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Polyploidy, a significant catalyst for speciation and evolutionary processes in both plant and animal kingdoms, has been recognized for a long time. However, the exact molecular mechanism that leads to polyploid formation, especially in vertebrates, is not fully understood. Our study aimed to elucidate this phenomenon using the zebrafish model. We successfully achieved an effective knockout of the cyclin N-terminal domain containing 1 (cntd1) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This resulted in impaired formation of meiotic crossovers, leading to cell-cycle arrest during meiotic metaphase and triggering apoptosis of spermatocytes in the testes. Despite these defects, the mutant (cntd1-/-) males were still able to produce a limited amount of sperm with normal ploidy and function. Interestingly, in the mutant females, it was the ploidy not the capacity of egg production that was altered. This resulted in the production of haploid, aneuploid, and unreduced gametes. This alteration enabled us to successfully obtain triploid and tetraploid zebrafish from cntd1-/- and cntd1-/-/- females, respectively. Furthermore, the tetraploid-heterozygous zebrafish produced reduced-diploid gametes and yielded all-triploid or all-tetraploid offspring when crossed with wild-type (WT) or tetraploid zebrafish, respectively. Collectively, our findings provide direct evidence supporting the crucial role of meiotic crossover defects in the process of polyploidization. This is particularly evident in the generation of unreduced eggs in fish and, potentially, other vertebrate species.
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Triploidia , Peixe-Zebra , Masculino , Animais , Feminino , Tetraploidia , Sementes , Poliploidia , PloidiasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer accounts for two-thirds of all breast cancers, and its early and late recurrences still threaten patients' long-term survival and quality of life. Finding candidate tumor antigens and potential therapeutic targets is critical to addressing these unmet needs. METHOD: The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis was employed to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between ER + breast cancer and corresponding adjacent normal tissue. Candidate DEPs were screened by bioinformatic analyses, and their expression was confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and western blot. A series of in vitro experiments, including wound healing assay, colony formation, and cell cycle assay, were performed to reveal the functions of selected DEPs. Additionally, their clinical significances were further analyzed. RESULT: A total of 369 DEPs (fold change ≥ 2.0 or ≤ 0.66, P < 0.05) were discovered. Compared with normal tissue, 358 proteins were up-regulated and 11 proteins were down-regulated in ER + breast cancer. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEPs were closely associated with RNA regulation and metabolic pathways. STRING analysis found ESF1 and MIPEP were the hub genes in breast cancer, whose increased expressions were verified by the IHC staining and western blot. Knocking down ESF1 and MIPEP inhibited colony formation and increased cell apoptosis. Besides, knocking down ESF1 inhibited wound healing but not MIPEP. In addition, ESF1 and MIPEP expression were negatively associated with patient prognosis. CONCLUSION: The upregulation of ESF1 and MIPEP promoted ER + breast cancer proliferation, which might provide novel targets for the development of new therapies.
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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare low Hartmann's procedure (LHP) with abdominoperineal resection (APR) for rectal cancer (RC) regarding postoperative complications. METHOD: RC patients receiving radical LHP or APR from 2015 to 2019 in our center were retrospectively enrolled. Patients' demographic and surgical information was collected and analyzed. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the baseline information. The primary outcome was the incidence of major complications. All the statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22.0 and R. RESULTS: 342 individuals were primarily included and 134 remained after PSM with a 1:2 ratio (50 in LHP and 84 in APR). Patients in the LHP group were associated with higher tumor height (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two groups for the incidence of major complications (6.0% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.290), and severe pelvic abscess (2% vs. 0%, P = 0.373). However, the occurrence rate of minor complications was significantly higher in the LHP group (52% vs. 21.4%, P < 0.001), and the difference mainly lay in abdominal wound infection (10% vs. 0%, P = 0.006) and bowel obstruction (16% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.028). LHP was not the independent risk factor of pelvic abscess in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated a comparable incidence of major complications between LHP and APR. LHP was still a reliable alternative in selected RC patients when primary anastomosis was not recommended.
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Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Protectomia , Pontuação de Propensão , Neoplasias Retais , Humanos , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Protectomia/métodos , Protectomia/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Idoso , Colostomia/métodos , Colostomia/efeitos adversos , IncidênciaRESUMO
NH3 emissions from industrial sources and possibly future energy production constitute a threat to human health because of their toxicity and participation in PM2.5 formation. Ammonia selective catalytic oxidation to N2 (NH3-SCO) is a promising route for NH3 emission control, but the mechanistic origin of achieving high N2 selectivity remains elusive. Here we constructed a highly N2-selective CuO/TiO2 catalyst and proposed a CuOx dimer active site based on the observation of a quadratic dependence of NH3-SCO reaction rate on CuOx loading, ac-STEM, and ab initio thermodynamic analysis. Combining this with the identification of a critical N2H4 intermediate by in situ DRIFTS characterization, a comprehensive N2H4-mediated reaction pathway was proposed by DFT calculations. The high N2 selectivity originated from the preference for NH2 coupling to generate N2H4 over NH2 dehydrogenation on the CuOx dimer active site. This work could pave the way for the rational design of efficient NH3-SCO catalysts.
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Amônia , Oxirredução , Amônia/química , Catálise , Nitrogênio/química , Cobre/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: M1 macrophages are closely associated with cardiac injury after myocardial infarction (MI). Increasing evidence shows that exosomes play a key role in pathophysiological regulation after MI, but the role of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes (M1-Exos) in myocardial regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we explored the impact of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes on cardiomyocytes regeneration in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: M0 macrophages were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages with GM-CSF (50 ng/mL) and IFN-γ (20 ng/mL). Then M1-Exos were isolated and co-incubated with cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was detected by pH3 or ki67 staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to test the level of miR-155 in macrophages, macrophage-derived exosomes and exosome-treated cardiomyocytes. MI model was constructed and LV-miR-155 was injected around the infarct area, the proliferation of cardiomyocytes was counted by pH3 or ki67 staining. The downstream gene and pathway of miR-155 were predicted and verified by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, qPCR and immunoblotting analysis. IL-6 (50 ng/mL) was added to cardiomyocytes transfected with miR-155 mimics, and the proliferation of cardiomyocytes was calculated by immunofluorescence. The protein expressions of IL-6R, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The results showed that M1-Exos suppressed cardiomyocytes proliferation. Meanwhile, miR-155 was highly expressed in M1-Exos and transferred to cardiomyocytes. miR-155 inhibited the proliferation of cardiomyocytes and antagonized the pro-proliferation effect of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Furthermore, miR-155 targeted gene IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and inhibited the Janus kinase 2(JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: M1-Exos inhibited cardiomyocyte proliferation by delivering miR-155 and inhibiting the IL-6R/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. This study provided new insight and potential treatment strategy for the regulation of myocardial regeneration and cardiac repair by macrophages.
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Proliferação de Células , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Exossomos , Janus Quinase 2 , Macrófagos , MicroRNAs , Infarto do Miocárdio , Miócitos Cardíacos , Fator de Transcrição STAT3 , Transdução de Sinais , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Exossomos/metabolismo , Exossomos/transplante , Exossomos/genética , Animais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/genética , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Masculino , Regeneração , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-6/genética , Células Cultivadas , Fosforilação , Técnicas de Cocultura , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Interleucina-6/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: It is crucial to utilize combination therapy for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) patients to reduce proteinuria and maintain stable kidney function. We demonstrate the safety and efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in the management of IgAN patients. METHODS: Adult IgAN patients treated with spironolactone were evaluated. Patients were separated into two categories according to whether 24-h proteinuria was reduced by more than 20% after 2 months of spironolactone treatment compared to baseline levels. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients were analyzed and 24-h proteinuria decreased from 0.93 g to 0.70 g (p < 0.001) after 2 months of treatment with spironolactone, accompanied by a slight decrease in eGFR from 75.7 to 73.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p = 0.033). Intriguingly, 47 patients in the effective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) group showed less endocapillary hypercellularity (p = 0.040). In the ineffective group, 18 patients discontinued MRA treatment because 24-h proteinuria increased from 0.83 g to 1.04 g, while the other 23 patients continued with spironolactone and proteinuria decreased to 0.57 g in the sixth month (p = 0.001). Furthermore, 12 patients with persistent high proteinuria during prednisone therapy were added with spironolactone. 24-proteinuria was dropped from 0.95 g to 0.73 g at the second month and to 0.50 g at the sixth month. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we confirmed spironolactone's efficacy in reducing urine protein excretion in IgA nephropathy patients within 2 months of treatment. However, response varied among patients, with those showing endocapillary proliferation (E1) in renal biopsies having poor spironolactone responsiveness. Administering MRAs to patients with eGFR over 30 mL/min did not result in hyperkalemia, indicating the treatment's safety.
