Temporal trends in mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a Danish population-based matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the 5-year all-cause mortality in patients with RA compared with the general population. METHODS: This was a nationwide population-based matched cohort study. RA patients diagnosed between 1996 and the end of 2015 were identified using administrative heath registries and followed until the end of 2020 allowing 5 years of follow-up. Patients with incident RA were matched 1:5 on year of birth and sex with non-RA individuals from the Danish general population. Time-to-event analyses were performed using the pseudo-observation approach. RESULTS: Compared with matched controls in 1996-2000, the risk difference for RA patients ranged from 3.5% (95% CI 2.7%, 4.4%) in 1996-2000 to -1.6% (95% CI -2.3%, -1.0%) in 2011-15, and the relative risk from 1.3 (95% CI 1.2, 1.4) in 1996-2000 to 0.9 (95% CI 0.8, 0.9) in 2011-15. The age-adjusted 5-year cumulative incidence proportion of death for a 60-year-old RA patient decreased from 8.1% (95% CI 7.3%, 8.9%) when diagnosed in 1996-2000 to 2.9% (95% CI 2.3%, 3.5%) in 2011-15, and for matched controls from 4.6% (95% CI 4.2%, 4.9%) to 2.1% (95% CI 1.9%, 2.4%). Excess mortality persisted in women with RA throughout the study period, while the mortality risk for men with RA in 2011-15 was similar to their matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced improvement in mortality was found in RA patients compared with matched controls, but for sex-specific differences excess mortality was only persistent in women with RA.

Long-term risk of heart failure and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Data on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) are scarce. OBJECTIVES: We aim to investigate the long-term rate of incident heart failure (HF) and other adverse cardiovascular endpoints in patients with PSS compared with the general population and to investigate mortality in individuals with incident HF with or without a history of PSS. METHODS: Using Danish nationwide registries, PSS patients (diagnosed 1996-2018) without a history of other autoimmune diseases were each matched with four individuals from the general population by sex, age, and comorbidities. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the rate of cardiovascular outcomes. In addition, the rate of death from any cause was compared between PSS patients with incident HF and four age- and sex-matched HF patients without PSS. RESULTS: In total, 5092 patients with newly diagnosed PSS were matched with 20,368 individuals from the general population (median age 57 years, 87.3% women, median follow-up 7.4 years). The cumulative incidence of HF at 10 years was 4.0% for PSS patients and 2.8% for matched individuals. After adjustment, patients with PSS had a higher associated rate of incident HF (hazard ratios [HR] 1.42 [95% CI, 1.20-1.68]) and other cardiovascular outcomes, compared with the background population. PSS patients with incident HF had a similar rate of death from all-cause mortality compared with HF patients without PSS (HR 0.94 [0.74-1.19]). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PSS had a higher associated rate of incident HF and other cardiovascular outcomes compared with the general population. In individuals with incident HF, a history of PSS was not associated with increased mortality.

COVID-19 infection and hospitalization risk according to vaccination status and DMARD treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate the incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization in unvaccinated and vaccinated patients with RA compared with matched controls, and in patients with RA according to DMARD treatment. METHODS: This was a Danish nationwide matched-cohort study from January to October 2021. Patients with RA were identified in the DANBIO register and matched 1:20 with individuals from the general population on age, sex, and vaccination status. Primary and secondary outcomes were COVID-19 hospitalization (Danish National Patient Register) and first-time positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test (Danish COVID-19 Surveillance Register), respectively. Stratified by vaccination status, incidence rates (IRs) per 1000 person years (PYs) and comorbidity-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) in cause-specific Cox models were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In total, 28 447 unvaccinated patients and 568 940 comparators had IRs for COVID-19 hospitalization of 10.4 (8.0-13.4) and 4.7 (4.3-5.1) per 1000 PYs, respectively (aHR 1.88, 1.44-2.46). When fully vaccinated, corresponding IRs were 0.9 (0.5-1.6) and 0.5 (0.4-0.6) per 1000 PYs (aHR 1.94, 1.03-3.66). Unvaccinated RA patients had an aHR of 1.22 (1.09-1.57) for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 1.09 (0.92-1.14) among vaccinated RA patients. Vaccinated rituximab-treated patients had increased crude IR of COVID-19 hospitalization compared with conventional DMARD-treated patients. CONCLUSION: The incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization was increased for both unvaccinated and vaccinated patients with RA compared with controls. Importantly, the parallel decreasing risk for patients with RA suggests a comparable relative benefit of vaccination in most patients.

