Path-dependence of the Plio-Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles.

We find strong path dependence in the evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene glaciations using CLIMBER-2 Earth System Model simulations from the mid-Pliocene to modern preindustrial (3 My-0 My BP) driven by a gradual decrease in volcanic carbon dioxide outgassing and regolith removal from basal ice interaction. Path dependence and hysteresis are investigated by alternatively driving the model forward and backward in time. Initiating the model with preindustrial conditions and driving the model backward using time-reversed forcings, the increase in volcanic outgassing back-in-time (BIT) does not generate the high CO2 levels and relatively ice-free conditions of the late Pliocene seen in forward-in-time (FIT) simulations of the same model. This behavior appears to originate from nonlinearities and initial state dependence in the carbon cycle. A transition from low-amplitude sinusoidal obliquity (~41 ky) and precession (~23 ky) driven glacial/interglacial cycles to high-amplitude ~100 ky likely eccentricity-related sawtooth cycles seen between -1.25 My and -0.75 My BP (the Mid-Pleistocene transition or "MPT") in FIT simulations disappears in BIT integrations depending on the details of how the regolith removal process is treated. A transition toward depleted regolith and lowered atmospheric CO2 levels are both required to reproduce the MPT.

Role of atmospheric resonance and land-atmosphere feedbacks as a precursor to the June 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome event.

We demonstrate an indirect, rather than direct, role of quasi-resonant amplification of planetary waves in a summer weather extreme. We find that there was an interplay between a persistent, amplified large-scale atmospheric circulation state and soil moisture feedbacks as a precursor for the June 2021 Pacific Northwest "Heat Dome" event. An extended resonant planetary wave configuration prior to the event created an antecedent soil moisture deficit that amplified lower atmospheric warming through strong nonlinear soil moisture feedbacks, favoring this unprecedented heat event.

The interaction of ice and law in Arctic marine accessibility.

Sea ice levies an impost on maritime navigability in the Arctic, but ice cover diminution due to anthropogenic climate change is generating expectations for improved accessibility in coming decades. Projections of sea ice cover retreating preferentially from the eastern Arctic suggest key provisions of international law of the sea will require revision. Specifically, protections against marine pollution in ice-covered seas enshrined in Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea have been used in recent decades to extend jurisdictional competence over the Northern Sea Route only loosely associated with environmental outcomes. Projections show that plausible open water routes through international waters may be accessible by midcentury under all but the most aggressive of emissions control scenarios. While inter- and intraannual variability places the economic viability of these routes in question for some time, the inevitability of a seasonally ice-free Arctic will be attended by a reduction of regulatory friction and a recalibration of associated legal frameworks.

Saliva­microbiome­derived signatures: expected to become a potential biomarker for pulmonary nodules (MCEPN-1).

BACKGROUND: Oral microbiota imbalance is associated with the progression of various lung diseases, including lung cancer. Pulmonary nodules (PNs) are often considered a critical stage for the early detection of lung cancer; however, the relationship between oral microbiota and PNs remains unknown. METHODS: We conducted a 'Microbiome with pulmonary nodule series study 1' (MCEPN-1) where we compared PN patients and healthy controls (HCs), aiming to identify differences in oral microbiota characteristics and discover potential microbiota biomarkers for non-invasive, radiation-free PNs diagnosis and warning in the future. We performed 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing on saliva samples from 173 PN patients and 40 HCs to compare the characteristics and functional changes in oral microbiota between the two groups. The random forest algorithm was used to identify PN salivary microbial markers. Biological functions and potential mechanisms of differential genes in saliva samples were preliminarily explored using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) analyses. RESULTS: The diversity of salivary microorganisms was higher in the PN group than in the HC group. Significant differences were noted in community composition and abundance of oral microorganisms between the two groups. Neisseria, Prevotella, Haemophilus and Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, 7M7x, Granulicatella and Selenomonas were the main differential genera between the PN and HC groups. Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus and Haemophilus constituted the optimal marker sets (area under curve, AUC = 0.80), which can distinguish between patients with PNs and HCs. Further, the salivary microbiota composition was significantly correlated with age, sex, and smoking history (P < 0.001), but not with personal history of cancer (P > 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis of differential genes showed that patients with PN showed significant enrichment in protein/molecular functions related to immune deficiency and energy metabolisms, such as the cytoskeleton protein RodZ, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dehydrogenase (NADPH) dehydrogenase, major facilitator superfamily transporters and AraC family transcription regulators. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first evidence that the salivary microbiota can serve as potential biomarkers for identifying PN. We observed a significant association between changes in the oral microbiota and PNs, indicating the potential of salivary microbiota as a new non-invasive biomarker for PNs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR2200062140; Date of registration: 07/25/2022.