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Glomerulonefrite por IGA , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides , Proteinúria , Espironolactona , Humanos , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/tratamento farmacológico , Espironolactona/uso terapêutico , Espironolactona/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Proteinúria/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Taxa de Filtração GlomerularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There have been some shifts in the frequency and distribution of biopsy-proven renal diseases in China over recent years. The aim of the study was to investigate the changing spectrum of renal diseases from the view of kidney biopsy data in a single center of China. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 10,996 cases of native renal biopsies from patients aged ≥15 years old in Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, between 2008 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The results showed that primary glomerular nephropathy (PGN) remained the most common biopsy-proven renal disease (69.42% of total), with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) accounting for 44.40% of PGN, membranous nephropathy (MN) for 28.55%, minimal change disease (MCD) for 13.26% and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) for 8.00%. During the study period, the proportion of MN in PGN appeared an increasing tendency, while that of IgAN and MCD remained stable and that of FSGS showed a decline. Secondary glomerular nephropathy (SGN) constituted 21.54% of total cases, among which the leading two diseases were lupus nephritis (LN) and Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSN) which accounted for 41.08% and 19.11% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The 11-year retrospective study revealed that PGN was the predominant histologic diagnosis among patients undergoing renal biopsy and the most frequent type of PGN remained to be IgAN, followed by MN which increased dramatically.
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Glomerulonefrite por IGA , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal , Rim , Nefrose Lipoide , Humanos , China/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biópsia/estatística & dados numéricos , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/patologia , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/epidemiologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/patologia , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/epidemiologia , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/patologia , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Nefrose Lipoide/patologia , Nefrose Lipoide/epidemiologia , Rim/patologia , Adolescente , Nefrite Lúpica/patologia , Nefrite Lúpica/epidemiologia , Idoso , Vasculite por IgA/patologia , Vasculite por IgA/epidemiologia , Vasculite por IgA/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Glomerulonefrite/epidemiologia , Nefropatias/patologia , Nefropatias/epidemiologia , Nefropatias/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-mediated inflammation plays a crucial role in renal ischaemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and may influence renal graft survival, with no available pharmacological treatments. Here we investigate the protective effects and mechanism of roxadustat (FG-4592), a hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizer, against renal IR injury. METHODS: The protein expression levels of CD73 and AIM2 inflammasome complex were examined in kidney biopsy specimens of AKI and post-renal transplantation (PRT) patients. The effects of FG-4592 on CD73 and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome components were examined in IR mice (right nephrectomy, followed by 30 min of unilateral renal ischaemia and reperfusion for 24 h), and some of the model mice received intraperitoneal administrations of adenosine 5'-(α,ß-methylene)diphosphate sodium salt, which is an inhibitor of CD73. The function of FG-4592 was also investigated in vitro with HK-2 cells. RESULTS: In the AKI and PRT patients, the protein expression of AIM2 complex [AIM2-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC)-cleaved caspase-1) increased and the activation of CD73 signalling pathway was detected as well. The pretreatment of FG-4592 improved the creatinine elevation and renal tubular injuries induced by ischaemia. What's more, the administration of FG-4592 significantly enhanced CD73 synthesis in mouse kidney but suppressed the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome [decreased AIM2, ASC, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18 levels]. Notably, the renoprotection of FG-4592 and the inhibition of AIM2 were abolished by the CD73 inhibitor. CONCLUSION: FG-4592-conveyed protection against AKI might be mediated by the induction of CD73 and the suppression of the AIM2 inflammasome, which may provide a novel therapeutic method for the treatment of AKI.
