Transfer of Mycotoxins from Lactation Feed to Colostrum of Sows.

Studies regarding the transfer of mycotoxins from sow feed to colostrum are scarce. A sample of in-house produced lactation feed and one of colostrum were collected from two or three sows per farm (total 49) from 19 farms. The feed contents of aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FUs), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) were assessed using ELISA and confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), The values were very low (10, 12, 17 and 2 positive samples for AFs, FUs, DON and ZEA, respectively), except for two samples (one AF, one DON). Based on feed values, colostrum samples from 13 farms were tested for at least one mycotoxin (Total 35). Aflatoxins were not found in any sample. A signal for FUs was observed in 5 of 11 colostra, despite low feed values; DON was frequently present in the colostrum (10/14). On the farm where the feed exceeded the DON suggested limits, a higher colostrum content was seen, 10.9 µg/kg, approximately 1/69 of the value showing toxicity in young pigs. The absence of reference values for neonate pigs, and the risk of higher and longer ingestion of DON by sows suggested considering routine checks of sow feed; more research on DON transfer and toxicity in piglets is needed.

[Molecular test Genotype® MTBDRplus, an alternative to rapid detection of multidrug resistance tuberculosis]. / Prueba molecular Genotype® MTBDRplus, una alternativa para la detección rápida de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente.

The Genotype®MTBDRplus molecular test is a method that allows identification of the most frequent mutations associated with resistance to major first-line antituberculosis drugs, Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RFP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the molecular test with culture and smear- positive sputum samples. We evaluated 95 cultures and 100 sputum samples with resistance profiles previously determined by the reference method "Agar Plate Proportions" (APP). The molecular test from cultures showed a sensitivity of 100 %, 97,5 % and 96,97 % for RIF, INH and MDR respectively while from sputums the sensitivity was 95,65 %, 96,77 % and 95,24 % for RIF, INH and MDR respectively. We conclude that the molecular test Genotype®MTBDRplus is a very useful tool to detect resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin simultaneously (MDR-TB) in up to 72 hours from sputum samples or cultures.

Vigilancia nacional de la resistencia a medicamentos antituberculosos, Perú 2005-2006 / National surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, Peru 2005-2006

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de resistencia a medicamentos antituberculosos en el Perú. Materiales ymétodos. Se realizó un muestreo por conglomerados en las 33 regiones de salud de Perú. Se utilizó el método de lasproporciones de Canetti en medio sólido Lowenstein Jensen para la susceptibilidad de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a medicamentos antituberculosos con isoniacida (INH) rifampicina (RMP), estreptomicina (SM) y etambutol (EMB). Las cepas con resultado de TB MDR se sometieron a susceptibilidad a medicamentos de segunda línea por el método delas proporciones en agar 7H10, en placas. Resultados. Se analizaron 1809 cultivos de pacientes nuevos y 360 de antes tratados. El 51,6 por ciento residía en Lima y el 59,3 por ciento fueron varones. La prevalencia nacional de la resistencia primaria fue de 23,2 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 21,3 - 25,1) y la resistencia adquirida fue de 41,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 36,5 - 46,8). Se detectó 180 casos de TB MDR de los cuales la prevalencia de TB MDR primaria fue 5,3 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 4,2 - 6,3) y la adquirida fue de 23,6 por ciento (IC95 por ciento:19,2 û 28,0). El 20 por ciento de aislamientos de pacientes nunca tratados en Lima fueron resistentes a INH o RIF. La resistencia global y la TB MDR primarias fueron más prevalentes en Lima que en el resto del país. La TB XDR estuvo presente en el 5,9 por ciento de pacientes con TB MDR y el 36 por ciento de las cepas de TB MDR fueron resistentes a por lo menos una droga de segunda línea. Conclusiones. Comparado con los estudios previos, la resistencia a drogas antituberculosas primaria y adquirida se ha incrementado significativamente en los últimos 10 años en Perú.

Objective. To determine the anti-tuberculosis drug resistance prevalence in Peru. Material and methods. We performed a conglomerated sampling in 33 health regions from Peru. We used a Canneti proportions method in solid medium L-J for testing Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility with isoniazid (INH) rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SM) and ethambutol (EMB). Strains with TB MDR was evaluated to second line drug susceptibility by proportion methods in 7H10 agar in plates. Results. We analyzed 1809 cultures from new patients and 360 pre treated. 51.6 coming from Lima and 59.3 per cent were males. The national prevalence of primary resistance was 23.2 per cent (CI95 per cent: 21.3 - 25.1) and acquired resistance was 41.7 per cent (95 per cent CI: 36.5 - 46.8). We detected 180 TB MDR cases, the prevalence of primary TB MDR was5.3 per cent (95 per cent CI: 4.2 - 6.3) and acquired was 23.6 per cent (95 per cent CI: 19.2 - 28.0). 20% of never treated patients isolated wereresistant to INH or RIF. Global resistance and primary TB MDR were more prevalent in Lima than rest of the country. TB XDR was present in 5.9 per cent of patients with TB MDR and 36 per cent of TB MDR strains were resistant at least one secondline drug. Conclusions. Compared with previous studies, primary and acquired anti-tuberculosis drug resistant have significantly increased in the last 10 years in Peru.