Fertility preservation in males with cancer of trends, region development, and efficacy in mainland China from 16 regions Chinese sperm banks.

PURPOSE: Male cancer survivors experience confusion about fertility following cancer treatment. The aims of this study were to evaluate survivors' semen quality in different tumor type groups in China and to analyze the current situation and challenges of male cancer patients with sperm cryopreservation. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study of male patients with cancer who underwent sperm cryopreservation in 16 regions of the national sperm banks over an 11-year period from 2010 to 2020. RESULTS: The number of male cancer patients with sperm cryopreservation showed an overall upward trend. The development of male cancer fertility preservation (FP) in the eastern, central, and western regions of Chinese displayed imbalance. There are seven tumor types for sperm preservation in the top incidence ten tumor types, including lymphoma, leukemia, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, sarcoma, thyroid cancer, and brain tumor. Moreover, nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a high incidence rate in China, which is related to high sperm preservation rate, different from other countries. The most percentage of males receiving sperm cryopreservation in the testicular cancers (15-39 years old) of China in 2020 was 5.55%, 1.29% in the lymphoma, and 0.39% in the leukemia. According to the type of cancer, a statistically significant lower pre-sperm density, total sperm output, and post-sperm density was observed in testicular cancers. It is worth noting that the prevalence of azoospermia 22.2% in leukemia patients attribute to urgent treatment before sperm cryopreservation. Disposition of cryopreserved sperm categories included continued storage (47.2%), discarded (9%), death (0.9%), and use (3.7%). CONCLUSION: This study provides the first comprehensive national statistical census and review of fertility preservation in male cancer patients with respect to trends, prevalence, and cancer types. The development of male cancer fertility preservation in China is imbalanced and percentage of males receiving sperm cryopreservation in the adolescent and young adult cancers was low. Sixteen human sperm banks from China analyze current problems and challenges, and then prioritize steps toward the achievement of the FP strategy framework for Healthy China 2030.

Comparative proteomic analysis of two divergent strains provides insights into thermotolerance mechanisms of Ganoderma lingzhi.

Heat stress (HS) is a major abiotic factor influencing fungal growth and metabolism. However, the genetic basis of thermotolerance in Ganoderma lingzhi (G. lingzhi) remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the thermotolerance capacities of 21 G. lingzhi strains and screened the thermo-tolerant (S566) and heat-sensitive (Z381) strains. The mycelia of S566 and Z381 were collected and subjected to a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteome assay. We identified 1493 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with 376 and 395 DEPs specific to the heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible genotypes, respectively. In the heat-tolerant genotype, upregulated proteins were linked to stimulus regulation and response. Proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis, and cell wall macromolecule metabolism were downregulated in susceptible genotypes. After HS, the mycelial growth of the heat-sensitive Z381 strain was inhibited, and mitochondrial cristae and cell wall integrity of this strain were severely impaired, suggesting that HS may inhibit mycelial growth of Z381 by damaging the cell wall and mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, thermotolerance-related regulatory pathways were explored by analyzing the protein-protein interaction network of DEPs considered to participate in the controlling the thermotolerance capacity. This study provides insights into G. lingzhi thermotolerance mechanisms and a basis for breeding a thermotolerant germplasm bank for G. lingzhi and other fungi.

Effects of non-lethal Cry1F toxin exposure on the growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of silkworm (Bombyx mori).

Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize is expected to be commercial cultivated widely in China. When Bt maize is planted near mulberry trees, it renders silkworms (Bombyx mori) vulnerable, as they belong to the same class as the Lepidoptera insects targeted by Bt maize. Cry1F has been found to be highly toxic to silkworms, particularly in their early larval stages. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of non-lethal Cry1F exposure on the growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota in silkworms. The results showed that feeding silkworms with mulberry leaves soaked in 100 µg/mL Cry1F for 96 h had an impact on larval body weight acquisition, leading to a decrease in cocoon and pupae weight. Cry1F exposure disrupted the intestinal integrity of silkworms by affecting the columnar cells of the midgut. The activity of detoxification enzymes (CarE, AChE, and GST) as well as antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and POD) were also affected by Cry1F. After 96 h Cry1F exposure, the evenness of the bacterial community was disrupted, resulting in alterations in the structure of the intestinal microbiota. Additionally, Cry1F exposure affected the relative expression levels of the peritrophic membrane (PM) protein and the corresponding immune pathways genes of silkworms. Most of the immune-related gene expressions were inhibited after exposure to Cry1F toxin but increased with prolonged treatment. This study demonstrates that non-lethal Cry1F exposure can affect the growth, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of silkworm.

