asiatica. The sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and 2 nuclear loci, elongation factor-1 alpha (ef1) and ezrin-radixin-moesin-like protein (elp), were identical to the sequences of T. saginata available in GenBank but distant from Taenia solium, T. asiatica, and T. saginata-T. asiatica hybrid. This is the first report of the presence of T. saginata in the northern part of Cambodia bordering Lao PDR based on a molecular confirmation.

Morphological and Molecular Confirmation of Parvatrema duboisi Metacercariae in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Gochang-gun, Korea.

Gymnophallid metacercariae found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum ('Banjirak' in Korean) from Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea were morphologically and molecularly confirmed to be Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974. The metacercariae were morphologically characterized by having a large oral sucker, small ventral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, which were all compatible with P. duboisi. Some of the metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The morphology of the adult flukes was basically the same as that of the metacercariae except for the presence of uterine eggs; the uterus was filled with up to 40 eggs. The nucleotide sequences (1,193 bp) from ITS regions (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2) of the metacercariae showed 99.7% identity with P. duboisi and 75.7% identity with Gymnophalloides seoi deposited in GenBank. These results confirmed the presence of P. duboisi metacercariae in the Manila clam R. philippinarum in an estuary region of Gochang-gun, Korea.

Anisakid Larvae from Anchovies in the South Coast of Korea.

Anisakiasis (anisakidosis) refers to a foodborne zoonosis caused by ingesting raw or undercooked marine fish or cephalopods infected with anisakid larvae. The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence of anisakid larvae in anchovies (Engraulis japonica) purchased from 2 local markets in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (=Korea), during 2018-2019. Anchovies were transported to our laboratory and examined by pepsin-HCl artificial digestion technique followed by microscopic observations and molecular analyses. The overall prevalence of anisakid larvae was 19.5% (39/200), from which a total of 51 larvae (av. 1.3 larvae/infected anchovy) were recovered. Sequencing of the larvae targeting the ITS region, including ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 genes confirmed the species of larvae as Anisakis pegreffii (54.9%; 28/51), Hysterothylacium sinense (23.5%; 12/51), and Hysterothylacium aduncum (21.5%; 11/51). The results suggested that anchovies could be a potential source of human anisakiasis in Korea.

The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and mammographic density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women regardless of the menstrual cycle phase: a cross-sectional study.

Vitamin D deficiency is a known risk factor of breast cancer. An association between vitamin D and breast density has been suggested; however, it remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level and mammographic density. Subjects in our study included 517 patients who visited the health promotion center of the University Hospital. Mammographic density was classified using the American College of Radiology, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. Analysis of variance was performed to clarify the association of serum 25(OH)D level and mammographic density, and odds ratio was calculated by ordinal logistic regression analysis. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 14.3 ± 7.0 ng/mL in all subjects. In correlation analysis, weak negative correlation was observed between serum 25(OH)D level and mammographic density groups (r = -0.09, P = 0.049). However, ordinal logistic regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between serum 25(OH)D level and mammographic density (odds ratio: 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.50-1.13). Results of our study showed that there is no significant association between serum 25(OH)D level and mammographic density. It is thought to be an another mechanism of serum 25(OH)D level on breast cancer risk in addition to breast density.

Progress of Metal Chalcogenides as Catalysts for Efficient Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a high-demand chemical, valued as a powerful and eco-friendly oxidant for various industrial applications. The traditional industrial method for producing H2O2, known as the anthraquinone process, is both costly and environmentally problematic. Electrochemical synthesis, which produces H2O2 using electricity, offers a sustainable alternative, particularly suited for small-scale, continuous on-site H2O2 generation due to the portability of electrocatalytic devices. For efficient H2O2 electrosynthesis, electrocatalysts must exhibit high selectivity, activity, and stability for the two-electron pathway-oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR). Transition-metal chalcogenide (TMC)-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for effective 2e- ORR due to their high activity in acidic environments and the abundance of their constituent elements. This review examines the potential of TMC-based catalysts in H2O2 electrosynthesis, categorizing them into noble-metal and non-noble-metal chalcogenides. It underscores the importance of achieving high selectivity, activity, and stability in 2e- ORR. By reviewing recent advancements and identifying key challenges, this review provides valuable insights into the development of TMC-based electrocatalysts for sustainable H2O2 production.