Incidence and severeness of COVID-19 hospitalization in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: a nationwide cohort study from Denmark.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD); in patients with RA treated with specific DMARDs; and the incidence of severe COVID-19 infection among hospitalized patients with RA. METHODS: A nationwide cohort study from Denmark between 1 March and 12 August 2020. The adjusted incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization was estimated for patients with RA; spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis; connective tissue disease; vasculitides; and non-IRD individuals. Further, the incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization was estimated for patients with RA treated and non-treated with TNF-inhibitors, HCQ or glucocorticoids, respectively. Lastly, the incidence of severe COVID-19 infection (intensive care, acute respiratory distress syndrome or death) among hospital-admitted patients was estimated for RA and non-IRD sp - individudals. RESULTS: Patients with IRD (n = 58 052) had an increased partially adjusted incidence of hospitalization with COVID-19 compared with the 4.5 million people in the general population [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.86] with strongest associations for patients with RA (n = 29 440, HR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.30) and vasculitides (n = 4072, HR 1.82, 95% CI: 0.91, 3.64). There was no increased incidence of COVID-19 hospitalization associated with TNF-inhibitor, HCQ nor glucocorticoid use. COVID-19 admitted patients with RA had a HR of 1.43 (95% CI: 0.80, 2.53) for a severe outcome. CONCLUSION: Patients with IRD were more likely to be admitted with COVID-19 than the general population, and COVID-19 admitted patients with RA could be at higher risk of a severe outcome. Treatment with specific DMARDs did not affect the risk of hospitalization.

The risk of cardiovascular morbidity and cardiovascular mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study.

Objective: . To assess the role of LN as a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and cardiovascular mortality (CVM) in patients with SLE. Methods: . The study was conducted using individual-level data from multiple nationwide registers. We identified a cohort of patients diagnosed with SLE and further determined if they had a diagnosis of LN during 1995-2011. Each SLE patient was matched with five population controls. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated to measure the risk of MI, stroke and CVM in SLE patients relative to population controls and in SLE patients with relative to without LN. Results: . We identified 1644 SLE patients with incident SLE; 233 of these patients had a diagnosis of incident LN during follow-up. The number of events in the SLE cohort was: 42 (MI), 74 (stroke) and 56 (CVM). For MI, the HR was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 3.4) in SLE without LN and 18.3 (95% CI: 5.1, 65) in SLE with LN. The HR for LN was 8.5 (95% CI: 2.2, 33; P = 0.002). For stroke, HRs were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.9) and 4.1 (95% CI: 1.9, 8.7) in SLE without and with LN, respectively, and we found no significant association with LN (P = 0.115). For CVM, the respective HRs were 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1, 2.4) and 7.8 (95% CI: 3.0, 20). The corresponding HR for LN was 4.9 (95% CI: 1.8, 13.7; P = 0.002). Conclusion: . The risk of MI and CVM, but not of stroke, is significantly higher in SLE patients with LN than SLE patients without LN.

Impact of pre-existing co-morbidities on mortality in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of pre-existing co-morbidities on mortality among patients affected by granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). METHODS: By means of the Danish National Hospital Register, we identified a cohort of patients hospitalized for GPA during 1994-2010 (n = 308). The burden of pre-existing co-morbidities among the patients was quantified according to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Each patient was matched with five age- and gender-matched population controls with no pre-existing co-morbidities captured by the CCI (CCI score = 0). The study subjects were followed throughout 2010. Cox regression analyses were used to calculate mortality rate ratios (MRRs). RESULTS: The median duration of follow-up in the GPA cohort was 5.8 years (interquartile range 2.3-10.0). Compared with their matched population controls, the MRR for patients presenting with a CCI score of 0 (n = 246) was 3.9 (95% CI 2.0, 7.5) during years 0-2 and 1.4 (95% CI 0.9, 2.0) from the second year of follow-up onwards. The corresponding MRRs were 13.3 (95% CI 5.8, 31) and 1.9 (95% CI 1.1, 3.6) for patients with a CCI score ⩾1 (n = 62). In a direct comparison, GPA patients with a CCI score ⩾1 were found to have significantly higher mortality than GPA patients with a CCI score of 0 during years 0-2 [adjusted MRR 3.4 (95% CI 1.6, 7.0)] but not after >2 years of follow-up [adjusted MRR 1.3 (95% CI 0.7, 2.6)]. CONCLUSION: During early follow-up periods, the mortality among GPA patients with pre-existing co-morbidities is markedly higher than that among GPA patients with no pre-existing illnesses. Our analyses identify an increased CCI score for pre-existing co-morbidities as an important risk factor for a fatal outcome in GPA.

Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Both atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease increase the risk of stroke and systemic thromboembolism. However, these risks, and the effects of antithrombotic treatment, have not been thoroughly investigated in patients with both conditions. METHODS: Using Danish national registries, we identified all patients discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation between 1997 and 2008. The risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding associated with non-end-stage chronic kidney disease and with end-stage chronic kidney disease (i.e., disease requiring renal-replacement therapy) was estimated with the use of time-dependent Cox regression analyses. In addition, the effects of treatment with warfarin, aspirin, or both in patients with chronic kidney disease were compared with the effects in patients with no renal disease. RESULTS: Of 132,372 patients included in the analysis, 3587 (2.7%) had non-end-stage chronic kidney disease and 901 (0.7%) required renal-replacement therapy at the time of inclusion. As compared with patients who did not have renal disease, patients with non-end-stage chronic kidney disease had an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 1.59; P<0.001), as did those requiring renal-replacement therapy (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.14; P<0.001); this risk was significantly decreased for both groups of patients with warfarin but not with aspirin. The risk of bleeding was also increased among patients who had non-end-stage chronic kidney disease or required renal-replacement therapy and was further increased with warfarin, aspirin, or both. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic kidney disease was associated with an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin treatment was associated with a decreased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism among patients with chronic kidney disease, whereas warfarin and aspirin were associated with an increased risk of bleeding. (Funded by the Lundbeck Foundation.).

Relation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to serious bleeding and thromboembolism risk in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving antithrombotic therapy: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are assumed to increase bleeding risk, but their actual relation to serious bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are receiving antithrombotic medication is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk for serious bleeding and thromboembolism associated with ongoing NSAID and antithrombotic therapy. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Nationwide registries. PATIENTS: Danish patients with AF hospitalized between 1997 and 2011. MEASUREMENTS: Absolute risk for serious bleeding and thromboembolism with ongoing NSAID and antithrombotic therapy, assessed by using Cox models. RESULTS: Of 150 900 patients with AF (median age, 75 years [interquartile range, 65 to 83 years]; 47% female), 53 732 (35.6%) were prescribed an NSAID during a median follow-up of 6.2 years (interquartile range, 2.1 to 14.0 years). There were 17 187 (11.4%) and 19 561 (13.0%) occurrences of serious bleeding and thromboembolism, respectively. At 3 months, the absolute risk for serious bleeding within 14 days of NSAID exposure was 3.5 events per 1000 patients compared with 1.5 events per 1000 patients without NSAID exposure. The risk difference was 1.9 events per 1000 patients. In patients selected for oral anticoagulant therapy, the absolute risk difference was 2.5 events per 1000 patients. Use of NSAIDs was associated with increased absolute risks for serious bleeding and thromboembolism across all antithrombotic regimens and NSAID types. An NSAID dosage above the recommended minimum was associated with a substantially increased hazard ratio for bleeding. LIMITATION: Observational design and unmeasured confounders. CONCLUSION: Use of NSAIDs was associated with an independent risk for serious bleeding and thromboembolism in patients with AF. Short-term NSAID exposure was associated with increased bleeding risk. Physicians should exercise caution with NSAIDs in patients with AF. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of major cardiovascular disease associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a large 'real-world' contemporary rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with use of Danish nationwide individual-level registry data on inpatient and outpatient health care provision, pharmacotherapy and income during 1997-2009. 17 320 RA patients were identified and matched with 69 280 controls (4 : 1) by age and sex. NSAID-associated risk of major cardiovascular disease defined as the combined endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular mortality was assessed in multivariable survival models. RESULTS: During follow-up (median 4.9 years) 6283 events occurred. The cardiovascular risk associated with overall NSAID use was significantly lower in RA patients than in controls (HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.37) vs 1.51 (1.36 to 1.66), p<0.01). The pattern of lower NSAID-associated risk in RA patients was generally found with the individual NSAIDs investigated. While use of rofecoxib (HR 1.57 (1.16 to 2.12)) and diclofenac (HR 1.35 (1.11 to 1.64)) was associated with increased cardiovascular risk in RA patients, there was no significant risk increase associated with use of other NSAIDs in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: The cardiovascular risk associated with NSAID use in RA patients was modest and significantly lower than in non-RA individuals. Moreover, only a few of the individual NSAIDs were associated with increased cardiovascular risk. NSAID use should be assessed in the individual patient based on the indication for pain relief and risk factors for adverse effects, and not automatically be avoided due to concerns of severe cardiovascular outcomes alone.

