Digital Health Interventions for Cardiac Rehabilitation: Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite strong evidence supporting the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), over 80% of eligible patients do not participate in CR. Digital health technologies (ie, the delivery of care using the internet, wearable devices, and mobile apps) have the potential to address the challenges associated with traditional facility-based CR programs, but little is known about the comprehensiveness of these interventions to serve as digital approaches to CR. Overall, there is a lack of a systematic evaluation of the current literature on digital interventions for CR. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic literature review is to provide an in-depth analysis of the potential of digital health technologies to address the challenges associated with traditional CR. Through this review, we aim to summarize the current literature on digital interventions for CR, identify the key components of CR that have been successfully addressed through digital interventions, and describe the gaps in research that need to be addressed for sustainable and scalable digital CR interventions. METHODS: Our strategy for identifying the primary literature pertaining to CR with digital solutions (defined as technology employed to deliver remote care beyond the use of the telephone) included a consultation with an expert in the field of digital CR and searches of the PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases for original studies published from January 1990 to October 2018. RESULTS: Our search returned 31 eligible studies, of which 22 were randomized controlled trials. The reviewed CR interventions primarily targeted physical activity counseling (31/31, 100%), baseline assessment (30/31, 97%), and exercise training (27/31, 87%). The most commonly used modalities were smartphones or mobile devices (20/31, 65%), web-based portals (18/31, 58%), and email-SMS (11/31, 35%). Approximately one-third of the studies addressed the CR core components of nutrition counseling, psychological management, and weight management. In contrast, less than a third of the studies addressed other CR core components, including the management of lipids, diabetes, smoking cessation, and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Digital technologies have the potential to increase access and participation in CR by mitigating the challenges associated with traditional, facility-based CR. However, previously evaluated interventions primarily focused on physical activity counseling and exercise training. Thus, further research is required with more comprehensive CR interventions and long-term follow-up to understand the clinical impact of digital interventions.

An initiative to promote value-based stress test selection in primary care and cardiology clinics: A mixed methods evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: Exercise stress echocardiograms (stress echos) are overused, whereas exercise stress electrocardiograms (stress ECGs) can be an appropriate, lower-cost substitute. In this post hoc, mixed methods evaluation, we assessed an initiative promoting value-based, guideline-concordant ordering practices in primary care (PC) and cardiology clinics. METHODS: Change in percent of stress ECGs ordered of all exercise stress tests (stress ECGs and echos) was calculated between three periods: baseline (January 2019-February 2020); Period 1 with reduced stress ECG report turnaround time + PC-targeted education (began June 2020); and Period 2 with the addition of electronic health record-based alternative alert (AA) providing point-of-care clinical decision support. The AA was deployed in two of five PC clinics in July 2020, two additional PC clinics in January 2021, and one of four cardiology clinics in February 2021. Nineteen primary care providers (PCPs) and five cardiologists were interviewed in Period 2. RESULTS: Clinicians reported reducing ECG report turnaround time was crucial for adoption. PCPs specifically reported that value-based education helped change their practice. In PC, the percent of stress ECGs ordered increased by 38% ± 6% (SE) (p < 0.0001) from baseline to Period 1. Most PCPs identified the AA as the most impactful initiative, yet stress ECG ordering did not change (6% ± 6%; p = 0.34) between Periods 1 and 2. In contrast, cardiologists reportedly relied on their expertise rather than AAs, yet their stress ECGs orders increased from Period 1 to 2 to a larger degree in the cardiology clinic with the AA (12% ± 5%; p = 0.01) than clinics without the AA (6% ± 2%; p = 0.01). The percent of stress ECGs ordered was higher in Period 2 than baseline for both specialties (both p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This initiative influenced ordering behaviour in PC and cardiology clinics. However, clinicians' perceptions of the initiative varied between specialties and did not always align with the observed behaviour change.