Oxidative Indole Dearomatization for Asymmetric Furoindoline Synthesis by a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Bicyclic Thiopeptide Thiostrepton.

The interest in indole dearomatization, which serves as a useful tool in the total synthesis of related alkaloid natural products, has recently been renewed with the intention of developing new methods efficient in both yield and stereoselective control. Here, we report an enzymatic approach for the oxidative dearomatization of indoles in the asymmetric synthesis of a variety of furoindolines with a vicinal quaternary carbon stereogenic center. This approach depends on the activity of a flavin-dependent monooxygenase, TsrE, which is involved in the biosynthesis of bicyclic thiopeptide antibiotic thiostrepton. TsrE catalyzes 2,3-epoxidation and subsequent epoxide opening in a highly enantioselective manner during the conversion of 2-methyl-indole-3-acetic acid or 2-methyl-tryptophol to furoindoline, with up to >99 % conversion and >99 % ee under mild reaction conditions. Complementing current chemical methods for oxidative indole dearomatization, the TsrE activity-based approach enriches the toolbox in the asymmetric synthesis of products possessing a furoindoline skeleton.

Total synthesis of natural products using photocycloaddition reactions of arenes.

The photocycloaddition reaction of benzene with alkenes has become a significant approach for organic chemists and thus has been frequently utilized as a key step in the total synthesis of natural products. In this mini-review, the recent developments in [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions will be emphasized in constructing core scaffolds of complex natural products. By combining them together, we aim to demonstrate the utility and reinstate the importance of this methodology.

CTLA-4 and HLA-DQ are key molecules in the regulation of mDC-mediated cellular immunity by Tregs in severe aplastic anemia.

BACKGROUND: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit the activation of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ , CD8+ T cells and the antigen-presenting process of antigen-presenting cells, and may play an important role in acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to measure CD4+ CD25+ CD127dim Tregs, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expression on Tregs, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ expression on myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). The correlations of CTLA-4 and HLA-DQ with immune status and clinical indicators and the changes in these indicators after immunosuppressive therapy (IST) were analyzed. RESULTS: In SAA patients, the number of Tregs and their CTLA-4 expression were low but recovered after IST; the HLA-DQ expression on mDCs was high but decreased after IST. The CTLA-4 expression on Tregs and the HLA-DQ expression on mDCs showed a negative correlation. The CTLA-4 on Tregs was positively but HLA-DQ on mDCs negatively correlated with the number of Tregs, natural killer (NK) cell number, and CD4+ T/CD8+ T ratio. CTLA-4 was positively but HLA-DQ negatively correlated with the percentage of granulocytoid and erythroid cells in bone marrow, white blood cell count in PB, absolute neutrophil count in PB, and the percentage of reticulocytes in PB. CONCLUSIONS: CTLA-4/HLA-DQ may be key in the regulation of Tregs on mDCs in SAA patients. Our findings should be helpful for further investigation of the mechanism of immune pathogenesis in SAA patients. Studies on the regulators of Treg and CTLA-4 activity will be valuable for SAA therapeutic target research and disease monitoring.

[Impact of the freezing-thawing process on human sperm mitochondria].

