Liraglutide reduces hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte death through activating glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor and targeting AMPK pathway.

Objective: Hyperglycemia-mediated cardiomyocyte damage is associated with inflammation and AMPK inactivation.Aim: The aim of our study is to explore the protective effects exerted by liraglutide on AMPK pathway and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor in diabetic cardiomyopathy.Methods: Cardiomyocytes were treated with high-glucose stress and cardiomyocyte viability was determined via (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Besides, LDH release, immunofluorescence, and qPCR were used to verify the influence of liraglutide on hyperglycemia-treated cardiomyocytes.Results: Hyperglycemia treatment caused inflammation response and oxidative stress were significantly elevated in cardiomyocytes. This alteration could be reversed by liraglutide. Besides, cell viability was reduced whereas apoptosis was increased after exposure to high glucose treatment. However, liraglutide treatment could attenuate apoptosis and reverse cell viability in cardiomyocyte. Further, we found that AMPK pathway was also activated and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor expression was increased in response to liraglutide treatment.Conclusions: Liraglutide could attenuate hyperglycemia-mediated cardiomyocyte damage through reversing AMPK pathway and upregulating glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor.

3D image-based navigators for coronary MR angiography.

PURPOSE: To develop a method for acquiring whole-heart 3D image-based navigators (iNAVs) with isotropic resolution for tracking and correction of localized motion in coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA). METHODS: To monitor motion in all regions of the heart during a free-breathing scan, a variable-density cones trajectory was designed to collect a 3D iNAV every heartbeat in 176 ms with 4.4 mm isotropic spatial resolution. The undersampled 3D iNAV data were reconstructed with efficient self-consistent parallel imaging reconstruction (ESPIRiT). 3D translational and nonrigid motion-correction methods using 3D iNAVs were compared to previous translational and nonrigid methods using 2D iNAVs. RESULTS: Five subjects were scanned with a 3D cones CMRA sequence, accompanied by both 2D and 3D iNAVs. The quality of the right and left anterior descending coronary arteries was assessed on 2D and 3D iNAV-based motion-corrected images using a vessel sharpness metric and qualitative reader scoring. This assessment showed that nonrigid motion correction based on 3D iNAVs produced results that were noninferior to correction based on 2D iNAVs. CONCLUSION: The ability to acquire isotropic-resolution 3D iNAVs every heartbeat during a CMRA scan was demonstrated. Such iNAVs enabled direct measurement of localized motion for nonrigid motion correction in free-breathing whole-heart CMRA. Magn Reson Med 77:1874-1883, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

Nonrigid Motion Correction With 3D Image-Based Navigators for Coronary MR Angiography.

PURPOSE: To develop a retrospective nonrigid motion-correction method based on 3D image-based navigators (iNAVs) for free-breathing whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). METHODS: The proposed method detects global rigid-body motion and localized nonrigid motion from 3D iNAVs and compensates them with an autofocusing algorithm. To model the global motion, 3D rotation and translation are estimated from the 3D iNAVs. Two sets of localized nonrigid motions are obtained from deformation fields between 3D iNAVs and reconstructed binned images, respectively. A bank of motion-corrected images is generated and the final image is assembled pixel-by-pixel by selecting the best focused pixel from this bank. In vivo studies with six healthy volunteers were conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with 3D translational motion correction and no correction. RESULTS: In vivo studies showed that compared to no correction, 3D translational motion correction and the proposed method increased the vessel sharpness by 13% ± 13% and 19% ± 16%, respectively. Out of 90 vessel segments, 75 segments showed improvement with the proposed method compared to 3D translational correction. CONCLUSION: We have developed a nonrigid motion-correction method based on 3D iNAVs and an autofocusing algorithm that improves the vessel sharpness of free-breathing whole-heart coronary MRA. Magn Reson Med 77:1884-1893, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees on pelvic inflammatory disease in rats through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway.

BACKGROUND: Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (APN), a principal constituent of a famous traditional Chinese medicine Fukeqianjin tablet which is used for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. However, whether it has pharmacological effect on PID in vivo is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the anti-inflammatory effect of APN and illuminate a potential mechanism. METHODS: Thirty-six female specific pathogen-free SD rats were randomly divided into control group, PID group, APN1 group, APN2 group, APN3 group and prednisone group. Pathogen-induced PID rats were constructed. The APN1, APN2 and APN3 group rats were orally administrated with APN extract at different levels. The prednisone group rats were administrated with prednisone. Eight days after the first infection, the histological examination of upper genital tract was carried out, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out using homogenate of the uterus and fallopian tube. Furthermore, immunohistochemical evaluations of NF-κB p65 and IκB-α in uterus was conducted. RESULTS: APN obviously suppressed the infiltrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and it could significantly reduce the excessive production of cytokines and chemokines including IL-1ß, IL-6, CXCL-1, MCP-1 and RANTES in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, APN could block the pathogen-induced activation of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION: APN showed potent anti-inflammatory effect on pathogen-induced PID in rats, with a potential mechanism of inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway.