Mitochondrial dynamics and colorectal cancer biology: mechanisms and potential targets.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health concern, and its development is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria can adapt to the high metabolic demands of cancer cells owing to their plasticity and dynamic nature. The fusion-fission dynamics of mitochondria play a crucial role in signal transduction and metabolic functions of CRC cells. Enhanced mitochondrial fission promotes the metabolic reprogramming of CRC cells, leading to cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Excessive fission can also trigger mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, excessive mitochondrial fusion leads to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) overproduction and abnormal tumor proliferation, whereas moderate fusion protects intestinal epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial damage, thus preventing colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Therefore, an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can either promote or inhibit CRC progression. This review provides an overview of the mechanism underlying mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamics and their impact on CRC biology. This revealed the dual role of mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamics in CRC development and identified potential drug targets. Additionally, this study partially explored mitochondrial dynamics in immune and vascular endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting promising prospects for targeting key fusion/fission effector proteins against CRC.

17ß-estradiol in colorectal cancer: friend or foe?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy with higher incidence and mortality rates in men compared to women, potentially due to the effects of estrogen signaling. There is substantial evidence supporting the significant role of 17ß-Estradiol (E2) in reducing CRC risk in females, although this perspective remains debated. E2 has been demonstrated to inhibit CRC cell proliferation and migration at the cellular level by enhancing DNA mismatch repair, modulating key gene expression, triggering cell cycle arrest, and reducing activity of migration factors. Furthermore, E2 contributes to promote a tumor microenvironment unfavorable for CRC growth by stimulating ERß expression, reducing inflammatory responses, reversing immunosuppression, and altering the gut microbiome composition. Conversely, under conditions of high oxidative stress, hypoxia, and nutritional deficiencies, E2 may facilitate CRC development through GPER-mediated non-genomic signaling. E2's influence on CRC involves the genomic and non-genomic signals mediated by ERß and GPER, respectively, leading to its dual roles in anticancer activity and carcinogenesis. This review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms by which E2 directly or indirectly impacts CRC development, providing insights into the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism in CRC and suggesting potential strategies for prevention and treatment.

Sex differences in colorectal cancer: with a focus on sex hormone-gut microbiome axis.

Sexual dimorphism has been observed in the incidence and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), with men generally exhibiting a slightly higher incidence than women. Research suggests that this difference may be attributed to variations in sex steroid hormone levels and the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome in CRC shows variations in composition and function between the sexes, leading to the concept of 'microgenderome' and 'sex hormone-gut microbiome axis.' Conventional research indicates that estrogens, by promoting a more favorable gut microbiota, may reduce the risk of CRC. Conversely, androgens may have a direct pro-tumorigenic effect by increasing the proportion of opportunistic pathogens. The gut microbiota may also influence sex hormone levels by expressing specific enzymes or directly affecting gonadal function. However, this area remains controversial. This review aims to explore the differences in sex hormone in CRC incidence, the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism within the gut microbiome, and the intricate interplay of the sex hormone-gut microbiome axis in CRC. The objective is to gain a better understanding of these interactions and their potential clinical implications, as well as to introduce innovative approaches to CRC treatment.

[Chaihu Sanshen Capsules protect rats from myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury via PKCßâ ¡/NOX2/ROS signaling pathway].