Increased risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke during active stages of inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide study.

AIMS: Inflammation is considered to play a role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). Hence inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be associated with AF. We therefore examined the incidence of AF and stroke in patients with IBD. METHODS AND RESULTS: From Danish nationwide registries 1996-2011, we identified 24 499 patients with new-onset IBD and 236 275 age- and sex-matched controls. Poisson regression analyses with continuously updated covariates were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of AF and stroke. Disease activity stages of flare (new disease activity), persistent activity, and remission were defined by corticosteroid prescriptions, IBD hospital admissions, and biological treatment. Inflammatory bowel disease patients had a mean age of 43.9 years, 53.9% were women, and mean follow-up was 6.8 years. Among IBD patients, 685 had AF and 549 had a stroke, corresponding to incidence rates per 1000 person-years of 4.16 vs. 2.70 for AF and 3.33 vs. 2.44 for stroke, compared with matched controls. Overall IBD-associated risk of AF corresponded to IRR 1.26 (1.16-1.36), but was driven by increased AF incidence during IBD flares [IRR 2.63 (2.26-3.06)] and persistent activity [IRR 2.06 (1.67-2.55)], whereas no increased AF risk was observed in remission periods [IRR 0.97 (0.88-1.08)]. Likewise increased stroke risk was exclusively found during active IBD [IRRs: 1.57 (1.27-1.93), 1.71 (1.32-2.21), and 1.04 (0.93-1.15) for flares, persistent activity, and remission, respectively]. CONCLUSION: Active IBD is associated with increased risk of AF and stroke. These findings may be relevant to clinical practice.

Long-term cardiovascular risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use according to time passed after first-time myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular risk after the first myocardial infarction (MI) declines rapidly during the first year. We analyzed whether the cardiovascular risk associated with using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was associated with the time elapsed following first-time MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified patients aged 30 years or older admitted with first-time MI in 1997 to 2009 and subsequent NSAID use by individual-level linkage of nationwide registries of hospitalization and drug dispensing from pharmacies in Denmark. We calculated the incidence rates of death and a composite end point of coronary death or nonfatal recurrent MIs associated with NSAID use in 1-year time intervals up to 5 years after inclusion and analyzed risk by using multivariable adjusted time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models. Of the 99 187 patients included, 43 608 (44%) were prescribed NSAIDs after the index MI. There were 36 747 deaths and 28 693 coronary deaths or nonfatal recurrent MIs during the 5 years of follow-up. Relative to noncurrent treatment with NSAIDs, the use of any NSAID in the years following MI was persistently associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio 1.59 [95% confidence interval, 1.49-1.69]) after 1 year and hazard ratio 1.63 [95% confidence interval, 1.52-1.74] after 5 years) and coronary death or nonfatal recurrent MI (hazard ratio, 1.30 [95% confidence interval,l 1.22-1.39] and hazard ratio, 1.41 [95% confidence interval, 1.28-1.55]). CONCLUSIONS: The use of NSAIDs is associated with persistently increased coronary risk regardless of time elapsed after first-time MI. We advise long-term caution in the use of NSAIDs for patients after MI.

Psoriasis and risk of atrial fibrillation and ischaemic stroke: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study.