OBJECTIVE: To study the structure and function of human sperm mitochondria before and after the freezing-thawing process. METHODS: Human sperm from healthy donors were subjected to the slow freezing-thawing process, and the sperm mitochondrion-related indexes compared before and after cryopreservation. The ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria were observed under the projection electron microscope, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and seminal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content measured by immunofluorescence labeling and ELISA, respectively, and the sperm oxidative stress related indexes detected before and after sperm cryopreservation. RESULTS: Electron microscopy showed loose structures and widened crests of the sperm mitochondria, some with vacuole-like changes after the freezing-thawing process. The sperm after cryopreservation, compared with those before it, exhibited significantly increased contents of oxygen free radicals (ï¼»11.6 ± 3.8ï¼½% vs ï¼»9.6 ± 4.1ï¼½%, P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (ï¼»3.2 ± 1.4ï¼½ vs ï¼»2.3 ± 1.2ï¼½ nmol/108, P < 0.05), but decreased antioxidant capacity (ï¼»0.6 ± 0.4ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.9 ± 0.4ï¼½ nmol/108, P < 0.05), superoxide dismutase activity (ï¼»0.9 ± 0.4ï¼½ vs ï¼»9.1 ± 3.9ï¼½ nmol/108, P < 0.05), MMP (ï¼»52.2 ± 6.2ï¼½% vs ï¼»55.7 ± 4.9ï¼½%, P = 0.026) and ATP production (ï¼»56.5 ± 9.0ï¼½ vs ï¼»61.3 ± 10.4ï¼½ pmol/106, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The freezing-thawing process can cause ultrastructural disorder of human sperm mitochondria, reduce their membrane potential and decrease their ATP production.

Sperm Cryopreservation for Male Cancer Patients: More than 10 Years of Experience, in Beijing China.

BACKGROUND Fertility preservation is very important for male cancer patients, especially adolescents. Unfortunately, the use of fertility preservation is very low among Chinese male cancer patients. Additionally, the cumulative rate of frozen sperm use is also low. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a retrospective study by collecting available information at the Human Sperm Bank, National Research Institute for Family Planning from July 2006 to December 2017 to examine the data in China. RESULTS A total 145 male cancer patients underwent sperm cryopreservation. The patients were 29.3±6.9 years old, and 6.2% (9 out of 145) of the patients were adolescents under the age of 18 years old. As of June 2018, only 9.7% (14 out of 145) of patients returned to use their cryopreserved sperm for assisted reproduction technology (ART). Of the 33 ART cycles, conceptions were achieved in 51.5% (17 out of 33), and the rate of patients who had a baby was 71.4% (10 out of 14). The data indicate men with testicular cancer or leukemia had lower total sperm counts and recovery rate of progressive sperm than did men with other types of cancer, while men with sarcoma had the lowest progressive sperm. CONCLUSIONS The physician should make an effort to promote fertility preservation for male cancer patients in China. And patients with testicular cancer and leukemia require additional attention.

Quantitative proteomic characterization of human sperm cryopreservation: using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: Human sperm cryopreservation is a simple and effective approach for male fertility preservation. METHODS: To identify potential proteomic changes in this process, data-independent acquisition (DIA), a technology with high quantitative accuracy and highly reproducible proteomics, was used to quantitatively characterize the proteomics of human sperm cryopreservation. RESULTS: A total of 174 significantly differential proteins were identified between fresh and cryoperservated sperm: 98 proteins decreased and 76 proteins increased in the cryopreservation group. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that metabolic pathways play an important role in cryopreservation, including: propanoate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism. Four different proteins involved in glycolysis were identified by Western blotting: GPI, LDHB, ADH5, and PGAM1. CONCLUSIONS: Our work will provide valuable information for future investigations and pathological studies involving sperm cryopreservation.