This study aims to explore the pathogenesis of myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury(MIRI) based on oxidative stress-mediated programmed cell death and the mechanism and targets of Chaihu Sanshen Capsules in treating MIRI via the protein kinase Cß(PKCßⅡ)/NADPH oxidase 2(NOX2)/reactive oxygen species(ROS) signaling pathway. The rat model of MIRI was established by the ligation of the left anterior descending branch. Rats were randomized into 6 groups: sham group, model group, clinically equivalent-, high-dose Chaihu Sanshen Capsules groups, N-acetylcysteine group, and CGP53353 group. After drug administration for 7 consecutive days, the area of myocardial infarction in each group was measured. The pathological morphology of the myocardial tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The apoptosis in the myocardial tissue was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to measure the le-vels of indicators of myocardial injury and oxidative stress. The level of ROS was detected by flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA levels of the related proteins in the myocardial tissue were determined by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR), respectively. Compared with the sham group, the model group showed obvious myocardial infarction, myocardial structural disorders, interstitial edema and hemorrhage, presence of a large number of vacuoles, elevated levels of myocardial injury markers, myocardial apoptosis, ROS, and malondialdehyde(MDA), lowered superoxide dismutase(SOD) level, and up-regulated protein and mRNA le-vels of PKCßⅡ, NOX2, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3(caspase-3), and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4) in the myocardial tissue. Compared with the model group, Chaihu Sanshen Capsules reduced the area of myocardial infarction, alleviated the pathological changes in the myocardial tissue, lowered the levels of myocardial injury and oxidative stress indicators and apoptosis, and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of PKCßⅡ, NOX2, caspase-3, and ACSL4 in the myocardial tissue. Chaihu Sanshen Capsules can inhibit oxidative stress and programmed cell death(apoptosis, ferroptosis) by regulating the PKCßⅡ/NOX2/ROS signaling pathway, thus mitigating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.

Mechanisms underlying the effects, and clinical applications, of oral microbiota in lung cancer: current challenges and prospects.

The oral cavity contains a site-specific microbiota that interacts with host cells to regulate many physiological processes in the human body. Emerging evidence has suggested that changes in the oral microbiota can increase the risk of lung cancer (LC), and the oral microbiota is also altered in patients with LC. Human and animal studies have shown that oral microecological disorders and/or specific oral bacteria may play an active role in the occurrence and development of LC through direct and/or indirect mechanisms. These studies support the potential of oral microbiota in the clinical treatment of LC. Oral microbiota may therefore be used in the prevention and treatment of LC and to improve the side effects of anticancer therapy by regulating the balance of the oral microbiome. Specific oral microbiota in LC may also be used as screening or predictive biomarkers. This review summarizes the main findings in research on oral microbiome-related LC and discusses current challenges and future research directions.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown potent anti-inflammatory function in various pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis and neurodegenerative diseases. Since the number of EVs naturally secreted by cells is finite and they usually bear specific repertoires of bioactive molecules to perform manifold cell-cell communication, but not one particular therapeutic function as expected, their practical application is still limited. Strategies are needed to increase the production of EVs and enhance their therapeutic function. Recent studies have suggested that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising non-invasive method to increase the secretion of EVs and promote their anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effect of LIPUS stimulation of BMSCs on EVs derived from the cells remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether LIPUS stimulation on BMSCs could increase the secretion of EVs and enhance their anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS: BMSCs were exposed to LIPUS (300 mW/cm2) for 15 min and EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Anti-inflammatory effects of EVs were investigated on RAW264.7 cells in vitro and in the allogeneic skin transplantation model. Small RNA-seq was utilized to identify components difference in EVs with/without LIPUS irradiation. RESULTS: In this study, we found that LIPUS stimulation could lead to a 3.66-fold increase in the EVs release from BMSCs. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo experimental results suggested that EVs secreted from LIPUS-treated BMSCs (LIPUS-EVs) possessed stronger anti-inflammatory function than EVs secreted from BMSCs without LIPUS stimulation (C-EVs). RNA-seq analysis revealed that miR-328-5p and miR-487b-3p were significantly up-regulated in LIPUS-EVs compare with C-EVs. The suppression of MAPK signaling pathway by these two up-regulated miRNAs could be the potential mechanism of strengthened anti-inflammatory effects of LIPUS-EVs. CONCLUSION: LIPUS stimulation on BMSCs could significantly increase the secretion of EVs. Moreover, EVs generated from LIPUS-treated BMSCs possessed much stronger anti-inflammatory function than C-EVs. Therefore, LIPUS could be a promising non-invasive strategy to promote the production of EVs from BMSCs and augment their anti-inflammatory effects.

A comprehensive review of aluminium electrolysis and the waste generated by it.

Aluminium is produced by electrolysis using alumina (Al2O3) as raw material and cryolite (Na3AlF6) as electrolyte. In this Hall-Héroult process, the energy consumption is relatively large, and solid wastes such as spent anodes and spent pot liner, flue gas and waste heat are generated. Therefore, this article discusses from the perspective of high energy consumption and high pollution and summarizes the methods to reduce energy consumption and solve pollution problems. The functions of carbon anode, carbon cathode, refractory material and sidewall in aluminium electrolysis cells are discussed in detail. The process of aluminium electrolysis and the ways to improve the current efficiency of aluminium electrolysis cells and reduce their energy consumption are outlined. The causes and treatment methods of spent anodes, spent cathodes, spent refractories and spent spot liner are reviewed. The research progress of waste heat recovery and aluminium electrolysis flue gas purification are analysed. And the future research directions of aluminium electrolysis flue gas are provided.

