Obeticholic acid improved triptolide/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting caspase-11-GSDMD pyroptosis pathway.

This study was designed to investigate the potential role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in abnormal bile acid metabolism and pyroptosis during the pathogenesis of triptolide (TP)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, the protective effect of obeticholic acid (OCA) was explored under this condition. In vivo, female C57BL/6 mice were administrated with OCA (40 mg/kg bw, intragastrical injection) before (500 µg/kg bw, intragastrical injection)/LPS (0.1 mg/kg bw, intraperitoneal injection) administration. In vitro, AML12 cells were treated with TP (50 nM) and TNF-α (50 ng/ml) to induce hepatotoxicity; GW4064 (5 µM) and cholestyramine (CHO) (0.1 mg/ml and 0.05 mg/ml) were introduced to explain the role of FXR/total bile acid (TBA) in it. Serum TBA level was significantly elevated, which was induced by FXR suppression. And both GW4064 and CHO intervention presented remarkable protective effects against TP/TNF-α-induced NLRP3 upregulation and pyroptosis pathway activation. Pre-administration of FXR agonist OCA successfully attenuated TP/LPS-induced severe liver injury by reducing serum bile acids accumulation and inhibiting the activation of caspase-11-GSDMD (gasdermin D) pyroptosis pathway. We have drawn conclusions that TP aggravated liver hypersensitivity to LPS and inhibited FXR-SHP (small heterodimer partner) axis, which was served as endogenous signals to activate caspase-11-GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis contributing to liver injury. OCA alleviated TP/LPS-induced liver injury accompanied by inhibiting caspase-11-GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis pathway and decreased serum TBA level. The results indicated that FXR might be an attractive therapeutic target for TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity, providing an effective strategy for drug-induced liver injury.

[Mechanism of psoralen in aggravating hepatotoxicity induced by CCl_4 by delaying liver regeneration].

This study aimed to investigate whether psoralen can aggravate hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4) by inducing hepatocyte cycle arrest and delaying liver regeneration. Female C57 BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into control group, model group(CCl_4 group), combined group(CCl_4+PSO group) and psoralen group(PSO group). CCl_4 group and CCl_4+PSO group were given CCl_4 intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 µL·kg~(-1) once; olive oil of the same volume was given to control group and PSO group intraperitoneally; 12 h, 36 h and 60 h after CCl_4 injection, PSO group and CCl_4+PSO group were administrated with PSO intragastrically at a dose of 200 mg·kg~(-1); 0.5% CMC-Na of the same volume was administrated to control group and PSO group intragastrically. The weight of mice was recorded every day. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were measured at 36 h, 60 h and 84 h after CCl_4 injection. Mice were sacrificed after collection of the last serum samples. Liver samples were collected, and liver weight was recorded. Histopathological and morphological changes of liver were observed by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The mRNA levels of HGF, TGF-ß, TNF-α, p53 and p21 in liver were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot was used to detect the levels of cell cycle-related proteins. According to the results, significant increase of serum ALT and AST and centrilobular necrosis with massive inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in CCl_4+PSO group. After PSO administration in CCl_4 model, the mRNA levels of HGF(hepatocyte growth factor) and TNF-α were reduced, while the mRNA expressions of TGF-ß, p53 and p21 was up-regulated. The expression of PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) was significantly increased in CCl_4 and CCl_4+PSO group, while the relative protein level in CCl_4+PSO group was slightly lower than that in CCl_4 group. Compared with control and CCl_4 group, the expression of p27(cyclic dependent kinase inhibitor protein p27) was prominently increased in CCl_4+PSO group. These results indicated that hepatotoxicity induced by CCl_4 could be aggravated by intraperitoneal administration with PSO, and the repair process of liver could be delayed. The preliminary mechanism may be related to the inhibition of PCNA and regulation of some cell cycle-associated protein by psoralen, in which the significant up-regulation of p27, p53 and p21 may play important roles.

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote ductular reaction through amphiregulin in biliary atresia.

BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy with ductular reaction as a key pathogenic feature predicting poor survival. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in human liver and display multiple roles in liver diseases. We aimed to investigate the function of MAIT cells in BA. METHODS: First, we analyzed correlations between liver MAIT cell and clinical parameters (survival, alanine transaminase, bilirubin, histological inflammation and fibrosis) in two public cohorts of patients with BA (US and China). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and spearman correlation analysis were employed for survival data and other clinical parameters, respectively. Next, we obtained liver samples or peripheral blood from BA and control patients for bulk RNA sequencing, flow cytometry analysis, immunostaning and functional experiments of MAIT cells. Finally, we established two in vitro co-culture systems, one is the rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infected co-culture system to model immune dysfunction of human BA which was validated by single cell RNA sequencing and the other is a multicellular system composed of biliary organoids, LX-2 and MAIT cells to evaluate the role of MAIT cells on ductular reaction. FINDINGS: Liver MAIT cells in BA were positively associated with low survival and ductular reaction. Moreover, liver MAIT cells were activated, exhibited a wound healing signature and highly expressed growth factor Amphiregulin (AREG) in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner. Antagonism of AREG abrogated the proliferative effect of BA MAIT cells on both cholangiocytes and biliary organoids. A RRV infected co-culture system, recapitulated immune dysfunction of human BA, disclosed that RRV-primed MAIT cells promoted cholangiocyte proliferation via AREG, and further induced inflammation and fibrosis in the multicellular system. INTERPRETATION: MAIT cells exhibit a wound healing signature depending on TCR signaling and promote ductular reaction via AREG, which is associated with advanced fibrosis and predictive of low survival in BA. FUNDING: This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant (82001589 and 92168108), National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1801600) and by Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong (2020A1515110921).

