The prevalence of wasting in Czech infants: a comparison of the WHO child growth standards and the Czech growth references.

The objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate the performance of the international World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standards in the Czech Republic and determine the prevalence of wasting among children using the 1991 Czech growth reference and the WHO growth standards. The study utilized the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards and the 1991 Czech growth references. The WHO standards were based on a longitudinal study of 882 children aged 0-24 months and on cross-sectional studies of 6669 children aged 18-71 months. The 1991 Czech growth references were based on a cross-sectional survey including 90 910 children aged 0-18 years (34 164 were children aged < 5 years). The prevalence of wasting was significantly higher among Czech children when using the WHO growth standards compared with the Czech references. The prevalence of wasting among 0-5-month-old children was 15.5% among boys and 12.9% among girls compared with the expected 2.3% of the WHO standards. In the length category of 50 cm, 9.0% of boys and 9.9% of girls fell under the WHO wasting cut-off compared with the 3% from the Czech growth reference. The application of the WHO growth standards may results in a significant increase of Czech children classified in the category of wasting, especially among infants aged 0-5 months. The performance and potential impacts of the WHO growth standards should be evaluated further before their adoption in the Czech Republic and other countries with local growth references.

Supporting breastfeeding in emergencies: protecting women's reproductive rights and maternal and infant health.

Women have the right to support that enables them to breastfeed. Supporting breastfeeding in emergencies is important because artificial feeding places mothers and children at risk. In emergencies, artificial feeding is dangerous to the infant, difficult and requires substantial resources. In contrast, breastfeeding guards infant health. It is also protective against postpartum haemorrhage, maternal depletion, maternal anaemia and closely spaced births and should therefore concern not only nutritionists, but also those involved in reproductive health. However, it is common for women's ability to breastfeed to be undermined in emergencies by the indiscriminate distribution of breast-milk substitutes and the absence of breastfeeding support. Controlling the distribution of breast-milk substitutes, providing supportive environments, and appropriate medical and practical assistance to breastfeeding women safeguards the health and well-being of mothers and babies. Greater collaboration between the nutrition and reproductive health sectors is required to promote best practice in protecting breastfeeding women and their children in emergencies.

Protecting Breastfeeding From Conflicts of Interest.

In order to maximize profits from sales of breastmilk substitutes, manufacturers use a whole gamut of strategies to interfere with the effective implementation of policies that protect, promote, and support breastfeeding (e.g., the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes with its subsequent World Health Assembly resolutions and the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding). Their strategies create, among other problems, personal and institutional conflicts of interest. Effective Conflict of Interest policies are therefore needed for ensuring that governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and health professionals can protect their independence, integrity, and credibility in order to work in the best interests of children. Conflicts of interest are discussed by Dr Lida Lhotska and Dr Judith Richter, who have been actively involved in these issues internationally. Lida Lhotska holds a BSc in Biology and a PhD in Anthropology. Her international work spans over 25 years. She headed the Infant Feeding and Care team for UNICEF and subsequently joined the IBFAN-Geneva Infant Feeding Association team, always focusing on advancing the protection of breastfeeding through legal and other policy measures. Judith Richter has a multidisciplinary background combining knowledge in the humanities with health sciences (PhD Social Sciences; MA Development Studies; MSc Pharmaceutical Sciences). Her work as a freelance researcher for United Nations agencies, governments, and civil society organizations and networks has centered on safeguarding their capacity to hold transnational corporations accountable. In her interview, Judith Richter explains why conflict of interest regulation matters to health professionals working in the field of lactation. (MA = Maryse Arendt; LL = Lida Lhotska; JR = Judith Richter).

A fresh look at growth assessment of infants and young children in the Czech Republic in context of international developments.

The growth charts of basic body measurements are an important aid for the daily routine practice of paediatricians. Charts for children from birth to 2 years of age form an integral component of a set of such tools for the age spectrum from birth to 18 years of age. The interpretation of growth charts is highly dependent on the data on basis of which the charts were constructed. In the Czech Republic, the growth reference data have been regularly updated since 1951, in 10-year intervals. These updates are based on data from nation-wide anthropological surveys of children and adolescents. Countries, which do not have their own reference data, have been using for growth assessment the 1977 World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) international reference growth charts. These charts, developed for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height, were based for children younger than 2 years on a longitudinal study of North American children. Over the years, use in practice showed that because of the original criteria used to select the child population studied, these reference growth charts were not suitable for assessing growth of breastfed children. The 1977 reference is based on predominantly artificially, that is formula-fed, child population. The evidence shows that breastfed and artificially fed infants grow differently and that the growth pattern of breastfed children most likely better reflects physiological growth. In 1994, based on the accumulated evidence, the WHO started working on new international standards which would be based on a sample of healthy breastfed children. The project, the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS), was carried out from 1997-2003. It focused on collection of growth and development data of 8440 children from different ethnic and cultural groups. The underlying assumption of the project was that in favourable socio-economic conditions and with a recommended level of nutrition and lack of maternal smoking, children's growth is very similar, regardless of their ethnic origin and geographic location. The new growth standard for children 0-5 years of age will be available early in 2006. In the Czech Republic, we plan to analyse our national reference against this standard. If considered necessary, a process will be put in place for replacing the Czech reference with the WHO standard. The objective of this article is to alert health professionals that growth charts currently used in their country may not represent an optimal tool, especially with regard to the assessment of nutritional status for 0 to 2-year-old children, unless already based on data of breastfed children. Generally, the lack of awareness of the difference between the two growth patterns--the breastfed versus artificially fed child--poses a serious problem since a strict interpretation of the growth charts may lead to early supplementation of breastmilk with infant formula and/or premature introduction of complementary foods. Both of these practices tend to lead to premature cessation of breastfeeding, one of the key strategies to improve child health and development.

Overweight and obesity in 6- to 14-year-old Czech children in 1991: protective effect of breast-feeding.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of breast-feeding on childhood overweight/obesity in an Eastern European socialist society with relatively homogeneous lifestyles. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey data collected in 1991 on 33,768 school-children aged 6 to 14 years in the Czech Republic were analyzed by using multiple logistic regression analyses (main outcome body mass index [BMI] >90th percentile [overweight] and BMI >97th percentile [obesity]). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of overweight (obesity) was lower in breast-fed children: ever breast-fed (9.3%; 95% CI, 8.9-9.6 [3.2%; 95% CI, 3.0-3.4]) compared with never breast-fed (12.4%; 95% CI, 11.3-13.6 [4.4%; 95% CI, 3.7-5.2]). The effect of breast-feeding on overweight/obesity did not diminish with age in children 6 to 14 years old and could not be explained by parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, high birth weight, watching television, number of siblings, and physical activity. Adjusted odds ratios for breast-feeding were for overweight 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71-0.90) and for obesity 0.80 (95% CI, 0.66-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: A reduced prevalence of overweight/obesity was associated with breast-feeding in a setting where socioeconomic status was homogeneous. This suggests that the effect of breast-feeding on the prevalence of obesity is not confounded by socioeconomic status.