Immunohistochemical identification of osteoclasts and multinucleated macrophages.

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinuclear cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells which are specialised to carry out lacunar bone resorption. The immunophenotype of giant cell-containing bone lesions in a wide range of osteoclast-like giant cells was similarly assessed. Both multinucleated macrophages and osteoclasts were found to express CD68. Multinucleated macrophages, but not osteoclasts, expressed GrB and Ki67. CD13+/CD14+/CD68+/GrB-/Ki67-/CD56- all giant-cell lesions noted in giant cells of bone. Giant cells have an osteoclast phenotype in most giant cell-rich lesions of bone, which do not express the macrophage-associated antigens GrB and Ki67. Our results indicate that they are formed from osteoclast precursors of mononuclear phagocyte.

Diaqua-bis-(1H-imidazole-κN(3))bis-(4-nitro-benzoato-κO(1))cadmium.

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [Cd(C(7)H(4)NO(4))(2)(C(3)H(4)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], the Cd(II) atom, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by two N atoms and four O atoms in an octa-hedral geometry. The inter-nal cohesion of the mol-ecule is enhanced by an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond. Inter-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π contacts [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6549 (2) Å] define two-dimensional networks parallel to (001), which are further connected by weaker C-H⋯O inter-actions into a weakly connected three-dimensional supra-molecular framework.

Bis(2,2'-bipyridine-κ(2)N,N')(3-methyl-benzoato-κ(2)O,O')zinc 3-methyl-benzo-ate-3-methyl-benzoic acid-water (1/1/2).

The title compound, [Zn(C(8)H(7)O(2))(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)](C(8)H(7)O(2))·C(8)H(8)O(2)·2H(2)O, is comprised of a Zn(2+) cation, two 2,2'-bipydine (bipy) ligands and one 3-methyl-benzoate anion (L(-)) together with one uncoordinating L(-) anion, one uncoordinating HL mol-ecule and two lattice water mol-ecules. The Zn(II) atom is coordinated by four N atoms of two bipy ligands and two O atoms from one L(-) ligand in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. Pairs of centrosymmetrically related complex mol-ecules form dimers via slipped π-stacking inter-actions between bipy ligands with an inter-planar distance of 3.470 (4) Å. The dimers are linked into supra-molecular chains along [111], via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The uncoordinated L(-) anions, HL mol-ecules and water mol-ecules are connected with each other via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains between the metal complex chains and binding them together via C-H⋯O contacts. The resulting layers parallel to (010) are further assembled into a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture through additional C-H⋯O inter-actions.

catena-Poly[[(diaqua-calcium)-bis-(µ-2-fluorobenzoato)-1':1κO:O,O';1:1''κO,O':O] 2,2'-bipyridine hemi-solvate].

In the title compound, {[Ca(C(7)H(4)FO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·0.5C(10)H(8)N(2)}(n), the Ca(II) atom is coordinated by eigth O atoms from four 2-fluoro-benzoate ligands and two water mol-ecules, resulting in a distorted CaO(8) square-anti-prismatic coordination environment. The 2-fluoro-benzoate ligand bridges two symmetry-related Ca(II) atoms, giving rise to a chain structure extending along [100]. The distances between the Ca atom and its two symmetry-related counterparts are 4.054 (2) and 4.106 (2) Å. The polymeric chains are connected by classical O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a layer structure parallel to (010). The layers are connected by non-classical C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional supra-molecular structure. O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions also occur. The uncoordinated 2,2'-bipyridine mol-ecule is located on a centre of symmetry at the mid-point of the bond between the two heterocycles. One of the two benzene rings is disordered over two sites with occupancy factors of 0.60 and 0.40.

Poly[hexa-aqua-bis-(µ(3)-hepta-nedioato-κO:O':O'')dimagnesium].

In the title compound, [Mg(2)(C(7)H(10)O(4))(2)(H(2)O)(6)](n), the Mg(II) ion is coordinated by three aqua ligands and three O atoms from three heptanedioato ligands in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. Each heptanedioato ligand bridges three Mg atoms, generating polymeric layers parallel to the bc plane. The polymeric layers related by translation along the a axis inter-act further via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which consolidate the crystal packing.

Urea-adipic acid (2/1).

The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, 2CH(4)N(2)O·C(6)H(10)O(4), contains two urea mol-ecules and two half-mol-ecules of adipic acid; the latter are completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a chain along [110]. Additional weak inter-chain O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O inter-molecular inter-actions lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network.

Aqua-(4-carb-oxy-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato-κO,N,O)(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')nickel(II).