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Injúria Renal Aguda , Melanoma , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , Animais , Camundongos , Injúria Renal Aguda/prevenção & controle , Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Caspase 1/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Isquemia/complicações , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/complicações , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , 5'-Nucleotidase/imunologiaRESUMO
Host-microbiota interactions play critical roles in host development, immunity, metabolism, and behavior. However, information regarding host-microbiota interactions is limited in fishes due to their complex living environment. In the present study, an allodiploid hybrid fish derived from herbivorous Megalobrama amblycephala (â) × carnivorous Culter alburnus (â) was used to investigate the successional changes of the microbial communities and host-microbiota interactions during herbivorous and carnivorous dietary adaptations. The growth level was not significantly different in any developmental stage between the two diet groups of fish. The diversity and composition of the dominant microbial communities showed similar successional patterns in the early developmental stages, but significantly changed during the two dietary adaptations. A large number of bacterial communities coexisted in all developmental stages, whereas the abundance of some genera associated with metabolism, including Acinetobacter, Gemmobacter, Microbacterium, Vibrio, and Aeromonas, was higher in either diet groups of fish. Moreover, the abundance of phylum Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi was positively correlated with the host growth level. In addition, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the differentially expressed homologous genes in the intestine associated with cell growth, immunity, and metabolism were related to the dominant gut microbiota. Our results present evidence that host genetics-gut microbiota interactions contribute to dietary adaptation in hybrid fish, which also provides basic data for understanding the diversity of dietary adaptations and evolution in fish.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Animais , Peixes/microbiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Bactérias/genéticaRESUMO
Aeromonas hydrophila can pose a great threat to the survival of farmed fish. In current study, we investigated the pathological characteristics and immune response in gut-liver axis of white crucian carp (WCC) upon gut infection. WCC anally intubated with A. hydrophila exerted a tissue deformation in damaged midgut with elevated levels of goblet cells along with a significant decrease in tight junction proteins and villi length-to-width ratios. In addition, immune-related gene expressions and antioxidant properties increased dramatically in gut-liver axis of WCC following gut infection with A. hydrophila. These results highlighted the immune modulation and redox alteration in gut-liver axis of WCC in response to gut infection.
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Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Animais , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Carpa Dourada/genética , Carpas/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Proteínas de Peixes/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Interspecific postzygotic reproduction isolation results from large genetic divergence between the subgenomes of established hybrids. Polyploidization immediately after hybridization may reset patterns of homologous chromosome pairing and ameliorate deleterious genomic incompatibility between the subgenomes of distinct parental species in plants and animals. However, the observation that polyploidy is less common in vertebrates raises the question of which factors restrict its emergence. Here, we perform analyses of the genome, epigenome, and gene expression in the nascent allotetraploid lineage (2.95 Gb) derived from the intergeneric hybridization of female goldfish (Carassius auratus, 1.49 Gb) and male common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 1.42 Gb), to shed light on the changes leading to the stabilization of hybrids. RESULTS: We firstly identify the two subgenomes derived from the parental lineages of goldfish and common carp. We find variable unequal homoeologous recombination in somatic and germ cells of the intergeneric F1 and allotetraploid (F22 and F24) populations, reflecting high plasticity between the subgenomes, and rapidly varying copy numbers between the homoeolog genes. We also find dynamic changes in transposable elements accompanied by genome merger and duplication in the allotetraploid lineage. Finally, we observe the gradual decreases in cis-regulatory effects and increases in trans-regulatory effects along with the allotetraploidization, which contribute to increases in the symmetrical homoeologous expression in different tissues and developmental stages, especially in early embryogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal a series of changes in transposable elements, unequal homoeologous recombination, cis- and trans-regulations (e.g. DNA methylation), and homoeologous expression, suggesting their potential roles in mediating adaptive stabilization of regulatory systems of the nascent allotetraploid lineage. The symmetrical subgenomes and homoeologous expression provide a novel way of balancing genetic incompatibilities, providing a new insight into the early stages of allopolyploidization in vertebrate evolution.