Association of Neighborhood Income with Clinical Outcomes Among Pregnant Patients with Cardiac Disease.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of pregnancy mortality. Socioeconomic and racial disparities in pregnancy are well established. Despite this, little is known about the impact of social determinants of health in pregnant patients with heart disease. This study aims to determine whether pregnant patients with heart disease living in lower income neighborhoods and managed at cardio-obstetrics programs have higher rates of cardiac events or preterm deliveries compared with those living in higher income neighborhoods. This is a retrospective cohort study of 206 patients between 2010 and 2020 at a quaternary care hospital in Northern California. The exposure was household income level based on neighborhood defined by the US Census data. Patients in lower income neighborhoods (N = 103) were 45% Hispanic, 34% White, and 14% Asian versus upper income neighborhoods (N = 103), which were 48% White, 31% Asian, and 12% Hispanic (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the rates of intrapartum cardiac events (10% vs. 4%; p = 0.16), postpartum cardiac events (14% vs. 17%; p = 0.7), and preterm delivery (24% vs. 17%; p = 0.23). The rates of antepartum hospitalization were higher for lower income neighborhoods (42% vs 22%; p = 0.004). While there is no significant difference in cardiac events and preterm delivery rates between patients from low versus high income neighborhoods, patients from lower income neighborhoods have higher antepartum hospitalization rates. Earlier identification of clinical deterioration provided by a cardio-obstetrics team may contribute to increased hospitalizations, which might mitigate socioeconomic disparities in outcomes for these pregnant patients with heart disease.

Standardized discharge orders after stroke: results of the quality improvement in stroke prevention (QUISP) cluster randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Proven strategies to reduce risk of stroke recurrence are under-utilized. We sought to evaluate the impact of standardized stroke discharge orders on treatment practices in a cluster-randomized trial. METHODS: The Quality Improvement in Stroke Prevention (QUISP) trial randomized 12 hospitals to continue usual care or to receive assistance in the development and implementation of standardized stroke discharge orders. All patients with ischemic stroke were identified during a 12-month period prior to implementation and for 12 months afterward, and were followed for 6 months after discharge. The primary outcome was optimal treatment at 6 months, defined as taking a statin, having blood pressure <140/90mmHg, and receiving anticoagulation if atrial fibrillation was diagnosed. The primary analysis treated the hospital as the unit of analysis, comparing optimal treatment rates-adjusted for race, age, dementia, atrial fibrillation, and history of bleeding-between intervention and non-intervention hospitals using a paired t test. RESULTS: In the primary analysis with hospital as the unit of analysis, the odds of optimal treatment was not significantly increased at intervention compared to non-intervention hospitals (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-2.76; p = 0.27). However, in analyses conducted at the level of the individual patients (N = 3,361), rates of optimal treatment increased from 37% to 45% in the intervention hospitals (p = 0.001) and did not change significantly in the non-intervention hospitals (39% to 40%; p = 0.27). INTERPRETATION: Implementation of standardized discharge orders after stroke was associated with increased rates of optimal secondary prevention; this improvement was not significant in the primary analysis at the hospital level.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Ascending Aortic Aneurysm in a Twin Pregnancy.