HPV vaccination status and effectiveness in Korean women with HPV16/18 infection (2010-2021): a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine effectiveness in a cohort of Korean women infected with HPV. METHODS: From 2010 to 2021, Korean women aged 20-60 years who diagnosed HPV-positive atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion were recruited from 6 hospitals. HPV vaccine effectiveness was estimated by observing the differences in pathological and clinical information and experimental results-prevalence, viral load (VL), physical state (PS), and HPV16/18 infection duration-between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. RESULTS: HPV16/18 prevalence declined from 18.5% to 11.8% as vaccination rates increased from 14.3% to 60.7% in the 1,757 registered cohort women. DNA analysis from 96 samples collected from the participants, indicated that HPV vaccination reduced HPV16 VL by 6 times and increased E2/E6 ratio for both HPV16 and HPV18 by 1.4 and 5 times, respectively. The HPV16 infection rate-lasting more than 18 months from 31.0% to 21.6%-and the HPV18 infection rate-lasting more than 12 and less than 24 months from 35.5% to 21.1%-were reduced by vaccination. We found VL and the infection duration to be directly proportional. Moreover, HPV vaccination reduced not only the VL to 1/4 in both the persistence and clearance groups but also the persistence rate from 90% (27/30) to 70.6% (12/17) in HPV16. CONCLUSION: HPV vaccination reduced the prevalence and duration of infection and kept the PS in an episomal form for both HPV16 and HPV18. The tendency of persistence VL to be higher than clearance in the unvaccinated group implies that the vaccine's effect of reducing VL in HPV16 may lower the risk of progression to cervical cancer by shortening the infection duration.

High endemicity of Opisthorchis viverrini infection among people in northern Cambodia confirmed by adult worm expulsion.

Opisthorchis viverrini infection is an emerging disease in Cambodia, especially in central and southeastern areas. However, its status in northern areas bordering Lao PDR has been relatively unknown. The present study was performed to investigate the status of O. viverrini infection among people in Preah Vihear and Stung Treng provinces through fecal examination to detect eggs and recovery of adult flukes from some of the egg-positive cases. Fecal examinations were performed on a total of 1101 people from 10 villages in the 2 provinces using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. For recovery of adult flukes and other helminth parasites 10 volunteers positive for eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini and/or minute intestinal flukes (Ov/MIF), in Kampong Sangkae village, Preah Vihear province, were administered a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel plus 5-10 mg/kg of pyrantel pamoate and purged with 40-50 g magnesium salts. Adult trematodes, together with nematodes and cestodes expelled in diarrheic stools were collected under a stereomicroscope or with the naked eye. The proportion of egg-positive cases for overall liver and intestinal helminths was high but not notably different between the 2 provinces, 65.5% in Preah Vihear versus 64.7% in Stung Treng. The average proportion of Ov/MIF egg-positive cases was 59.8%. A total of 315 adult specimens of O. viverrini were recovered from the 10 volunteers (4-98 specimens per individual; mean, 32). A smaller number of Haplorchis taichui adults, an intestinal fluke, were found mixed-infected in 7 (103 specimens in total; 1-31 per individual; mean, 15) of the 10 volunteers. Adult specimens of hookworms, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichostrongylus sp., and a Taenia tapeworm strobila were recovered in some cases. Based on the results, it has been confirmed that the surveyed areas in Preah Vihear and Stung Treng provinces, Cambodia, are highly endemic areas of O. viverrini infection with a low-grade mixed infection with H. taichui.

Prevalence of head louse infestation among primary schoolchildren in the Republic of Korea: nationwide observation of trends in 2011-2019.

Head louse infestation is a significant public health problem across the world, particularly among preschool and primary schoolchildren. This study investigated the trends of head louse infestation in the Republic of Korea over a 9-year period (2011-2019), targeting primary schoolchildren in 3 areas of Seoul, 4 other large cities, and 9 provinces. A survey was administered annually by the health staff of each regional office (n= 16) of the Korea Association of Health Promotion (KAHP). The branch offices of KAHP examined a total of 51,508 primary schoolchildren, comprising 26,532 boys and 24,976 girls. Over the 9-year survey, a total of 1,107 (2.1%) schoolchildren tested positive for adults and/or nits of Pediculus humanus capitis. The prevalence was 2.8% (133/4,727) in 2011-2012 and gradually decreased to 0.8% (49/6,461) in 2019 (P< 0.05). Head lice were found more frequently in girls (3.0%; 746/24,976) than in boys (1.4%; 361/26,532) (P< 0.05). In terms of geographic localities, the highest infestation rate, 4.7% (average prevalence over 9 years), was observed in southern Seoul (Gangnam branch of KAHP), whereas the lowest infestation rate, 0.7%, was seen in Gyeongsang (north and south provinces) and western Seoul. Although the prevalence decreased significantly during the 9-year period, head louse infestation remains a health and hygiene issue among primary schoolchildren in the Republic of Korea. Regular surveys along with health education are needed to further improve children's hair hygiene.