[Status quo of autologous sperm preservation in the human sperm bank in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively analyze the status quo of autologous sperm preservation in the human sperm bank in Beijing and better utilize the existing resources for the preservation of male fertility. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the geographical data and semen quality of 251 males with autologous sperm preservation in the Human Sperm Bank, Science and Technology Research Institute, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China from July 2006 to December 2016. RESULTS: The rate of autologous sperm preservation in the Human Sperm Bank was as low as 8.76% between July 2006 and December 2010 but increased annually by 119% on average from 2011 to 2013. Of the 251 males involved, 204 (81.27%) were aged 20－39 years, 175 (69.72%) had bachelor's or master's degree, 223 (88.84%) had no child, 69 (27.49%) got less than 10 tubes of semen samples frozen, and 26 (10.36%) had their semen samples cryopreserved only once. The utilization rate of the cryopreserved sperm was only 5.58 % (n = 14). The main reason for autologous sperm preservation was carcinoma (55.78% ï¼»n = 140ï¼½), including blood cancer (22.31% ï¼»n = 66ï¼½), testicular cancer (13.15% ï¼»n = 33ï¼½) and other cancers (16.33% ï¼»n = 41ï¼½). Compared with the non-cancer males, the cancer patients had a significantly reduced mean sperm concentration (90.45 vs 60.53 ×106/ml, P < 0.05), total sperm count (311.3 vs 175.8 ×106, P < 0.05), percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) (49.21% vs 43.55%, P < 0.05) and recovery rate of PMS (68.13% vs 52.17%, P < 0.05). In the subgroups of testicular, blood and other cancers, the sperm concentration averaged 37.68, 57.98 and 90.69 ×106/ml, the semen volume 2.73, 2.82 and 3.41 ml, the total sperm count 93.29, 158.41 and 349.49 ×106, the percentage of PMS 45.32%, 43.47% and 44.49%, and the recovery rate of PMS 48.32%, 50.07% and 61.09%, respectively, the sperm concentration and total sperm count significantly lower in the testicular cancer patients than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The number of the cases of autologous sperm preservation in Beijing is increasing year by year, and the majority of them are cancer patients. As most of the cancer patients have missed the best period for sperm preservation, sperm bank workers should endeavor to increase the public awareness of autologous sperm preservation.

Manipulation of Spiroindolenine Intermediates for Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-(Indol-3-yl)-Pyrrolidines.

By manipulating the reactivity of spiroindolenine species, a sequential Michael/retro-Mannich/Mannich reaction of ω-indol-3-yl α,ß-unsaturated ketones was developed. In the presence of 10 mol % of a chiral phosphoric acid as the catalyst, a series of 3-(indol-3-yl)-pyrrolidines were synthesized in high yields (up to 91 %) with excellent stereoselectivities (up to 92 % ee, >19:1 d.r.). The products obtained here undergo diverse functional-group transformations. The mechanistic proposal of this reaction is supported by DFT calculations.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Arene cis-Dihydrodiols from 2-Pyrones.

An enantioselective chemical synthesis of arene cis-dihydrodiols has been realized from 2-pyrones through sequential ytterbium-catalyzed asymmetric inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction of 2-pyrones and retro-Diels-Alder extrusion of CO2 . By using this strategy, a series of substituted arene cis-dihydrodiols can be obtained efficiently with high enantioselectivity (>99 % ee in many cases). Based on this strategy, efficient and concise asymmetric total syntheses of (+)-MK7607 and 1-epi-(+)-MK7607 were accomplished.

Novel carbon polymorphs with cumulative double bonds in three-dimensional sp-sp2 hybrid framework.

A conspicuous amount of theoretical study has been published on the properties of carbon allotropes with alternate single and triple bonds, (-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-)n. However, theoretical characterizations of carbon allotropes with cumulative double bonds ([double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash])n is almost non-existent in literature. Based upon first-principles calculations, two new three-dimensional (3D) microporous carbon allotropes consisting of whorl chains connected by cumulative double bonds in a sp-sp2 hybrid framework have been proposed in this study. One of these structures, namely, Trig-C9 was obtained by an evolutionary particle swarm structural search, while the other structure, denoted as Trig-C15, was obtained by inserting double bonds into Trig-C9. Both the 3D sp-sp2 hybridized carbons have a trigonal structure with 9 and 15 atoms in the hexagonal primitive cells. The calculated results demonstrate that these polymorphs are thermodynamically, mechanically, and dynamically feasible. Trig-C9 and Trig-C15 are indirect semiconductors with band gaps of 2.70 eV and 1.25 eV, respectively. Their unique frameworks render them mechanical ductility and significant elastic anisotropy. These results open up new horizons for the exploration of new carbon phases with unique structural, mechanical, and electronic properties.