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Carpas , Cyprinidae , Animais , Cyprinidae/genética , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Hibridização Genética , PoliploidiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To develop a polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in oysters without pre-enrichment. METHODS: The combination of ß-cyclodextrin and bentonite-coated activated carbon was used to remove PCR inhibitors from oyster samples, and the target gene inlB was used for the PCR subsequently. The specificity, sensitivity, and application of the developed method were verified, and the stability and application of the reagents stored under cryopreservation conditions were evaluated. RESULTS: The specificity of the developed PCR method was 100% for the detection of 130 target bacterial strains and 63 non-target bacterial strains. The method reduced the time required for Listeria monocytogenes detection to 4 h without pre-enrichment, and the detection limit was 10 CFU/25 g. The method was consistent with the conventional culture method on the detection rate and viable bacteria detection rate of Listeria monocytogenes in natural oyster samples(the coincidence rate was 100%). Additionally, the reagents could be used normally after storing at-20 â for at least one year. CONCLUSION: The PCR method developed in this study has high specificity and sensitivity, and can be used for rapid, accurate detection of Listeria monocytogenes in oysters.
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Listeria monocytogenes , Ostreidae , Animais , Listeria monocytogenes/genética , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Allotetraploid is a new species produced by distant hybridization between red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., abbreviated as RCC) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., abbreviated as CC). There is a significant difference in growth rate between allotetraploid and its parents. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, to find direct evidence associated with metabolism and growth rate in protein level, we performed quantitative proteomics analysis on liver tissues between allotetraploid and its parents. A total of 2502 unique proteins were identified and quantified by SWATH-MS in our proteomics profiling. Subsequently, comprehensive bioinformatics analyses including gene ontology enrichment analysis, pathway and network analysis, and protein-protein interaction analysis (PPI) were conducted based on differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between allotetraploid and its parents. The results revealed several significant DEPs involved in metabolism pathways in liver. More specifically, the integrative analysis highlighted that the DEPs ACSBG1, OAT, and LDHBA play vital roles in metabolism pathways including "pentose phosphate pathway," "TCA cycle," and "glycolysis and gluconeogenesis." These could directly affect the growth rate in fresh water fishes by regulating the metabolism, utilization, and exchange of substance and energy. Since the liver is the central place for metabolism activity in animals, we firstly established the comprehensive and quantitative proteomics knowledge base for liver tissue from freshwater fishes, our study may serve as an irreplaceable reference for further studies regarding fishes' culture and growth.
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Carpas , Animais , Carpa Dourada/genética , Fígado , ProteômicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An important aspect of studying evolution is to understand how new species are formed and their uniqueness is maintained. Hybridization can lead to the formation of new species through reorganization of the adaptive system and significant changes in phenotype. Interestingly, eight stable strains of 2nNCRC derived from interspecies hybridization have been established in our laboratory. To examine the phylogeographical pattern of the widely distributed genus Carassius across Eurasia and investigate the possible homoploid hybrid origin of the Carassius auratus complex lineage in light of past climatic events, the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and one nuclear DNA were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship between the C. auratus complex and 2nNCRC and to assess how demographic history, dispersal and barriers to gene flow have led to the current distribution of the C. auratus complex. RESULTS: As expected, 2nNCRC had a very close relationship with the C. auratus complex and similar morphological characteristics to those of the C. auratus complex, which is genetically distinct from the other three species of Carassius. The estimation of divergence time and ancestral state demonstrated that the C. auratus complex possibly originated from the Yangtze River basin in China. There were seven sublineages of the C. auratus complex across Eurasia and at least four mtDNA lineages endemic to particular geographical regions in China. The primary colonization route from China to Mongolia and the Far East (Russia) occurred during the Late Pliocene, and the diversification of other sublineages of the C. auratus complex specifically coincided with the interglacial stage during the Early and Mid-Pleistocene in China. CONCLUSION: Our results support the origin of the C. auratus complex in China, and its wide distribution across Eurasia was mainly due to natural Pleistocene dispersal and recent anthropogenic translocation. The sympatric distribution of the ancestral area for both parents of 2nNCRC and the C. auratus complex, as well as the significant changes in the structure of pharyngeal teeth and morphological characteristics between 2nNCRC and its parents, imply that homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS) for C. auratus could likely have occurred in nature. The diversification pattern indicated an independent evolutionary history of the C. auratus complex, which was not separated from the most recent common ancestor of C. carassius or C. cuvieri. Considering that the paleoclimate oscillation and the development of an eastward-flowing drainage system during the Pliocene and Pleistocene in China provided an opportunity for hybridization between divergent lineages, the formation of 2nNCRC in our laboratory could be a good candidate for explaining the HHS of C. auratus in nature.