AIMS: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease and inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) and ischaemic stroke. We therefore investigated the risk of these endpoints in patients with psoriasis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cohort study of the entire Danish population followed from 1997 to 2006 by individual-level-linkage of nationwide prospectively recorded registers. Multivariable Poisson's regression and sensitivity analyses were used to assess the psoriasis-related risk of AF and ischaemic stroke. A total of 36 765 patients with mild psoriasis and 2793 with severe psoriasis were compared with 4 478 926 individuals, i.e., the reference population. In patients with mild psoriasis, the adjusted rate ratios (RRs) for AF were 1.50 (1.21-1.86) and 1.16 (1.08-1.24) in patients aged <50 and ≥50 years, respectively. Patients with severe psoriasis had a higher risk of AF with RRs 2.98 (1.80-4.92) in patients aged <50 years and 1.29 (1.01-1.65) in patients aged ≥50 years. Patients with psoriasis also demonstrated a disease severity-dependent increased risk of ischaemic stroke, i.e. RRs 1.97 (1.66-2.34) and 2.80 (1.81-4.34) in patients aged <50 years with mild and severe psoriasis, and RRs 1.13 (1.04-1.21) and 1.34 (1.04-1.71) in patients aged ≥50 years with mild and severe psoriasis, respectively. A range of sensitivity analyses yielded comparable results. CONCLUSION: Psoriasis is associated with increased risk of AF and ischaemic stroke. These novel results add to a growing body of evidence, suggesting that patients with psoriasis could be considered at increased cardiovascular risk.

Clopidogrel discontinuation after myocardial infarction and risk of thrombosis: a nationwide cohort study.

AIMS: The benefit of extending clopidogrel treatment beyond the 12-month period recommended in current guidelines after myocardial infarction (MI) is debated. We analysed the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes after discontinuation of 12 months of clopidogrel treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: This Danish retrospective nationwide study included all patients treated with clopidogrel after discharge from a first-time MI during 2004-09. The risk of death or recurrent MI after the discontinuation of clopidogrel was studied by multivariable Poisson regression models. Patients treated with and without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were analysed separately. The follow-up was 18 months. Of the 29,268 patients included, 3214 (11.0%) experienced death or recurrent MI. There were 9819 (33.6%) patients treated only medically and 19,449 (66.4%) patients treated with PCI. Twelve months after the index MI, for patients treated only medically, the risk of death or recurrent MI in the first 90-day period of clopidogrel discontinuation was 1.07 (0.65-1.76; P= 0.79) [adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence interval] compared with the next 90-day period of discontinuation. For patients treated with PCI, the corresponding IRR was 1.59 (1.11-2.30; P= 0.013). The risk of recurrent MI yielded an IRR of 0.77 (0.36-1.67; P= 0.51) for patients treated only medically and 1.87 (1.11-3.15; P= 0.019) for PCI-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Discontinuation of clopidogrel 12 months after MI is associated with an increased risk of death or recurrent MI in the first 90 days of discontinuation compared with the next 90-day period of discontinuation for patients treated with PCI, but not for patients not treated with PCI.

Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

IMPORTANCE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a major health problem associated with poor outcomes. Early recognition and intervention are critical for patient survival. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one factor among many associated with improved survival. OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal changes in bystander resuscitation attempts and survival during a 10-year period in which several national initiatives were taken to increase rates of bystander resuscitation and improve advanced care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for which resuscitation was attempted were identified between 2001 and 2010 in the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Of 29,111 patients with cardiac arrest, we excluded those with presumed noncardiac cause of arrest (n = 7390) and those with cardiac arrests witnessed by emergency medical services personnel (n = 2253), leaving a study population of 19,468 patients. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Temporal trends in bystander CPR, bystander defibrillation, 30-day survival, and 1-year survival. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 72 years; 67.4% were men. Bystander CPR increased significantly during the study period, from 21.1% (95% CI, 18.8%-23.4%) in 2001 to 44.9% (95% CI, 42.6%-47.1%) in 2010 (P < .001), whereas use of defibrillation by bystanders remained low (1.1% [95% CI, 0.6%-1.9%] in 2001 to 2.2% [95% CI, 1.5%-2.9%] in 2010; P = .003). More patients achieved survival on hospital arrival (7.9% [95% CI, 6.4%-9.5%] in 2001 to 21.8% [95% CI, 19.8%-23.8%] in 2010; P < .001). Also, 30-day survival improved (3.5% [95% CI, 2.5%-4.5%] in 2001 to 10.8% [95% CI, 9.4%-12.2%] in 2010; P < .001), as did 1-year survival (2.9% [95% CI, 2.0%-3.9%] in 2001 to 10.2% [95% CI, 8.9%-11.6%] in 2010; P < .001). Despite a decrease in the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the study period (40.4 to 34.4 per 100,000 persons in 2001 and 2010, respectively; P = .002), the number of survivors per 100,000 persons increased significantly (P < .001). For the entire study period, bystander CPR was positively associated with 30-day survival, regardless of witnessed status (30-day survival for nonwitnessed cardiac arrest, 4.3% [95% CI, 3.4%-5.2%] with bystander CPR and 1.0% [95% CI, 0.8%-1.3%] without; odds ratio, 4.38 [95% CI, 3.17-6.06]). For witnessed arrest the corresponding values were 19.4% (95% CI, 18.1%-20.7%) vs 6.1% (95% CI, 5.4%-6.7%); odds ratio, 3.74 (95% CI, 3.26-4.28). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In Denmark between 2001 and 2010, an increase in survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was significantly associated with a concomitant increase in bystander CPR. Because of the co-occurrence of other related initiatives, a causal relationship remains uncertain.