Obesity impairs male fertility through long-term effects on spermatogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect and possible underlying mechanisms of high-fat diet-induced obesity on spermatogenesis in male rats. METHODS: A total of 45 male rats were randomly divided into control (n = 15, normal diet) and obesity groups (n = 30, high-fat diet) and were fed for 16 weeks. Body weight and organ indexes were determined after sacrifice. Indicators of reproductive function, including sperm count, sperm motility, apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, and oxidative stress levels, were measured. Serum metabolic parameters and reproductive hormones were also assayed. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, epididymal sperm motility in the obese rats was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Morphological analysis of the obesity group showed vacuolar changes in seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic cell dysfunction, and increased apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in testicular tissue (P < 0.05). The calculated free testosterone (cFT) concentration in serum was decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) level was significantly increased (P < 0.01). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration decreased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased in testis tissues; however, neither changes were statistically significant (P > 0.05). RESULTS: Nutritional obesity can damage spermatogenesis in male rats due to long-term effects on spermatogenesis.

[L-carnitine protects the motion parameters and mitochondrial function of human sperm in cryopreservation].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of L-carnitine (LC) on cryopreserved human sperm. METHODS: Ten semen samples were collected from normal sperm donors, each divided into six groups, fresh ejaculate (FE), non-LC cryopreservation (non-LC), and cryopreservation with LC at 1 mmol/L (LC-1), 2.5 mmol/L (LC-2), 5 mmol/L (LC-3) and 10 mmol/L (LC-4), respectively. The optimal concentration of LC was identified based on the motility and motion parameters of the post-thaw sperm. The plasma membrane integrity (PMI) of the sperm was assessed by eosin-nigrosin staining, their mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) monitored by JC-1 assay, and the level of sperm ROS measured by the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA, followed by analysis of the mechanisms of LC protecting sperm against cryopreservation injury. RESULTS: Compared with the sperm in the FE group, the post-thaw sperm in the non-LC and LC groups showed significantly decreased progressive motility, average path velocity (VAP), straight line velocity (VSP) and curvilinear velocity (VCP) (P < 0.05). In comparison with the non-LC group, the LC-3 group exhibited a remarkably higher percentage of progressively motile sperm (ï¼»41.9 ± 4.6ï¼½ vs ï¼»47.0 ± 4.3ï¼½%, P = 0.0261) and VAP (ï¼»34.9 ± 2.6ï¼½ vs ï¼»38.9 ± 4.2ï¼½ µm/s, P = 0.0152), indicating that the optimal concentration of LC was 5 mmol/L. Both PMI and MMP were significantly lower in the non-LC than in the FE group (ï¼»52.7 ± 5.7ï¼½ vs ï¼»75.5 ± 5.4ï¼½%, P < 0.01 and ï¼»44.5 ± 3.5ï¼½ vs ï¼»57.3 ± 4.4ï¼½%, P < 0.01), but higher in the LC groups (ï¼»70.1 ± 8.2ï¼½% and ï¼»50.3 ± 3.4ï¼½%) than in the non-LC group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The level of sperm ROS, however, was markedly higher in the non-LC than in the FE group (ï¼»12.5 ± 3.9ï¼½ vs ï¼»6.8 ± 2.4ï¼½, P < 0.01) but lower in the LC groups (ï¼»8.4 ± 5.3ï¼½%) than in the non-LC group (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine can improve the motility and motion parameters of cryopreserved human sperm by reducing sperm ROS, enhancing sperm mitochondrial membrane potential and protecting the sperm plasma membrane.