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Genoma Mitocondrial , Carpa Dourada , Animais , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Carpa Dourada/genética , Filogenia , FilogeografiaRESUMO
Hybridization drives rapid speciation by shaping novel genotypic and phenotypic profiles. Genomic incompatibility and transcriptome shock have been observed in hybrids, although this is rarer in animals than in plants. Using the newly sequenced genomes of the blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala [BSB]) and the topmouth culter (Culter alburnus [TC]), we focused on the sequence variation and gene expression changes in the reciprocal intergeneric hybrid lineages (F1-F3) of BSB × TC. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified 145-974 expressed recombinant genes in the successive generations of hybrid fish, suggesting the rapid emergence of allelic variation following hybridization. Some gradual changes of gene expression with additive and dominance effects and various cis and trans regulations were observed from F1 to F3 in the two hybrid lineages. These asymmetric patterns of gene expression represent the alternative strategies for counteracting deleterious effects of the subgenomes and improving adaptability of novel hybrids. Furthermore, we identified positive selection and additive expression patterns in transforming growth factor, beta 1b (tgfb1b), which may account for the morphological variations of the pharyngeal jaw in the two hybrid lineages. Our current findings provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate genomes immediately following hybridization.
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Alelos , Cyprinidae/genética , Hibridização Genética , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Análise de Sequência/métodos , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Inflammatory response and renal fibrosis are the hallmarks of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the specific mechanism of aldosterone-induced renal injury in the progress of CKD requires elucidation. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-mediated inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) play a pivotal role in the renal fibrosis. Here, we investigated whether overexpression or deficiency of AIM2 affects ERS and fibrosis in aldosterone-infused renal injury. Interestingly, we found that AIM2 was markedly expressed in the diseased proximal tubules from human and experimental CKD. Mechanically, overactivation of AIM2 aggravated aldosterone-induced ERS and fibrotic changes in vitro while knockdown of AIM2 blunted these effects in vivo and in vitro. By contrast, AIM2 deficiency ameliorated renal structure and function deterioration, decreased proteinuria levels and lowered systolic blood pressure in vivo; silencing of AIM2 blocked inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway, relieved ERS and fibrotic changes in vivo. Furthermore, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist eplerenone and ERS inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) had nephroprotective effects on the basis of AIM2 overactivation in vitro, while they failed to produce a more remarkable renoprotective effect on the treatment of AIM2 silence in vitro. Notably, the combination of TUDCA with AIM2 knockdown significantly reduced proteinuria levels in vivo. Additionally, immunofluorescence assay identified that apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) recruitment and Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) cleavage respectively occurred in the glomeruli and tubules in vivo. These findings establish a crucial role for AIM2 inflammasome in aldosterone-induced renal injury, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for the pathogenesis of CKD.
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Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Inflamassomos , Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Aldosterona/administração & dosagem , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Fibrose/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Ácido Tauroquenodesoxicólico/administração & dosagemRESUMO
GOAL: Our study aimed to explore the incidence of bleeding from ulcers due to premature band slippage and to identify possible associated factors. BACKGROUND: Band ligation (BL) plays a vital role in treating esophageal varices; however, the procedure carries a considerable risk of band slippage, variceal site ulcer formation, and posttreatment bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with esophageal varices who underwent endoscopic hemostasis by BL at our institution between 2015 and 2020. We statistically compared the patients with post-BL ulcer bleeding and those without (controls). The outcome variable was the development of BL-induced ulcer bleeding. The patients' demographics, clinical, and laboratory parameters, and BL procedure parameters were independent variables. Univariate followed by a multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify possible associated factors from the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Of the 4579 eligible patients, 388 (8.5%) presented with post-BL ulcer bleeding. The presence of high-risk stigmata indicated a 1.271 times higher risk of bleeding [95% confidence interval (CI):1.018-1.587], and a greater number of varices was associated with an increased risk of post-BL ulcer bleeding [OR=1.184 (95% CI: 1.073-1.307)]. Conversely, the use of fewer bands per variceal site was associated with fewer bleeding incidents [OR=1.308 (95% CI: 1.090-1.569)]. Univariate analysis identified proton pump inhibitor as protective [OR=0.770 (95% CI: 0.603-0.983)]; however, the difference was not significant after multivariate analysis [OR=1.283 (95% CI: 1.003-1.640)]. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of post-BL ulcer bleeding was 8.5%. The presence of high-risk stigmata, higher number of varices, and bands per variceal site were associated with an increased risk of post-BL bleeding. The effect of adjuvant proton pump inhibitors was not statistically significant.
