Low and high nucleic acid content bacteria play discrepant roles in response to various carbon supply modes.

Planktonic bacteria can be grouped into 'high nucleic acid content (HNA) bacteria' and 'low nucleic acid content (LNA) bacteria.' Nutrient input modes vary in environments, causing nutrient availability heterogeneity. We incubated them with equal amounts of total glucose added in a continuous/pulsed mode. The pulse-treated LNA bacteria exhibited twice the cell abundance and four times the viability of the continuous-treated LNA, while HNA did not show an adaptation to pulsed treatment. In structural equation modelling, LNA bacteria had higher path coefficients than HNA, between growth and carbon-saving metabolic pathways, intracellular ATP and the inorganic energy storage polymer, polyphosphate, indicating their low-cost growth, and flexible energy storage and utilisation. After incubation, the pulse-treated LNA bacteria contained more proteins and polysaccharides (0.00064, 0.0012 ng cell-1 ) than the continuous-treated LNA (0.00014, 0.00014 ng cell-1 ), conferring endurance and rapid response to pulses. Compared to LNA, HNA keystone taxa had stronger correlations with the primary glucose metabolism step, glycolysis, and occupied leading positions to explain the random forest model. They are essential to introduce glucose into the element cycling of the whole community under both treatments. Our work outlines a systematic bacterial response to carbon input.

Impacts of a bacterial algicide on metabolic pathways in Chlorella vulgaris.

Chlorella is a dominant species during harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide, which bring about great environmental problems and are also a serious threat to drinking water safety. Application of bacterial algicides is a promising way to control HABs. However, the identified bacterial algicides against Chlorella and the understanding of their effects on algal metabolism are very limited. Here, we isolated a novel bacterium Microbacterium paraoxydans strain M1 that has significant algicidal activities against Chlorella vulgaris (algicidal rate 64.38 %, at 120 h). Atrazine-desethyl (AD) was then identified from strain M1 as an effective bacterial algicide, with inhibition or algae-lysing concentration values (EC50) of 1.64 µg/mL and 1.38 µg/mL, at 72 h and 120 h, respectively. LAD (2 µg/mL AD) or HAD (20 µg/mL AD) causes morphology alteration and ultrastructure damage, chlorophyll a reduction, gene expression regulation (for example, psbA, 0.05 fold at 24 h, 2.97 fold at 72 h, and 0.23 fold of the control in HAD), oxidative stress, lipid oxidation (MDA, 2.09 and 3.08 fold of the control in LAD and HAD, respectively, at 120 h) and DNA damage (average percentage of tail DNA 6.23 % at 120 h in HAD, slight damage: 5∼20 %) in the algal cells. The impacts of AD on algal metabolites and metabolic pathways, as well as the algal response to the adverse effects were investigated. The results revealed that amino acids, amines, glycosides and urea decreased significantly compared to the control after 24 h exposure to AD (p < 0.05). The main up-regulated metabolic pathways implied metabonomic resistance and defense against osmotic pressure, oxidative stress, photosynthesis inhibition or partial cellular structure damage, such as phenylalanine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis. The down-regulated glycine, serine and threonine metabolism is a major lead in the algicidal mechanism according to the value of pathway impact. The down-regulated glycine, and serine are responsible for the downregulation of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and sulfur metabolism, which strengthen the algae-lysing effect. It is the first time to highlight the pivotal role of glycine, serine and threonine metabolism in algicidal activities, which provided a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of bacterial algicides exerting on algal cells at the metabolic level.

Transcriptome Profiling of Stenotrophomonas sp. Strain WZN-1 Reveals Mechanisms of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) Biotransformation.

The brominated flame retardant 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is extensively used, stable, and difficult to degrade in the environment. The existence of BDE-47 could pose a certain risk to the environment and human health. However, the biotransformation mechanisms of BDE-47 by microorganisms remain unclear. In this study, aerobic degradation of BDE-47 by Stenotrophomonas sp. strain WZN-1 and transcriptome analysis were carried out. BDE-47 degradation by Stenotrophomonas sp. strain WZN-1 was mainly through the biological action of intracellular enzymes via the route of debromination and hydroxylation. The results of the transcriptome sequencing indicated the differentially expressed genes were related to transport, metabolism, and stress response. The key processes involved the microbial transmembrane transportation of BDE-47, energy anabolism, synthesis, and metabolism of functional enzymes, stress response, and other biological processes of gene regulation. In particular, bacterial chemotaxis played a potential role in biodegradation of BDE-47 by Stenotrophomonas sp. strain WZN-1. This study provides the first insights into the biotransformation of Stenotrophomonas sp. strain WZN-1 to BED-47 stress and shows potential for application in remediation of polluted environments.