[Analysis of Salivary Microbiota Characteristics in Patients With Pulmonary Nodules: A Prospective Nonrandomized Concurrent Controlled Trial]. / è‚ºç»“èŠ‚æ‚£è€ å”¾æ¶²å¾®ç”Ÿç‰©èŒç¾¤ç‰¹å¾åˆ†æžï¼šä¸€é¡¹å‰çž»æ€§ã€éžéšæœºã€åŒæœŸå¯¹ç §è¯•éªŒ.

Objective: To uncover and identify the differences in salivary microbiota profiles and their potential roles between patients with pulmonary nodules (PN) and healthy controls, and to propose new candidate biomarkers for the early warning of PN. Methods: 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed with the saliva samples of 173 PN patients, or the PN group, and 40 health controls, or the HC group, to compare the characteristics, including diversity, community composition, differential species, and functional changes of salivary microbiota in the two groups. Random forest algorithm was used to identify salivary microbial markers of PN and their predictive value for PN was assessed by area under the curve (AUC). Finally, the biological functions and potential mechanisms of differentially-expressed genes in saliva samples were preliminarily investigated on the basis of predictive functional profiling of Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt2). Results: The α diversity and ß diversity of salivary microbiota in the PN group were higher than those in the HC group (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences in the community composition and the abundance of oral microorganisms between the PN and the HC groups (P<0.05). Random forest algorithm was applied to identify differential microbial species. Porphyromonas, Haemophilus, and Fusobacterium constituted the optimal marker sets (AUC=0.79, 95% confidence interval: 0.71-0.86), which can be used to effectively identify patients with PN. Bioinformatics analysis of the differentially-expressed genes revealed that patients with PN showed significant enrichment in protein/molecular functions involved in immune deficiency and redox homeostasis. Conclusion: Changes in salivary microbiota are closely associated with PN and may induce the development of PN or malignant transformation of PN, which indicates the potential of salivary microbiota to be used as a new non-invasive humoral marker for the early diagnosis of PN.

Tick peptides evoke itch by activating MrgprC11/MRGPRX1 to sensitize TRPV1 in pruriceptors.

BACKGROUND: Tick bites severely threaten human health because they allow the transmission of many deadly pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Pruritus is a leading symptom of tick bites, but its molecular and neural bases remain elusive. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to discover potent drugs and targets for the specific prevention and treatment of tick bite-induced pruritus and arthropod-related itch. METHODS: We used live-cell calcium imaging, patch-clamp recordings, and genetic ablation and evaluated mouse behavior to investigate the molecular and neural bases of tick bite-induced pruritus. RESULTS: We found that 2 tick salivary peptides, IP defensin 1 (IPDef1) and IR defensin 2 (IRDef2), induced itch in mice. IPDef1 was further revealed to have a stronger pruritogenic potential than IRDef2 and to induce pruritus in a histamine-independent manner. IPDef1 evoked itch by activating mouse MrgprC11 and human MRGPRX1 on dorsal root ganglion neurons. IPDef1-activated MrgprC11/X1 signaling sensitized downstream ion channel TRPV1 on dorsal root ganglion neurons. Moreover, IPDef1 also activated mouse MrgprB2 and its ortholog human MRGPRX2 selectively expressed on mast cells, inducing the release of inflammatory cytokines and driving acute inflammation in mice, although mast cell activation did not contribute to oxidated IPDef1-induced itch. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies tick salivary peptides as a new class of pruritogens that initiate itch through MrgprC11/X1-TRPV1 signaling in pruritoceptors. Our work will provide potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of pruritus induced by the bites or stings of tick and maybe other arthropods.