The title compound, [Ni(C(8)H(3)NO(6))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)], contains an Ni(II) ion, a 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligand, a 4-carb-oxy-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ate (Hptc(2-)) anion and a coordinated water mol-ecule. The Ni(II) atom exhibits a distorted octa-hedral N(3)O(3) environment. O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding between coordinated water and carboxyl-ate O atoms, as well as π-π stacking inter-actions [inter-planar distances between phen rings = 3.293 (2) Å] lead to a supermolecular assembly.

Aqua-(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')diformato-κO,O';κO-nickel(II) monohydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(HCO(2))(2)(C(14)H(12)N(2))(H(2)O)]·H(2)O, contains a mononuclear complex mol-ecule hydrogen bonded to a lattice water mol-ecule. The Ni(II) atom exhibits a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry formed by the N atoms from a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand, two O atoms of a chelating formate anion, one aqua O atom and one O atom of a coordinating formate anion. The mol-ecules are assembled into chains extending along [100] through by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The supra-molecular chains are further linked into layers parallel to (011) by weak π-π packing inter-actions [centroid-centroid separation = 3.768 (2) Å]. The resulting layers are stacked to meet the requirement of close-packing patterns.

2,2'-Bipyridine-cyclo-pentane-1,2,3,4-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid (1/1).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(10)H(8)N(2)·C(9)H(10)O(8), contains a half-molecule of 2,2'-bipyridine and a half-molecule of 1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, both components being completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are assembled into chains extending along [010] by O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds; adjacent chains are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

(2,2'-Bipyridine-κN,N')bis-(3-meth-oxy-benzoato-κO,O)copper(II) mono-hydrate.

The title compound, [Cu(C(8)H(7)O(3))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))]·H(2)O, is comprised of a Cu(II) ion, two 3-meth-oxy-benzoate ligands, a 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) ligand and one uncoordinated water mol-ecule. The Cu(II) ion and the water O atom lie on a twofold axis. The Cu(II) ion exhibits a six-coordinate distorted octa-hedral geometry, with two N atoms from the bipy ligand [Cu-N = 1.9996 (16) Å] and four O atoms from two 3-meth-oxy-benzoate ligands [Cu-O = 1.9551 (15) and 2.6016 (16) Å]. The mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

Aqua-(4-fluoro-benzoato-κO)bis-(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')manganese(II) 4-fluoro-benzoate trihydrate.

In the title compound, [Mn(C(7)H(4)FO(2))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)](C(7)H(4)FO(2))·3H(2)O, the Mn(II) atom is coordinated by four N atoms from two chelating 1,10-phenanthroline ligands and two O atoms from one monodentate 4-fluoro-benzoate ion and one water mol-ecule, forming a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, the three components are assembled into a tape structure along the a axis by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Between the tapes, a π-π inter-action with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.569 (3) Šand a weak C-H⋯F hydrogen bond are observed.

Tetra-µ-2-methyl-benzoato-κO:O'-bis-[(ethanol-κO)copper(II)].

In the title dinuclear complex, [Cu(2)(C(8)H(7)O(2))(4)(C(2)H(5)OH)(2)], four 2-methyl-benzoato anions form a cage around two Cu(II) ions in a syn-anti configuration. Two ethanol mol-ecules coordinate the Cu atoms in apical positions, giving an overall square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The Cu⋯Cu separation is 2.600 (1) Å. In the crystal, mol-ecules are assembled into chains extending in [001] through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Disodium dihydrogen pyridine-2,3,5,6-tetra-carboxyl-ate trihydrate.

In the title compound, 2Na(+)·C(9)H(3)NO(8) (2-)·3H(2)O, the asymmetric unit consists of two Na(+) cations, one dihydrogen pyridine-2,3,5,6-tetra-carboxyl-ate dianion (H(2)pdtc(2-)) and three water mol-ecules coordinated to the Na(+) cations. The configuration of the anion is stabilized by intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding between vicinal carboxylate/carboxy groups. The Na(+) cations are bridged by the H(2)pdtc(2-) dianions, generating layers extending infinitely in sheets parallel to (001), and further pillared by the water mol-ecule linkers to build up a three-dimensional framework.

catena-Poly[[[diaqua-copper(II)]-bis-(µ(2)-di-4-pyridyl disulfide-κN:N')] bis-(hydrogen phthalate) monohydrate].