A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: the relevance of NF- κ B and NF- κ B-mediated cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein.

Previously, we proposed a new perspective of triptolide (TP)-associated hepatotoxicity: liver hypersensitivity upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. However, the mechanisms for TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity remained elusive. The present study aimed to clarify the role of LPS in TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism by which TP induces liver hypersensitivity upon LPS stimulation. TNF-α inhibitor, etanercept, was injected intraperitoneally into mice to investigate whether induction of TNF-α by LPS participated in the liver injury induced by TP/LPS co-treatment. Mice and hepatocytes pretreated with TP were stimulated with recombinant TNF-α to assess the function of TNF-α in TP/LPS co-treatment. Additionally, time-dependent NF-κB activation and NF-κB-mediated pro-survival signals were measured in vivo and in vitro. Finally, overexpression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), the most potent NF-κB-mediated pro-survival protein, was measured in vivo and in vitro to assess its function in TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. Etanercept counteracted the toxic reactions induced by TP/LPS. TP-treatment sensitized mice and hepatocytes to TNF-α, revealing the role of TNF-α in TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that TP inhibited NF-κB dependent pro-survival signals, especially FLIP, induced by LPS/TNF-α. Moreover, overexpression of FLIP alleviated TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and TP/TNF-α-induced apoptosis in vitro. Mice and hepatocytes treated with TP were sensitive to TNF-α, which was released from LPS-stimulated immune cells. These and other results show that the TP-induced inhibition of NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity and FLIP production are responsible for liver hypersensitivity.

The role of inflammasome activation in Triptolide-induced acute liver toxicity.

Triptolide (TP), the major active compound derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F, possesses an excellent pharmacological profile of immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the application of TP was restricted due to its narrow therapeutic window and side effects, especially its hepatotoxicity. This study was designed to investigate the role of inflammasome in TP-induced acute liver toxicity. After the administration of TP at the dose of 600 µg/kg for 12 h or 24 h, we examined the serum biochemical parameters, liver histopathological changes, the expression of liver inflammatory factors, and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Mice treated with TP displayed liver injury with a time-dependent increase of serum transaminases and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, accompanied by the elevation of neutrophils infiltration. Further results implied that the activation of TLR4-Myd88-NF-κB pathway and oxidative stress induced by a single dose of TP (600 µg/kg) might participate in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. To investigate whether the activation of inflammasome participates in the liver damage induced by TP, a single dose of Ac-Yvad-Cmk (Caspase-1 inhibitor) was injected before TP administration. Ac-Yvad-Cmk pretreatment effectively prevented the increase of Cleaved Caspase-1 and inhibited the maturity of IL-1ß. Additional studies revealed that Ac-Yvad-Cmk pretreatment decreased the recruitment of neutrophils and inhibited the production of massive pro-inflammatory factors. Taken together, our results revealed that activation of inflammasome aggravated the acute liver toxicity induced by TP. Inhibition of inflammasome could serve as a novel therapeutic target for the amelioration of TP-induced hepatotoxicity.

A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: Liver hypersensitivity upon LPS stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate whether the mice treated with triptolide (TP) could disrupt the liver immune homeostasis, resulting in the inability of the liver to eliminate the harmful response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, we explored whether apoptosis and necroptosis played a critical role in the progression of the hepatotoxicity induced by TP-LPS co-treatment. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were continuously administrated with two different doses of TP (250 µg/kg and 500 µg/kg) intragastrically for 7 days. Subsequently, a single dose of LPS (0.1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to testify whether the liver possesses the normal immune function to detoxicate the exogenous pathogen's stimulation. To prove the involvement of apoptosis and necroptosis in the liver damage induced by TP-LPS co-treatment, apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (FMK) and necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin (Nec-1) were applied before the stimulation of LPS to diminish the apoptosis and necroptosis respectively. RESULTS: TP or LPS alone did not induce significant liver damage. However, compared with TP or LPS treated mice, TP-LPS co-treatment mice showed obvious hepatotoxicity with a remarkable elevation of serum ALT and AST accompanied by abnormal bile acid metabolism, a depletion of liver glycogen storage, aberrant glucose metabolism, an up-regulation of inflammatory cell infiltration, and an increase of apoptosis and necroptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of FMK or Nec-1 could counteract the toxic reactions induced by TP-LPS co-treatment. CONCLUSION: TP could disrupt the immune response, resulting in hypersensitivity of the liver upon LPS stimulation, ultimately leading to abnormal liver function and cell death. Additionally, apoptosis and necroptosis played a vital role in the development of liver damage induced by TP-LPS co-treatment.