Microglial Immunoregulation by Apoptotic Cellular Membrane Mimetic Polymeric Particles.

Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), one of the phospholipids that the apoptotic cell exposes, has emerged for anti-inflammatory therapy via polarizing inflammatory microglia (Mi1) to anti-inflammatory phenotype (Mi2). In this study, we report microglia polarization effect of PtdSer-exposing polymeric particles (PSPs). PSPs upregulated Mi2 microglia and suppressed Mi1 microglia through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma upregulation in vitro and in vivo. This study highlights the potential of PSPs for anti-inflammatory therapy.

Effects of education methods on self-efficacy of smoking cessation counseling among medical students.

BACKGROUND: Medical students need to receive training in providing smoking cessation counseling to provide effective smoking cessation interventions to smokers when they become doctors. This study examined the smoking cessation education curricula and factors affecting counseling self-efficacy (CSE) in smoking cessation treatment among medical students. METHODS: In a multicenter cross-sectional study, we obtained demographic information, personal history of tobacco use and intention to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke in the school premises during the past week, the experience of learning about tobacco in each medical school, tobacco-related medical knowledge, and self-efficacy in smoking cessation counseling on medical students of four Korean medical schools. RESULTS: Among 1,416 medical students eligible, 313 (22.1%) students completed a self-administered questionnaire. Only 20.3% of the students reported positive CSE on smoking cessation. The factors affecting positive CSE were scores of ≥ 60 on tobacco-related medical knowledge, smoking experience, and blended learning (p = 0.014, 0.005, and 0.015, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study shows that high scores in tobacco-related medical knowledge and blended learning are correlated with positive CSE for smoking cessation counseling.

Status of HPV vaccination among HPV-infected women aged 20-60 years with abnormal cervical cytology in South Korea: a multicenter, retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Since 2007, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been administered for the prevention of cervical cancer in Korea. We investigated the status of HPV vaccination among HPV-infected adult women with abnormal cervical cytology before the introduction of National Immunization Program. METHODS: From 2010 to 2016, HPV-positive women (age, 20-60 years) with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were enrolled from five hospitals across Korea. Their HPV genotype, epidemiologic, and clinical data, including HPV vaccination history, were obtained. We compared the epidemiological characteristics and prevalence of HPV-16/18 genotypes between vaccinated and unvaccinated women. RESULTS: Among the 1,300 women, approximately 26% had a history of vaccination. Vaccinated patients were significantly younger, unmarried, and had a higher education level than unvaccinated women. For HPV-vaccinated individuals by vaccine dose, there was a significant younger age at vaccination initiation (p=0.025), longer duration from HPV vaccination to Pap test date (p=0.001), and lower proportion of HPV-16/18 (p=0.028) in the women with three doses. There was a significantly lower prevalence of HPV-16/18 genotypes in women who were vaccinated at least 12 months prior than in unvaccinated women (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]=0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.29-0.88). For women with LSIL, the prevalence of the HPV-16/18 genotypes was significantly lower in women who were vaccinated more than 12 months prior than in unvaccinated women (aPR=0.35; 95% CI=0.13-0.96). CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the status of HPV vaccination and the prevalence of HPV-16/18 genotypes among HPV-infected women with abnormal cervical cytology according to HPV vaccination. It provides preliminary information regarding the status of HPV vaccination among Korean adult women.

Apoptotic Cell-Inspired Polymeric Particles for Controlling Microglial Inflammation toward Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment.

Apoptotic cells are known to suppress microglial inflammation in the brain by presenting phosphatidylserine. In this study, we newly designed polymeric particles that expose the anti-inflammatory site of phosphatidylserine to serve as an apoptotic cell-mimetic anti-inflammatory platform. The prepared anti-inflammatory particles showed no cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 against lipopolysaccharide stimulation in the microglia cell line MG6. This novel polymeric particle has potential for establishing a "cell-free" apoptotic cell-mimetic treatment for intracerebral inflammation.