Bicuspid aortic valve with ascending aortic aneurysm is a common condition encountered in pregnancy. There are limited data on how to manage these patients. To our knowledge, we report the only case of a bicuspid aortic valve and aortic aneurysm with twin gestations. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Cumulative Adherence to Secondary Prevention Guidelines and Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background The survival benefit associated with cumulative adherence to multiple clinical and lifestyle-related guideline recommendations for secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not well established. Methods and Results We examined adults with AMI (mean age 68 years; 64% men) surviving at least 30 (N=25 778) or 90  (N=24 200) days after discharge in a large integrated healthcare system in Northern California from 2008 to 2014. The association between all-cause death and adherence to 6 or 7 secondary prevention guideline recommendations including medical treatment (prescriptions for ß-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, lipid medications, and antiplatelet medications), risk factor control (blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL), and lifestyle approaches (not smoking) at 30 or 90 days after AMI was evaluated with Cox proportional hazard models. To allow patients time to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL, this metric was examined only among those alive 90 days after AMI. Overall guideline adherence was high (35% and 34% met 5 or 6 guidelines at 30 days; and 31% and 23% met 6 or 7 at 90 days, respectively). Greater guideline adherence was independently associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.49-0.66] for those meeting 7 and hazard ratio, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.61-0.78] for those meeting 6 guidelines versus 0 to 3 guidelines in 90-day models, with similar results in the 30-day models), with significantly lower mortality per each additional guideline recommendation achieved. Conclusions In a large community-based population, cumulative adherence to guideline-recommended medical therapy, risk factor control, and lifestyle changes after AMI was associated with improved long-term survival. Full adherence was associated with the greatest survival benefit.

Successful conversion of patients with hypercholesterolemia from a brand name to a generic cholesterol-lowering drug.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a simvastatin-to-lovastatin therapeutic conversion program. STUDY DESIGN: Observational database study of a therapeutic conversion in members of the Northern and Southern California regions of Kaiser Permanente, using a pretest/posttest design. METHODS: All patients actively converted from simvastatin to lovastatin between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2003, were identified for inclusion in the analysis. The conversion from simvastatin to lovastatin was based on an equipotent dose ratio of 1 mg of simvastatin to 2 mg of lovastatin. Electronic prescription record and laboratory data were collected for converted patients beginning 365 days before changing therapy through June 30, 2003. The primary effectiveness end point was a comparison of the preconversion and postconversion low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Safety end points included an analysis of preconversion and postconversion alanine aminotransferase (ALT) tests and creatine kinase values. RESULTS: A total of 33,318 converted patients met criteria for inclusion in the analysis. The mean LDL-C was lowered from 110.9 to 108.4 mg/dL (P < .001) following the conversion to lovastatin. The percentage of patients with serum ALT levels greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) was similar before (0.7%) and after (0.6%) conversion from simvastatin to lovastatin. Creatine kinase elevations greater then 10 times the ULN occurred at similar rates before and after the conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, patients had an improvement in their lipid profile without evidence of hepatic or muscle enzyme elevations. Appropriately selected patients can be safely and effectively converted from simvastatin to lovastatin.

Differential association between statin exposure and elevated levels of creatine kinase.

BACKGROUND: Although hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are generally well tolerated, myopathy can be a serious adverse event. The association among different statins, doses, and related risk factors is not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels in patients taking statins, specific doses of these drugs, and other factors. Simvastatin and lovastatin were the drugs of primary interest. METHODS: In a modified prevalence (cross-sectional) study, prescriptions and laboratory data for 215,191 patients exposed to a statin in 2002 were reviewed. A log-linear Poisson regression model was used to determine the statistical relationship of an elevated CK level to other independent variables. RESULTS: Prevalence of high elevation of CK levels (ie, n of cases/1000 pts. exposed to statins) was 1.6; prevalence of mild to moderate elevation of CK levels was 6.4. For high elevations, the prevalence ratios were lower for low doses of lovastatin than for high doses of simvastatin. A higher prevalence ratio was associated with elevated serum creatinine (SCr) levels (2.44), exposure to interacting drugs (1.62), male gender (1.48), and evidence of diabetes (1.34). For mild to moderate elevation, a higher prevalence ratio was associated with elevated SCr (1.45), exposure to interacting drugs (1.21), male gender (3.19), age < or =65 years (1.35), and evidence of diabetes (1.34). Lower prevalence ratios were associated with all doses of lovastatin compared with those of high doses of simvastatin. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with simvastatin, lovastatin was generally associated with a lower prevalence of high elevation and mild to moderate elevation of CK levels. An elevated SCr level, exposure to interacting drugs, male gender, evidence of diabetes, and age < or =65 years were associated with higher prevalence ratios.