Assuntos
Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Varizes , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/complicações , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Humanos , Ligadura/efeitos adversos , Ligadura/métodos , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Úlcera/epidemiologia , Úlcera/etiologiaRESUMO
Ladderlectin is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in fish that is critical for rapid detection of bacteria in vitro, but the immunological function of ladderlectin in vivo is essentially unknown. In this study, we examined the expression and function of a ladderlectin homologue (WR-ladderlectin) from hybrid crucian carp. WR-ladderlectin contains 157 amino acids and possesses the conserved C-type lectin domain. WR-ladderlectin is mainly expressed in the intestine and is upregulated by bacterial infection. Recombinant WR-ladderlectin (rWR-ladderlectin) agglutinated Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli. rWR-ladderlectin also bound the A. hydrophila and E. coli in a protein dose-dependent manner. As well as its ability to bind bacterial cells, rWR-ladderlectin displayed apparent bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila and E. coli in vitro. When introduced in vivo, rWR-ladderlectin induced significant expression of the antimicrobial molecules and tight junctions in the intestine. In addition, rWR-ladderlectin prevented significant decrease in the length of intestine villus and enhanced the host's resistance to bacterial infection. These results indicate that WR-ladderlectin is a classic pattern recognition molecule that protects intestinal mucosal barrier against bacterial infection.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas , Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Animais , Carpas/metabolismo , Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Peixes , Imunidade InataRESUMO
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells. The main biological actions of GLP2 in mammals are related to regulating energy absorption and maintaining the morphology, integrity of intestinal mucosa. However, the in vivo function of fish GLP2 in intestinal barrier and immune defense is essentially unknown. With an aim to elucidate the antimicrobial mechanism of GLP2 in fish, we in this study examined the function of GLP2 from hybrid crucian carp. Hybrid crucian carp GLP2 (WR-GLP2) possesses the conserved glucagon like hormones 2 domain. WR-GLP2 is mainly expressed in the intestine and is significantly upregulated after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. AB-PAS staining analysis showed WR-GLP2 significantly increased the number of goblet cells in intestine. WR-GLP2 induced significant inductions in the expression of the antimicrobial molecules (MUC2, Lyzl-1, Hepcidin-1 and LEAP-2) and tight junctions (ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-4). In addition, WR-GLP2 significantly alleviated the intestinal apoptosis, thereby enhancing host's resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Together these results indicate that WR-GLP2 is involved in intestinal mucosal barrier and immune defense against pathogen infection.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas , Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Animais , Carpas/genética , Carpas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes , Peptídeo 2 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
Ferritin M is involved in the regulation of fish immunity. In this study, open reading frame (ORF) sequences of ferritin M from hybrid fish and its parental species were 534 bp. Tissue-specific analysis indicated that the highest level of ferritin M from red crucian carp was observed in kidney, while peaked expressions of ferritin M from white crucian carp and hybrid carp were observed in gill. Elevated levels of ferritin M from hybrid carp and its parental species were detected in immune-related tissues following Aeromonas hydrophila infection or in cultured fish cell lines after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ferritin M overexpression could attenuate NF-κB and TNFα promoter activity in their respective fish cells. Purified ferritin M fusion proteins elicited in vitro binding activity to A. hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda, lowered bacterial dissemination to tissues and alleviated inflammatory response. Furthermore, treatment with ferritin M fusion proteins could mitigate bacteria-induced liver damage and rescue antioxidant activity. These results suggested that ferritin M in hybrid fish showed a similar immune defense against bacteria infection in comparison with those of its parental species.