Combined outer volume suppression and T2 preparation sequence for coronary angiography.

PURPOSE: To develop a magnetization preparation sequence for simultaneous outer volume suppression (OVS) and T2 weighting in whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography. METHODS: A combined OVS and T2 preparation sequence (OVS-T2 Prep) was designed with a nonselective adiabatic 90° tipdown pulse, two adiabatic 180° refocusing pulses, and a 2D spiral -90° tipup pulse. The OVS-T2 Prep preserves the magnetization inside an elliptic cylinder with T2 weighting, while saturating the magnetization outside the cylinder. Its performance was tested on phantoms and on 13 normal subjects with coronary magnetic resonance angiography using 3D cones trajectories. RESULTS: Phantom studies showed expected T2 -dependent signal amplitude in the spatial passband and suppressed signal in the spatial stopband. In vivo studies with full-field-of-view cones yielded a passband-to-stopband signal ratio of 3.18 ± 0.77 and blood-myocardium contrast-to-noise ratio enhancement by a factor of 1.43 ± 0.20 (P < 0.001). In vivo studies with reduced-field-of-view cones showed that OVS-T2 Prep well suppressed the aliasing artifacts, as supported by significantly reduced signal in the regions with no tissues compared to the images acquired without preparation (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: OVS-T2 Prep is a compact sequence that can accelerate coronary magnetic resonance angiography by suppressing signals from tissues surrounding the heart while simultaneously enhancing the blood-myocardium contrast.

[Research progress on risk prediction of cardiac arrest].

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a serious cardiac event, which has a high incidence and low survival rate at home and abroad. In order to predict the risk of CA in advance, a large number of studies have been conducted by relevant researchers. This paper mainly summarizes the characteristics and research status of the existing analysis and prediction of CA from three aspects: the risk prediction factors of CA, the evaluation index of risk prediction of CA and the early warning scoring system of CA. We hope it can help medical staff to understand the current progress in this field, and provide new ways and methods for predicting the risk of CA.

[Determination method of muscone in rat intestinal perfusate by GC-MS/MS and its intestinal absorption kinetic characteristics in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the method for determining muscone in rat intestinal perfusate by GC-MS/MS and study its intestinal absorption kinetic characteristics in rats. METHOD: The GC-MS/MS method was used to determine the content of muscone in rat intestinal circulation fluid. In situ intestinal circulation perfusion was adopted to study absorption kinetics of muscone in rats. RESULT: Muscone was proved to be well absorbed in each section of small intestine. Its absorption rate constants (Ka) and the absorption rate (A) in the rat intestine showed duodenum > jejunum (P < 0.05) , duodenum > ileum (P < 0.01). Its Ka, A and t1/2 in rat small intestine was 0.990 h(-1) , 43.58% and 0.705h, respectively. CONCLUSION: Muscone was well absorbed in each intestinal section, with duodenum better than jejunum (Ka, T1/2, P < 0.05) significantly better than ileum (Ka, T1/2, P < 0.01; A, P < 0.05). There is no obvious statistical difference between jejunum and ileum.

Human Plasma Metabolomics Identify 9-cis-retinoic Acid and Dehydrophytosphingosine Levels as Novel biomarkers for Early Ventricular Fibrillation after ST-elevated Myocardial Infarction.

The relevant metabolite biomarkers for risk prediction of early onset of ventricular fibrillation (VF) after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain unstudied. Here, we aimed to identify these imetabolites and the important metabolic pathways involved, and explore whether these metabolites could be used as predictors for the phenotype. Plasma samples were obtained retrospectively from a propensity-score matched cohort including 42 STEMI patients (21 consecutive VF and 21 non-VF). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in combination with a comprehensive analysis of metabolomic data using Metaboanalyst 5.0 version were performed. As a result, the retinal metabolism pathway proved to be the most discriminative for the VF phenotype. Furthermore, 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9cRA) and dehydrophytosphingosine proved to be the most discriminative biomarkers. Biomarker analysis through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the 2-metabolite biomarker panel yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.836. The model based on Monte Carlo cross-validation found that 9cRA had the greatest probability of appearing in the predictive panel of biomarkers in the model. Validation of model efficiency based on an ROC curve showed that the combination model constructed by 9cRA and dehydrophytosphingosine had a good predictive value for early-onset VF after STEMI, and the AUC was 0.884 (95% CI 0.714-1). Conclusively, the retinol metabolism pathway was the most powerful pathway for differentiating the post-STEMI VF phenotype. 9cRA was the most important predictive biomarker of VF, and a plasma biomarker panel made up of two metabolites, may help to build a potent predictive model for VF.