Exposure to specific tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and risk of demyelinating and inflammatory neuropathy in cohorts of patients with inflammatory arthritis: a collaborative observational study across five Nordic rheumatology registers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare incidences of neuroinflammatory events, including demyelinating disease (DML), inflammatory polyneuropathies (IPN) and multiple sclerosis (MS), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or spondyloarthritis (SpA; including psoriatic arthritis) starting a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), investigating whether monoclonal TNFi antibodies (other TNFis (oTNFis)) confer higher risk than etanercept. METHODS: This is an observational cohort study including patients from the five Nordic countries starting a TNFi in 2001-2020. Time to first neuroinflammatory event was identified through register linkages. We calculated crude incidence rates (cIR) per 1000 person-years and used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression to compare incidences of neuroinflammatory events overall and for DML, IPN and MS with oTNFi versus etanercept. We further examined individual TNFis and indications. RESULTS: 33 883 patients with RA and 28 772 patients with SpA were included, initiating 52 704 and 46 572 treatment courses, respectively. In RA, we observed 135 neuroinflammatory events (65% DML) with cIR of 0.38 with oTNFi and 0.34 with etanercept. The HR of oTNFi versus etanercept was 1.07 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.54) for any neuroinflammatory event, 0.79 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.22) for DML, 2.20 (95% CI 1.05 to 4.63) for IPN and 0.73 (95% CI 0.34 to 1.56) for MS. In SpA, we observed 179 events (78% DML) with cIR of 0.68 with oTNFi and 0.65 with etanercept. The HR for any neuroinflammatory event, DML, IPN and MS was 1.06 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.50), 1.01 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.50), 1.28 (95% CI 0.61 to 2.69) and 0.94 (95% CI0.53 to 1.69), respectively. CONCLUSION: The cIRs of neuroinflammatory events are higher in SpA than in RA, but the choice of specific TNFi does not seem to play an important role in the risk of neuroinflammatory events.

Efficacy and safety of oral roflumilast for moderate-to-severe psoriasis-a randomized controlled trial (PSORRO).

Background: Roflumilast is a targeted inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4 and has been approved for treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for more than a decade. Generic versions are available in the United States. PDE-4 is involved in the psoriasis pathogenesis, but the efficacy and safety of oral roflumilast in patients with psoriasis have not previously been studied. Methods: A company-independent, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.govNCT04549870). Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive monotherapy with oral roflumilast 500 µg once daily or placebo. At week 12, placebo patients were switched to open-label roflumilast through week 24. The primary endpoint was a 75% or greater reduction from baseline in the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI75) at week 12. Findings: In all, 46 patients were randomized (roflumilast, n = 23; placebo, n = 23). At week 12, significantly more patients in the active arm achieved PASI75 (8 of 23 patients [35%]) vs. placebo (0 of 23 patients [0%], with a difference vs. placebo of 8 [35%] patients, 95% CI: 3 [13%]-13 [57%] patients) (p = 0.014). At week 24, 15 (65%), 10 (44%), 5 (22%), and 2 (9%) of patients treated with roflumilast from week 0 had PASI50, PASI75, PASI90, and PASI100 responses (key secondary endpoints), respectively. The most prevalent, drug-related adverse events in both treatment groups were transient gastrointestinal symptoms, weight-loss, headache, and insomnia. A total of three patients (roflumilast n = 2; placebo, n = 1) discontinued therapy due to adverse events. Interpretation: Oral roflumilast was efficacious and safe in treating moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis over 24 weeks. With generic versions available, this drug may represent an inexpensive and convenient alternative to established systemic psoriasis treatments. Funding: Financial support was received from Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, and independent grants from private foundations in Denmark. No pharmaceutical company, including the market authorization holder of roflumilast, was involved in the study at any point.

Duration of treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and impact on risk of death and recurrent myocardial infarction in patients with prior myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated among patients with established cardiovascular disease, many receive NSAID treatment for a short period of time. However, little is known about the association between NSAID treatment duration and risk of cardiovascular disease. We therefore studied the duration of NSAID treatment and cardiovascular risk in a nationwide cohort of patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients ≥30 years of age who were admitted with first-time MI during 1997 to 2006 and their subsequent NSAID use were identified by individual-level linkage of nationwide registries of hospitalization and drug dispensing from pharmacies in Denmark. Risk of death and recurrent MI according to duration of NSAID treatment was analyzed by multivariable time-stratified Cox proportional-hazard models and by incidence rates per 1000 person-years. Of the 83 677 patients included, 42.3% received NSAIDs during follow-up. There were 35 257 deaths/recurrent MIs. Overall, NSAID treatment was significantly associated with an increased risk of death/recurrent MI (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 1.62) at the beginning of the treatment, and the risk persisted throughout the treatment course (hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.46 to 1.64 after 90 days). Analyses of individual NSAIDs showed that the traditional NSAID diclofenac was associated with the highest risk (hazard ratio, 3.26; 95% confidence interval, 2.57 to 3.86 for death/MI at day 1 to 7 of treatment). CONCLUSIONS: Even short-term treatment with most NSAIDs was associated with increased risk of death and recurrent MI in patients with prior MI. Neither short- nor long-term treatment with NSAIDs is advised in this population, and any NSAID use should be limited from a cardiovascular safety point of view.

Initiation and adherence to secondary prevention pharmacotherapy after myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with less optimal secondary prevention pharmacotherapy after first-time myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: The authors identified all patients with first-time MI in the Danish National Patient Register from 2002 to 2009 and gathered individual level information including pharmacy records from nationwide registers. Initiation of standard care post-MI secondary prevention drugs, that is, aspirin, ß-blockers, clopidogrel, renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and statins, was determined after discharge. In addition, adherence to each drug was evaluated as the proportion of patients on treatment during follow-up and time to first treatment gap. RESULTS: A total of 66 107 MI patients (37% women) were discharged alive; 877 were identified as RA patients (59% women). Thirty days after discharge, RA was associated with significantly lower initiation of aspirin (OR 0.80 (0.67-0.96)), ß-blockers (0.77 (0.65-0.92)) and statins (0.69 (0.58-0.82)), while initiation of RAS blockers (0.80 (0.57-1.11)) and clopidogrel (0.88 (0.75-1.02)) was non-significantly reduced. These estimates were virtually unchanged at day 180 and the results were corroborated by Cox regression analyses. Adherence to statins was lower in RA patients relative to non-RA patients (HR for treatment gap of 90 days: 1.26 (1.07-1.48)), while no significant differences were found in adherence to the other drugs. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide study of unselected patients with first-time MI, a reduced initiation of secondary prevention pharmacotherapy was observed in RA patients. This undertreatment may contribute to the increased cardiovascular disease burden in RA and the underlying mechanisms warrant further study.

Prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with psoriasis: a cohort study using Danish nationwide registries.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. However, the potential impact of psoriasis on the prognosis following percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCI) is unknown. METHODS: The study comprised the entire Danish population undergoing first-time PCI in the period 2002-09. Cox regression models, controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic status, pharmacological treatment, and comorbidity were used to assess the risk of 1) all-cause mortality and 2) a composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. RESULTS: A total of 53,141 patients with first-time PCI in the study period were identified. Of these, 1074 had mild psoriasis and 315 had severe psoriasis. Patients with severe psoriasis, but not those with mild disease had increased risk of both endpoints compared to patients without psoriasis. The incidence rates for all-cause mortality were 30.5 (CI 29.7-31.3), 29.9 (CI 24.7-36.1), and 47.2 (CI 35.0-63.6) per 1000 patient years for patients without psoriasis, with mild psoriasis, and with severe psoriasis, respectively. Hazard ratios were 1.10 (CI 0.91-1.33) and 1.67 (CI 1.24-2.26) for mild and severe psoriasis, respectively. Patients with severe psoriasis were less likely to receive secondary prevention pharmacotherapy with betablockers, statins and platelet inhibitors. CONCLUSION: This first study of the prognosis following PCI in patients with psoriasis demonstrated an increased risk of all-cause mortality and of a composite of death, myocardial infarction and stroke, respectively, in patients with severe psoriasis compared to patients without psoriasis. Further studies of this novel association are needed.