Genomic analysis and expression investigation of caleosin gene family in Arabidopsis.

Caleosin is a common lipid-droplet surface protein, which has the ability to bind calcium. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is considered a model organism in plant researches. Although there are growing researches about caleosin in the past few years, a systemic analysis of caleosins in Arabidopsis is still scarce. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of caleosins in Arabidopsis was performed by bioinformatics methods. Firstly, eight caleosins in Arabidopsis are divided into two types, L-caleosin and H-caleosin, according to their molecular weights, and these two types of caleosin have many differences in characteristics. Secondly, phylogenetic tree result indicates that L-caleosin may evolve from H-caleosin. Thirdly, duplication pattern analysis shows that segmental and tandem duplication are main reasons for Arabidopsis caleosin expansion with the equal part. Fourthly, the expression profiles of caleosins are also investigated in silico in different organs and under various stresses and hormones. In addition, based on promoter analysis, caleosin may be involved in calcium signal transduction and lipid accumulation. Thus, the classification and expression analysis of caleosin genes in Arabidopsis provide facilities to the research of phylogeny and functions in this gene family.

Polystyrene nanoparticles induce biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In recent years, micro/nanoplastics have garnered widespread attention due to their ecological risks. In this study, we investigated the effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) of different sizes on the growth and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The results demonstrated that exposure to certain concentrations of PS-NPs significantly promoted bacterial biofilm formation. Meanwhile, we comprehensively revealed its mechanism whereby PS-NPs induced oxidative stress and altered bacterial membrane permeability by contacting or penetrating bacterial membranes. To counteract the stimulation by PS-NPs and reduce their toxicity, bacteria enhanced biofilm formation by upregulating the expression of biofilm-related genes, increasing EPS and virulence factors secretion, and enhancing bacterial motility through the participation of the quorum sensing (QS) system. Additionally, we also found that exposure to PS-NPs enhanced bacterial antibiotic resistance, posing a challenge to antimicrobial therapy. Our study reveals the toxic effects of nanoplastics and the defense mechanisms of bacteria, which has important implications for the risk assessment and management of environmental nanoplastics.

Integration of zinc anode and cement: unlocking scalable energy storage.

The significant volume of existing buildings and ongoing annual construction of infrastructure underscore the vast potential for integrating large-scale energy-storage solutions into these structures. Herein, we propose an innovative approach for developing structural and scalable energy-storage systems by integrating safe and cost-effective zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors into cement mortar, which is the predominant material used for structural purposes. By performing air entrainment and leveraging the adverse reaction of the ZnSO4 electrolyte, we can engineer an aerated cement mortar with a multiscale pore structure that exhibits dual functionality: effective ion conductivity in the form of a cell separator and a robust load-bearing capacity that contributes to structural integrity. Consequently, a hybrid supercapacitor building block consisting of a tailored cement mortar, zinc metal anode and active carbon cathode demonstrates exceptional specific energy density (71.4 Wh kg-1 at 68.7 W kg-1), high areal energy density (2.0 Wh m-2 at 1.9 W m-2), favorable cycling stability (∼92% capacity retention after 1000 cycles) and exceptional safety (endurance in a 1-hour combustion test). By demonstrating the scalability of the structural energy-storage system coupled with solar energy generation, this new device exhibits great potential to revolutionize energy-storage systems.

Emulsion-Templated Liquid Oil Structuring with Egg White Protein Microgel- Xanthan Gum.