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, {[Cu(C(10)H(8)N(2)S(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](C(8)H(5)O(4))(2)·H(2)O}(n), contains one Cu(II) ion, two bridging di-4-pyridyl disulfide (4-DPDS) ligands of the same chirality, two coordinating water mol-ecules, two hydrogen phthalate anions and one uncoordinated water mol-ecule. The polymeric structure consists of two types of polymeric chains, each composed from repeated chiral rhomboids. The Cu(II) ions adopt a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry and are coordinated by four pyridine N atoms and two water O atoms. The coordinated water mol-ecules and hydrogen phthalate anions are located between the repeated rhomboidal chains, and form hydrogen bonds with the coordinated water mol-ecules.

Potassium (2,2'-bipyridine-κN,N')bis-(carbonato-κO,O')cobaltate(III) dihydrate.

In the title compound, K[Co(CO(3))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))]·2H(2)O, the Co(III) atom is coordinated by two bipyridine N atoms and four O atoms from two bidentate chelating carbonate anions, and thus adopts a distorted octa-hedral N(2)O(4) environment. The [Co(bipy)(CO(3))(2)](-) (bipy is 2,2'-bipyridine) -units are stacked along [100] via π-π stacking inter-actions, with inter-planar distances between the bipyridine rings of 3.36 (4) and 3.44 (6) Å, forming chains. Classical O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions link the chains, forming channels along (100) in which the K(+) ions reside and leading to a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture.

(Benzoato-κO)bis-(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')copper(II) chloride benzoic acid disolvate.

In the title complex, [Cu(C(7)H(5)O(2))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)]Cl·2C(6)H(5)CO-OH, the Cu(II) ion is coordinated by one carboxyl-ate O atom from a benzoate anion and four N atoms from two phenantroline ligands in a distorted five-coordinate trigonal-bipyramidal CuON(4) chromophore. The Cu(2+) and the Cl(-) ion are imposed by a twofold rotation axiss which also bisects the equally disordered benzoate anion. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are assembled into chains along [010] by C-H⋯Cl, O-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. The resulting chains are further connected into two-dimensional supra-molecular layers parallel to [100] by inter-chain π⋯π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.823 (5) Å] between the phenanthroline ligands and the benzoic acid mol-ecules, and by C-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. Strong π⋯π stacking inter-actions between adjacent phenantroline ligands [3.548 (4) Å] assemble the layers into a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture.

µ-Succinato-κO:O-bis[(2,2'-bipyridine-κN,N')copper(II)] succinate dodeca-hydrate.

In the title compound, [Cu(2)(C(4)H(4)O(4))(C(10)H(8)N(2))(4)]C(4)H(4)O(4)·12H(2)O, C(10)H(8)N(2)), the centrosymmetic dinuclear cations, succinate anions and water mol-ecules are hydrogen bonded into layers parallel to (010). The Cu atom is square-pyramidally coordinated by one atom of the succinato ligand and four N atoms of two 2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The 12 water mol-ecules form a new type of water cluster.

A chiral three-dimensional network in poly[µ-4,4'-bipyridine-di-µ-formato-cadmium(II)].

In the title compound, [Cd(HCOO)(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))](n), the Cd(II) ion, located on a position with 2.22 site symmetry, is surrounded by two 4,4'-bipyridine ligands and four formate ligands in a distorted octahedral CdN(2)O(4) coordination. The 4,4'-bipyridine ligands bridge the metal ions, forming one-dimensional chains along different directions, which are further connected by formate ligands into a topologically (10(10).12(4).14)(10)(3) three-dimensional network.

Butane-1,2,3,4-tetra-carboxylic acid dihydrate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(8)H(10)O(8)·2H(2)O, contains one half-mol-ecule of butane-1,2,3,4-tetra-carboxylic acid and a water mol-ecule, with the complete tetra-acid generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. Inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form an extensive three-dimensional network, which consolidates the crystal packing.

Di-4-pyridyl disulfide-isophthalic acid (1/1).

In the title 1:1 cocrystal, C(10)H(8)N(2)S(2)·C(8)H(6)O(4), the asymmetric unit contains an isophthalic acid mol-ecule and a 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide mol-ecule. The two carboxyl groups of isophthalic acid inter-act with neighbouring 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide mol-ecules through O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a one-dimensional zigzag chain. Neighbouring chains are linked to each other via π-π stacking inter-actions between the pyridyl rings of adjacent 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide mol-ecules [centroid-centroid distance = 3.7346 (6) Å], resulting in a layered motif. The dihedral angle between pyridine rings of 84.13 (7)° and the C-S-S-C torsion angle of 91.95 (1)° confirm the gauche conformation of 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide.