Characterization of Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Nocturnal Wasps-Provespa barthelemyi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

Genus Provespa contains nocturnal wasps mainly found in the southeastern region of Asia. There are no complete genome resources available of this genus, which hinders the study of its phylogenetic evolution and the origin of nocturnal behavior in the Vespidae family. Through high-throughput sequencing, we obtained the mitochondrial genome of Provespa barthelemyi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), which is 17,721 base pairs in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs. We identified four gene rearrangement events of P. barthelemyi that frequently occur in the Vespidae family. We used Maximum Likelihood (ML) methodologies to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the sequenced mitochondrial genome and the available data of reported species belonging to Vespinae. Our findings confirmed the monophyly of Vespinae. Our study reports the first complete mitochondrial genome of Provespa and compares its characteristics with other mitochondrial genomes in the family Vespidae. This research should shed light on the phylogenetic relationships and ecological characteristics of the Vespidae family.

Innate lymphoid cells are double-edged swords under the mucosal barrier.

As the direct contacting site for pathogens and allergens, the mucosal barrier plays a vital role in the lungs and intestines. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are particularly resident in the mucosal barrier and participate in several pathophysiological processes, such as maintaining or disrupting barrier integrity, preventing various pathogenic invasions. In the pulmonary mucosae, ILCs sometimes aggravate inflammation and mucus hypersecretion but restore airway epithelial integrity and maintain lung tissue homeostasis at other times. In the intestinal mucosae, ILCs can increase epithelial permeability, leading to severe intestinal inflammation on the one hand, and assist mucosal barrier in resisting bacterial invasion on the other hand. In this review, we will illustrate the positive and negative roles of ILCs in mucosal barrier immunity.

HOFE: an interactive forensic entomological database.

The significance of entomological evidence in inferring the time, location and cause of death has been demonstrated both theoretically and practically. With the advancement of sequencing technologies, reports have emerged on necrophagous insects' nuclear genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and mitochondrial genomes. However, within the field of forensic entomology, there is currently no available database that can integrate, store and share the resources of necrophagous insects. The absence of a database poses an inconvenience to the application of entomological evidence in judicial practice and hampers the development of the forensic entomology discipline. Given this, we have developed the Home Of Forensic Entomology database, encompassing 10 core functional modules: Home, Browse, Mitochondria, Proteome, JBrowse, Search, BLAST, Tools, Case base and Maps. Notably, the 'Tools' module enables multiple sequence alignment analysis (Muscle), homologous protein prediction (Genewise), primer design (Primer), large-scale genomic analysis (Lastz), Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, as well as expression profiling (PCA Analysis, Hcluster and Correlation Heatmap). In addition, the present database also works as an interactive platform for researchers by sharing forensic entomological case reports and uploading data and material. This database provides potential visitors with a comprehensive function for multi-omics data analysis, offers substantial references to researchers and criminal scene investigators and facilitates the utilization of entomological evidence in court. Database URL: http://ihofe.com/.

Human myiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Human myiasis is a parasitic dipteran fly infestation that infects humans and vertebrates worldwide. However, the disease is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. In Sub-Saharan Africa, it is under-reported and therefore its prevalence is unknown. This systematic review aims to elucidate the prevalence of human myiasis, factors that influence the infection, and myiasis-causing fly species in SSA. The review also dwelled on the common myiasis types and treatment methods of human myiasis. METHODS: Here, we collect cases of human myiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa based on literature retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct from 1959 to 2022. A total of 75 articles and 157 cases were included in the study. The recommendations of PRISMA 2020 were used for the realization of this systematic review. RESULTS: In total, 157 cases of human myiasis in SSA were reviewed. Eleven fly species (Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cordylobia rodhaini, Dermatobia hominis, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Oestrus ovis, Sarcophaga spp., Sarcophaga nodosa, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya chloropyga and Clogmia albipuntum) were found to cause human myiasis in SSA. Cordylobia anthropophaga was the most prevalent myiasis-causing species of the reported cases (n = 104, 66.2%). More than half of the reported cases were from travelers returning from SSA (n = 122, 77.7%). Cutaneous myiasis was the most common clinical presentation of the disease (n = 86, 54.7%). Females were more infected (n = 78, 49.6%) than males, and there was a higher infestation in adults than young children. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study reveals that international travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa were mostly infested therefore, we recommend that both international travelers and natives of SSA be enlightened by public health officers about the disease and its risk factors at entry points in SSA and the community level respectively. Clinicians in Sub-Saharan Africa often misdiagnose the disease and most of them lack the expertise to properly identify larvae, so we recommend the extensive use of molecular identification methods instead.