In this study, oleogels were prepared by the emulsion-template method using egg-white protein microgel as a gelator and xanthan gum (XG) as thickener. The physicochemical properties of the emulsion and oleogels were investigated. The adsorption of protein on the surface of the oil droplet reached saturation when the protein microgel concentration reached 2%. The excess protein combined with XG and accumulated on the outer layer of the oleogel, which prevented the emulsion from flocculation, enhanced the oil-holding capacity of the oleogel, and had a positive effect on preventing the oxidation of oil. When the concentration of XG was less than 0.4%, the EWP microgel, combined with the XG, stabilized the emulsion. As the concentration of XG was greater than 0.4%, excessive XG in the emulsion improved the viscosity and mechanical properties of the emulsion to prevent the aggregation of oil droplets. However, the change in XG concentration had no significant effect on the oxidation of the oil.

Corrosion Resistance of CeO2-GO/Epoxy Nanocomposite Coating in Simulated Seawater and Concrete Pore Solutions.

Reinforced concrete structures in the marine environment face serious corrosion risks. Coating protection and adding corrosion inhibitors are the most economical and effective methods. In this study, a nano-composite anti-corrosion filler with a mass ratio of CeO2:GO = 4:1 was prepared by hydrothermally growing cerium oxide on the surface of graphene oxide. The filler was mixed with pure epoxy resin at a mass fraction of 0.5% to prepare a nano-composite epoxy coating. The basic properties of the prepared coating were evaluated from the aspects of surface hardness, adhesion grade, and anti-corrosion performance on Q235 low carbon steel subjected to simulated seawater and simulated concrete pore solutions. Results showed that after 90 days of service, the corrosion current density of the nanocomposite coating mixed with corrosion inhibitor was the lowest (Icorr = 1.001 × 10-9 A/cm2), and the protection efficiency was up to 99.92%. This study provides a theoretical foundation for solving the corrosion problem of Q235 low carbon steel in the marine environment.

Characteristics, Biodiversity, and Cultivation Strategy of Low Nucleic Acid Content Bacteria.

Low nucleic acid content (LNA) bacteria are ubiquitous and estimated to constitute 20%-90% of the total bacterial community in marine and freshwater environment. LNA bacteria with unique physiological characteristics, including small cell size and small genomes, can pass through 0.45-µm filtration. The researchers came up with different terminologies for low nucleic acid content bacteria based on different research backgrounds, such as: filterable bacteria, oligotrophic bacteria, and low-DNA bacteria. LNA bacteria have an extremely high level of genetic diversity and play an important role in material circulation in oligotrophic environment. However, the majority of LNA bacteria in the environment remain uncultivated. Thus, an important challenge now is to isolate more LNA bacteria from oligotrophic environments and gain insights into their unique metabolic mechanisms and ecological functions. Here, we reviewed LNA bacteria in aquatic environments, focusing on their characteristics, community structure and diversity, functions, and cultivation strategies. Exciting future prospects for LNA bacteria are also discussed.

Effect of CeO2-GO Nanocomposite on the Anticorrosion Properties of Epoxy Coating in Simulated Acid Rain Solution.

The lamellar structure of graphene oxide and the filling effect of nano-cerium oxide particles together provide a good barrier and stability to coating. In this paper, cerium oxide-graphene oxide (4:1) nanocomposite was prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis method. The effect of cerium oxide-graphene oxide (4:1) nanocomposite on the anticorrosion properties of epoxy coating in simulated acid rain solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky curve, Tafel curve, and micromorphological characterization, in order to compare it with pure epoxy coating, graphene oxide epoxy coating, and cerium oxide epoxy coating. The obtained results showed that cerium oxide-graphene oxide (4:1) epoxy coating's protection efficiency was as high as 98.62%. These results indicated that cerium oxide-graphene oxide modified anticorrosive coating had an excellent application prospect in an acid rain environment. Meanwhile, owing to the poor protection ability of epoxy resin and unstably hydrolysis product of CeO2 to the acidic medium, the resistance of CeO2-GO (4:1)/EP coating to acidic corrosive medium was relatively poorer than that of neutral and saline-alkali corrosive medium.

Evaluation of the Anticorrosion Performance of CeO2-Modified Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Epoxy Coating Subjected to Simulated Saline-Alkali Solution.

In the marine service environment, metal materials have a serious risk of corrosion. The corrosion rate of metal materials will be accelerated by the dual action of temperature change and alkali salt in saline-alkali environment. In order to delay the metal materials' corrosion rate and prolong their service life, this paper used a CeO2-GO (4:1) nanocomposite prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis method to make an anticorrosion coating. The anticorrosion performance was evaluated by stereo microscope and 3D images of the corrosion site were fitted for calculation. The state evolution of the CeO2-GO (4:1)/EP coating immerged in a simulated saline-alkali solution was studied by open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical alternating current impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky curve and Tafel curve. The results indicated that CeO2-GO (4:1) nanocomposites exhibited good resistance compared with graphene oxide and nano cerium oxide in a simulated saline-alkali environment. The research in this paper lays a firm theoretical foundation for the application of nano cerium-oxide-modified graphene oxide anticorrosive coating in saline-alkali environment engineering.

Research on the Preparation and Anticorrosion Properties of EP/CeO2-GO Nanocomposite Coating.

Due to its special two-dimensional lamellar structure, graphene possesses an excellent shielding effect, hydrophobic characteristics and large specific surface area, which can effectively isolate the internal structure from the external corrosive media. However, lamellar graphene is easy to stack and agglomerate, which limits its anti-corrosion performance. In this paper, cerium oxide-graphene oxide (CeO2-GO) nanocomposites were prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were applied for microstructure examination, showing that a large number of nanoscale granular cerium oxide grew on the lamellar graphene oxide surface, which improved the dispersion performance of graphene inside the matrix. The anti-corrosion properties of the coating were analyzed and illustrated by open circuit potential (OCP), frequency response analysis, Tafel curve and Mott-Schottky curve. The results indicated that the CeO2-GO (4:1) nanocomposite not only eliminated the agglomeration of graphene to some extent, but also prepared the graphene epoxy coating with good dispersion, which further promoted its anti-corrosion performance. The paper proposed a feasible solution for GO dispersion in cement-based materials and lays a solid theoretical foundation for the engineering application of cerium oxide-graphene oxide modified anticorrosive coating.

Research on the Anticorrosion Properties of CeO2-GO/EP Nanocomposite Coating in Simulated Sea Water.

Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of regular hexagonal honeycomb lattice formed by sp2 hybrid orbital bonding, with only one layer thickness of a single atom, which is known as the "super king" of the 21st century. Previous studies have shown that cerium oxide-graphene oxide (CeO2-GO(4:1)) nanocomposites eliminated the agglomeration of graphene to some extent and the CeO2-GO(4:1) epoxy coating could be prepared with good anti-corrosion performance. In this paper, CeO2-GO(4:1) nanocomposites were prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis method, and the three-electrode method was used for electrochemical tests. The state evolution of CeO2-GO(4:1)/EP coating and the synergy between CeO2-GO(4:1)/EP and corrosion inhibitor in simulated seawater solution with different concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%) were analyzed and illustrated by Optical Microscope (OM) characterization, Open Circuit Potential (OCP), Electrochemical alternating current Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky curve and Tafel curve. The results indicated that CeO2-GO(4:1) nanocomposites showed good corrosion resistance in a marine environment. This research lays a solid theoretical foundation for the application of cerium oxide-modified graphene oxide anticorrosive coating in marine engineering.

Research on the Effect of Desert Sand on Pore Structure of Fiber Reinforced Mortar Based on X-CT Technology.

Concrete is a multi-phase, porous system. The pore structure has an important influence on the properties of the concrete. In this paper, a kind of fiber reinforced mortar was prepared with desert sand and its pore structure was studied. The MIP technique was used to investigate the pore structure characteristics between 1 nm and 500 µm (in diameter). Meanwhile, the µX-CT technique was used to study the pore structure characteristics above 200 µm. It was found that the total porosity tends to decrease first and then increase as the dosage of desert sand increased. The porosity decreased gradually from the upper to bottom area inside the sample, and the diameter of the air voids near the upper area became larger. After curing for 28 days, the compressive strength of fiber reinforced mortar reached the maximum when the content of desert sand was 50%. In conclusion, the appropriate amount of desert sand can reduce the porosity of the fiber reinforced mortar to some extent and the number of large size air voids can be significantly reduced, which improves the pore structure and the mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced mortar.