Effectiveness of intravitreal chemotherapy-assisted endoresection in monocular patients with group D retinoblastoma.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the efficacy and complications of intravitreal chemotherapy-assisted endoresection for refractory International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) group D retinoblastoma in monocular patients. METHODS: In this retrospective case series, intravitreal chemotherapy-assisted endoresection by pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 11 eyes with refractory ICRB group D retinoblastoma unresponsive to standard therapies in monocular patients. RESULTS: Across a mean follow-up period of 42.7 months, globe salvage was attained in all 11 eyes (100%). There were no cases of extra-ocular tumour seeding or remote metastasis. In 9 eyes (81.8%), tumour control was achieved with one pars plana vitrectomy; in 2 cases (18.2%), repeated treatment, such as laser therapy, intravitreal chemotherapy or a second pars plana vitrectomy, was needed. Retinal reattachment was achieved in all 4 eyes (100%) with previous retinal detachment. Four eyes (36.4%) required subsequent cataract surgery due to secondary cataract. Ten eyes (90.9%) had improvement in best-corrected visual acuity at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal chemotherapy-assisted endoresection appears to be a safe and effective globe-salvaging method for refractory group D retinoblastoma. It is a promising alternative to enucleation and a supplementary therapeutic strategy for those unresponsive to standard therapies, especially for the monocular retinoblastoma patients.

[Research on Accuracy and Stability of Inversing Vegetation Chlorophyll Content by Spectral Index Method].

Spectral index method was widely applied to the inversion of crop chlorophyll content. In the present study, PSR3500 spectrometer and SPAD-502 chlorophyll fluorometer were used to acquire the spectrum and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of winter wheat leaves on May 2nd 2013 when it was at the jointing stage of winter wheat. Then the measured spectra were resampled to simulate TM multispectral data and Hyperion hyperspectral data respectively, using the Gaussian spectral response function. We chose four typical spectral indices including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVD, triangle vegetation index (TVI), the ratio of modified transformed chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI) to optimized soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) (MCARI/OSAVI) and vegetation index based on universal pattern decomposition (VIUPD), which were constructed with the feature bands sensitive to the vegetation chlorophyll. After calculating these spectral indices based on the resampling TM and Hyperion data, the regression equation between spectral indices and chlorophyll content was established. For TM, the result indicates that VIUPD has the best correlation with chlorophyll (R2 = 0.819 7) followed by NDVI (R2 = 0.791 8), while MCARI/OSAVI and TVI also show a good correlation with R2 higher than 0.5. For the simulated Hyperion data, VIUPD again ranks first with R2 = 0.817 1, followed by MCARI/OSAVI (R2 = 0.658 6), while NDVI and TVI show very low values with R2 less than 0.2. It was demonstrated that VIUPD has the best accuracy and stability to estimate chlorophyll of winter wheat whether using simulated TM data or Hyperion data, which reaffirms that VIUPD is comparatively sensor independent. The chlorophyll estimation accuracy and stability of MCARI/OSAVI also works well, partly because OSAVI could reduce the influence of backgrounds. Two broadband spectral indices NDVI and TVI are weak for the chlorophyll estimation of simulated Hyperion data mainly because of their dependence on few bands and the strong influence of atmosphere, solar altitude, viewing angle of sensor, background and so on. In conclusion, the stability and consistency of chlorophyll estimation is equally important to the estimation accuracy by spectral index method. VIUPD introduced in the study has the best performance to estimate winter wheat chlorophyll, which illustrates its potential ability in the area of estimating vegetation biochemical parameters.

Causal linkage between type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease: an integrated Mendelian randomization study and bioinformatics analysis.

Background: Observational studies have indicated associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and both colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the underlying causality and biological mechanisms between these associations remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis employing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies involving European individuals. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was the primary method used to assess causality. Additionally, we applied MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode to evaluate the robustness of the results. Outliers were identified and eliminated using the MR-PRESSO, while the MR-Egger intercept was used to assess the horizontal pleiotropic effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q test, and sensitivity analysis was performed using leave-one-out method. The F statistic was calculated to evaluate weak instrumental variable bias. Finally, a pilot bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the underlying biological mechanisms between T2DM and IBD/UC. Results: The IVW results demonstrated that T2DM significantly reduced risks of IBD (OR=0.885, 95% CI: 0.818-0.958, P=0.002) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (OR=0.887, 95% CI: 0.812-0.968, P=0.007). Although the 95% CIs of MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode were broad, the majority of their estimates were consistent with the direction of IVW. Despite significant heterogeneity among SNPs, no horizontal pleiotropy was observed. The leave-one-out analysis showed that the causality remained consistent after each SNP was removed, underscoring the reliability of the results. Reverse MR analysis indicated that genetic susceptibility to both CRC and IBD had no significant effect on the relative risk of T2DM. Ten hub genes were identified, which mainly enriched in pathways including maturity onset diabetes of the young, thyroid cancer, gastric acid secretion, longevity regulating pathway, melanogenesis, and pancreatic secretion. Conclusion: The presence of T2DM does not increase the risk of CRC or IBD. Moreover, T2DM might reduce risk of IBD, including UC. Conversely, the occurrence of CRC or IBD does not influence the risk of T2DM. The association between T2DM and IBD/UC may be related to the changes in multiple metabolic pathways and CTLA-4-mediated immune response.

Mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamics and its involvement in colorectal cancer.

The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer have elevated its status as a significant public health concern. Recent research has elucidated the crucial role of mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamics in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. Elevated mitochondrial fission or fusion activity can contribute to the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, thereby activating oncogenic pathways that drive cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance. Nevertheless, excessive mitochondrial fission can induce apoptosis, whereas moderate mitochondrial fusion can protect cells from oxidative stress. This imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics can exert dual roles as both promoters and inhibitors of colorectal cancer progression. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the fusion-fission dynamics and the underlying pathological mechanisms in colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, it offers partial insights into the mitochondrial kinetics in colorectal cancer-associated cells, such as immune and endothelial cells. This review is aimed at identifying key molecular events involved in colorectal cancer progression and highlighting the potential of mitochondrial dynamic proteins as emerging targets for pharmacological intervention.

Discovering human cell-compatible gene therapy virus variants via optimized screening in mouse models.

In gene therapy, intravenous injection of viral vectors reigns as the primary administration route. These vectors include adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, rhabdoviruses and others. However, these naturally occurring viruses lack inherent tissue or organ tropism for tailored disease treatment. To address this, we devised an optimized process involving directed viral capsid evolution, organ-specific humanized mouse models and in vitro-in vivo virus screening. Our approach allows for the rapid generation specifically modified adeno-associated virus variants, surpassing the time required for natural evolution, which spans millions of years. Notably, these variants exhibit robust targeting of the liver, favouring chimeric human liver cells over murine hepatocytes. Furthermore, certain variants achieve augmented targeting with reduced off-target organ infection, thereby mitigating dosage requirements and enhancing safety in gene therapy.

Banxia Xiexin Decoction delays colitis-to-cancer transition by inhibiting E-cadherin/ß-catenin pathway via Fusobacterium nucleatum FadA.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Colitis is an important risk factor for the occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC), and the colonization of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) in the intestines accelerates this transformation process. Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD), originating from Shanghanlun, is a classic prescription for treating gastrointestinal diseases. Current researches indicate that BXD can effectively delay the colitis-to-cancer transition, but it is still unclear whether it can inhibit Fn colonization to achieve this delaying effect. AIM OF STUDY: This study explored the effect and mechanism of BXD in inhibiting Fn intestinal colonization to delay colitis-to-cancer transition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed a mouse model of colitis-to-cancer transition by regularly gavaging Fn combined with azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and administered BXD by gavage. We monitored the body weight of mice, measured the length and weight of their colons, and calculated the disease activity index (DAI) score. The growth status of colon tumors was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and the changes in gut microbiota in each group of mice were detected by 16S rDNA analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of E-cadherin and ß-catenin in colon tissues, and immunofluorescence was used to observe the infiltration of M2 macrophages in colon tissues. In cell experiments, we established a co-culture model of Fn and colon cancer cells and intervened with BXD-containing serum. Malignant behaviors such as cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were detected, as well as changes in their cell cycle. We examined the protein levels of E-cadherin, ß-catenin, Axin2, and Cyclin D1 in each group were detected by Western blot. We used US1 strain (fadA-) as a control and observed the effects of BXD-containing serum on Fn attachment and invasion of colon cancer cells through attachment and invasion experiments. RESULTS: BXD can inhibit the colitis-to-cancer transition in mice infected with Fn, reduce crypt structure damage, improve gut microbiota dysbiosis, upregulate E-cadherin and decrease ß-catenin expression, and reduce infiltration of M2 macrophages, thus inhibiting the process of colitis-to-cancer transition. Cell experiments revealed that BXD-containing serum can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells infected with Fn and regulate their cell cycle. More importantly, we found that BXD-containing serum can inhibit the binding of Fn's FadA adhesin to E-cadherin, reduce Fn's attachment and invasion of colon cancer cells, thereby downregulating the E-cadherin/ß-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that BXD can inhibit Fn colonization by interfering with the binding of FadA to E-cadherin, reducing the activation of the E-cadherin/ß-catenin signaling pathway, and ultimately delaying colitis-to-cancer transition.