[Levels of serum reproductive hormones and metabolic syndrome in adult males].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its relationship with reproductive hormones in adult males in China. METHODS: Using the cluster and stratified sampling methods, we conducted an investigation among 3 600 adult males aged over 20 years in Hebei, Shaanxi and Jiangsu provinces. We obtained their reproductive hormone levels, biochemical indicators and basic body indexes and compared them between the two groups of subjects. RESULTS: A total of 3 332 valid serum samples were collected, which revealed a prevalence rate of MS of 38.5% in the adult males. Compared with the non-MS subjects, the MS males showed a significantly higher free testosterone index (FTI, 0.39 ± 0.15 vs 0.45 ± 0.19, P < 0.01) but lower levels of total testosterone (TT, ï¼»16.35 ± 4.78ï¼½ vs ï¼»13.37 ± 4.23ï¼½ nmo/L, P < 0.01) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG, ï¼»47.13 ± 20.50ï¼½ vs ï¼»33.32 ± 14.91ï¼½ nmol/L, P < 0.01) and testosterone secretion index (TSI, 3.64 ± 1.92 vs 3.14 ± 1.80, P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the levels of calculated free testosterone (cFT) and LH (P > 0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the levels of serum TT and SHBG were correlated with all the indicators of MS (P < 0.01) except systolic blood pressure (SBP), while that of cFT only with the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and SBP (P < 0.01). After adjusted for age, smoking, drinking, and body mass index (BMI), all the MS indicators were significantly associated with the SHBG level (P < 0.01), but not high blood pressure with the serum TT level (P > 0.05). After adjusted for the age, smoking, drinking, BMI and TT, the serum SHBG level was the main independent risk factor for MS (OR: 0.965, 95% CI: 0.958－0.973, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The level of serum cFT is not correlated with while that of SHBG is the main independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome in adult males in China.

[Increase of apoptosis and decrease of sperm motility induced by oxidative stress after exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoate].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect and mechanism of butyl phydroxybenzoate( BP) on sperm motility, oxidative stress and apoptosis. METHODS: Semen samples from 20 healthy sperm donors were randomly divided into four groups:group control, BP 200 µmol/L, BP 400 µmol/L and BP 800 µmol/L, each group had five parallel samples. The spermatozoa were cultured with BP for 4 h in vitro, with the exposed concentration of BP at 0, 200, 400 and 800 µmol/L, respectively. The influence of BP on spermatozoa were analyzed by sperm activity, cytotoxicity, the rate of reactive oxygen species( ROS) positive cell and apoptosis. RESULTS: The total sperm activity in group BP200 µmol/L, BP 400 µmol/L and BP 800 µmol/L were( 47. 67 ± 3. 93) %, ( 32. 79 ±2. 90) %, ( 10. 51 ± 5. 88) % respectively, which were significantly lower than control( 26. 44 ± 7. 83) %. Compared with the control group, the survival rate of sperm in the three experiment groups were( 63. 36 ± 9. 08) %, ( 49. 72 ± 7. 15) %, ( 29. 91 ±5. 93) % respectively. Rate of ROS positive cells in the three experiment groups were( 24. 67 ± 0. 50) %, ( 54. 50 ± 3. 40) %, ( 59. 93 ± 3. 47) % respectively, which were significantly higher than control( 8. 63 ± 0. 57) %. The rate of late stage apoptosis were( 11. 8 ± 1. 74) %, ( 12. 87 ± 0. 25) %, ( 14. 60 ± 0. 87) % respectively, which were significantly higher than control( 9. 63 ± 1. 00) %. The level of sperm ROS and the late stage apoptosis rate were negatively correlated with the total sperm motility, correlation coefficient were- 0. 727 and- 0. 688 respectively( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: BP has cytotoxicity and can reduce sperm motility and promote the production of sperm ROS.