[In vivo studies on metabolic network compatibility of herba houttuyniae injection and sodium neohouttuynin injection in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study metabolic rule in rats for heartleaf houttuynia herb injection and Sodium New Houttuyfonate injection. METHODS: The GC-MS was used to determine metabolites in plasma and urine of rats after intravenous and oral administration of heartleaf houttuynia herb injection as multi-component and Sodium New Houttuyfonate injection as single component. RESULTS: For rats 8 common metabolites were determined in plasma after intravenous administration of heartleaf houttuynia herb injection and Sodium New Houttuyfonate injection, meanwhile 39 in urine. The 16 common metabolites were determined in plasma after oral administration, and 12 in urine. The 9 and 11 of same metabolites were determined in plasma and urine respectively after intravenous and oral administration of heartleaf houttuynia herb injection, 8 and 17 common metabolites for Sodium New Houttuyfonate injection. CONCLUSION: The metabolites of heartleaf houttuynia herb and Sodium New Houttuyfonate injection in rats are the same or similar after intravenous and oral administration, and there are the same structure types between metabolites and original constituents of preparations. The metabolic pathways of the two preparations in rats are the same. There is metabolic Network Compatibility in organism between multi-components, single components and different administration forms for traditional Chinese medicine.

[Theoretical and experimental studies on apparent solubility parameters of multiple components for Chinese materia medica with HPLC fingerprint].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the theories and methods to determine apparent solubility paraneters of multiple components for the Chinese materia medica (CMM) with HPLC fingerprint. METHOD: The mathematical functional expresses to determine the apparent solubility parameters for multiple constituents were established according to total quantum geometrical average retention time (TQGART) for HPLC fingerprint that characterized the entirety tendencies for all-over chromatographic peaks, validated by the aloe-emodin's solubility parameters which had been determined. The HPLC for the aloe-emodin's solubility parameters were carried out with an Alltech Apollo C18 as column, Acetone: Water as mobile phase, gradient elution,flow rate as 1.0 mL x min(-1), the detection wave-length as 430 nm and the temperature as 30 degrees C. RESULT: The mathematical functional model between the TQGART of HPLC chromatographic fingerprint and the total quantum apparent solubility parameters was established and used to determine the aloe-emodin's mixture solubility parameter as 36.12 J(1/2) x cm(-3/2), nearly equal to 35.57, 36.07 J(1/2) x cm(-3/2) calculated by ration of peak area ratios and molecular fraction, respectively. CONCLUSION: The TQGART of HPLC fingerprint can be used to determine simultaneously the apparent or single intrinsic solubility parameters for total quantum or intrinsic solubility parameters for single in multiple constitute systems, by which theoretical and technologic platform to study the compatibility rule and dosage form reform of the single CMM will be established.

Chemical Fingerprint Analysis and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Study of the Protective Effect of Buxue Yimu Granule in Medical-Induced Incomplete Abortion Rats.

Medical abortion is a common method to terminate an early pregnancy and often causes serious complications such as abnormal uterine bleeding and endometritis. Buxue Yimu granule (BYG) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription composed of five kinds of drugs and is widely used in gynecology and obstetrics. The aim of the present study was to establish the quality standard of BYG and investigate its protective effect on incomplete abortion. The chemical fingerprint of BYG was established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major compounds of BYG were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. An incomplete abortion rat model was induced by intragastric administration of mifepristone (8.3 mg·kg-1) combined with misoprostol (100.0 µg·kg-1) during early pregnancy. The serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (PG) were determined. The serum endogenous metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Multivariate analysis, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), was employed to analyze the metabolic profiles, and MetaboAnalyst was used to investigate the metabolic pathways. Furthermore, hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to evaluate the histopathological changes in uterine tissue. The expression levels of VEGFA and NF-κB were detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that HPLC fingerprint analysis can be successfully used to assess the quality of BYG. The medical-induced incomplete abortion rats were clearly separated from control rats, and the biochemical changes were gradually restored to normal after administration of BYG. Moreover, 19 potential biomarkers, including N-lactoylleucine, 2-piperidinone, isobutyryl-l-carnitine, eicosapentaenoylcholine, LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(20:5), physagulin C, LysoPC(18:3), leukotriene D5, deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide, glycine, pregnanediol 3-O-glucuronide, LysoPC(18:2), LysoPC(17:0/0:0), N-acetyl-leukotriene E4, LysoPC(18:0), platelet-activating factor, LysoPA(24:1), and LysoPC(18:1), which were mainly related to the amino acids metabolism, lipids metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis, were identified. Consequently, BYG exerts a potential protective role in the intervention of incomplete abortion by anti-inflammatory, promote endometrial repair, and regulate the metabolic disorders.