[Protective effect of Qilin Pills on the reproductive function of oligoasthenospermia rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of Qilin Pills (QLP) on the reproductive function of rats with oligoasthenospermia (OAS) induced by tripterygium glycosides. METHODS: Twenty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control, an OAS model control, a low-dose QLP, and a high-dose QLP group of equal number. OAS models were made in the latter three groups by intragastrical administration of tripterygium glycosides at 40 mg per kg of the body weight per day, and meanwhile the animals in the low- and high-dose QLP groups were treated with QLP at 1.62 and 3.24 g per kg of the body weight per day, respectively, while those in the OAS model group with normal saline, all for 30 consecutive days. Then all the rats were executed for obtaining the testis weight, testis viscera index, epididymal sperm concentration and motility, reproductive hormone levels, and antioxidation indexes and observation of the histomorphological changes of the testis tissue by HE staining. RESULTS: After 30 days of intervention, the low- and high-dose QLP groups, as compared with the OAS model controls, showed significantly improved epididymal sperm concentration (ï¼»14.57 ± 3.95ï¼½ and ï¼»39.71 ± 11.31ï¼½ vs ï¼»4.71 ± 1.25ï¼½ ×106/ml, P <0.05) and motility (ï¼»3.71 ± 1.11ï¼½ and ï¼»4.29 ± 1.80ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.57 ± 0.53ï¼½%, P <0.05), increased levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (ï¼»94.83 ± 11.17ï¼½ and ï¼»88.05 ± 9.21ï¼½ vs ï¼»56.74 ± 8.29ï¼½ nmol/L, P <0.05) and free testosterone (FT) (ï¼»27.27 ± 3.63ï¼½ and ï¼»32.80 ± 2.51ï¼½ vs ï¼»22.81 ± 2.75ï¼½ nmol/L, P <0.05), decreased level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (ï¼»1.49 ± 0.62ï¼½ and ï¼»1.12 ± 0.83ï¼½ vs ï¼»1.71 ± 0.52ï¼½ mIU/ml, P <0.05), but no significant change in the total testosterone (TT) level. Meanwhile, the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was markedly elevated in the low- and high-dose QLP groups in comparison with the OAS model control group (ï¼»277.14 ± 15.84ï¼½ and ï¼»299.60 ± 20.83ï¼½ vs ï¼»250.04 ± 31.06ï¼½ U/ml, P <0.05) while that of reactive oxygen species (ROS) remarkably reduced (ï¼»397.61 ± 62.71ï¼½ and ï¼»376.84 ± 67.14ï¼½ vs ï¼»552.20 ± 58.07ï¼½ IU/ml, P <0.05). HE staining showed that QLP intervention significantly increased the layers and quantity of spermatogenic cells in the testicular seminiferous tubules of the OAS rats. CONCLUSIONS: QLP can effectively protect the reproductive system of oligoasthenospermia rats by raising sperm quality, elevating reproductive hormone levels, reducing oxidative stress injury, and improving histomorphology of the testis.

Dearomatization through Halofunctionalization Reactions.

Recent advances in dearomatization through halofunctionalization reactions are summarized in this Minireview. Two general categories of strategies are currently employed in this field. On one hand, the reaction can be initiated with electrophilic halogenation at an alkyne or alkene moiety. The resulting halonium ion intermediate is then captured by a pendant aromatic ring at the ipso position, affording the dearomatization product. On the other hand, electrophilic halogenation can directly take place at a substituted arene, and the final dearomatization product is furnished by deprotonation or intramolecular nucleophilic trap. Highly enantioselective variants have been realized in the latter case by organocatalysis or transition metal catalysis. By applying these methods, various valuable halogenated polycyclic molecular architectures have been obtained from readily available starting materials.

Copper(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indole Acetamides with 3-Indolylphenyliodonium Salts.

The rapid and direct asymmetric synthesis of 3-(3a-indolyl)hexahydropyrroloindoline motifs is an extremely important part of the total synthesis of several alkaloid structures. Herein, an intermolecular, asymmetric cascade dearomatization reaction of indole acetamides with 3-indolylphenyliodonium salts has been developed. This protocol provides a straightforward access to 3-(3a-indolyl)hexahydropyrroloindolines bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter at the C3 position of the indoline ring with high enantioselectivities. The utility of the protocol has been demonstrated by the formal asymmetric synthesis of folicanthine.