[Separation and purification of total flavones from Herba Epimedii by macroporous adsorption resin with the help of ultrasonic extraction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the optimal separation of the total flavones from Herba Epimedii by macroporous adsorption resin. METHOD: Nine types of macroporous adsorption were evaluated for separating efficiency by measuring the adsorption ratio, eluting ratio of total flavones. RESULT: The D-101 macroporous adsorption resin had the best separating efficiency. After enrichment and purification with it, the product purity of total flavones was up to 63.8%. CONCLUSION: This method is simple, feasible and fit for industry production.

[Solubility peak and dielectric requirement of Buyang Huanwu docoction].

OBJECTIVE: To study the solubility peak and dielectric requirement of the Buyang Huanwu docoction materials, and provide theoretical and experimental foundation for selecting extraction solvent for extracting traditional Chinese drugs (TCD). METHOD: 11 types of solvents were employed as single or complex solvent systems, whose solubility parameter and dielectric constant were from 14.11 to 47.86, dielectric requirement from 1 to 80 respectively, to lixiviate Buyang Huanwu decoction (5 g per samples) in nearly saturate volume as V0 for materials at 25 degrees C. The apparent solubilities of extracts were determined and calculated out according to the section of determination of extract in the appendix of 'Chinese Pharmacopoeia'. RESULT: The saturate solvent V0 for materials powder were 0.21, 0.31, 0.49, 0.36, 0.77, 0.93, 0.86, 0.92, 1.08, 1.00, 1.14 mL x g(-1), respectively. The apparent solubility of Buyang Huanwu docoction for each solvent system were 114.0, 101.3, 73.40, 109.4, 210.7, 295.0, 501.4, 437.0, 355.6, 423.1, 210.6 g x mL(-1), respectively, among which the max apparent solubility, illustrated as solubility peak, was carried out by methanol-water (68: 32) with 47.5 corresponding to the Buyang Huanwu docoction dielectric requirement. CONCLUSION: The apparent solubilities of (TCD) and their formula are controlled by dielectric constant of extraction solvent, and are in accordance with stable dielectric requirement.

Protective effects of the flavonoid fraction obtained from pomelo fruitlets through ultrasonic-associated microwave extraction against AAPH-induced erythrocyte hemolysis.

Pomelo fruitlet is a side-product of pomelo, and this study aimed to extract the antioxidative flavonoid compounds from pomelo fruitlets with high efficiency through ultrasonic-associated microwave methods. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the spatial structure of the pomelo fruitlet powder was changed; microwaves and ultrasonic waves facilitated the formation of globular and curved surfaces, respectively. Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic pretreatment resulted in significantly higher yield. Each type of flavonoid compound was characterized using PR-LCMS analysis, and naringin with high nutritive value was detected in all groups. After purifying the flavone fractions with AB-8 macroporous resin, naringin, 2''-O-acetyl-3'-O-methylrutin, and 5,7,8,3'-tetrahydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxy were identified, which could act as free radical scavengers to protect erythrocytes from AAPH-induced hemolysis. This study strongly improved the effects of ultrasonic-microwave synergetic methods on the high utilization of pomelo fruitlets, especially in terms of flavonoid extraction and bioavailability.

[Theoretical and experimental studies on solubility parameters of multiple components for traditional Chinese materia medica with HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the theories and methods to determine solubility parameters of multiple components for the traditional Chinese material medica (TCMM) with HPLC. METHOD: The mathematical expresses to determin the solubility parameters were established according to chromatographic and Hildebrand-Scatchard theories, The HPLC experiments were carried out at 40 degrees C on an Alltech Apollo C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with acetone and water in gradient mode. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1), and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The injection volume was 1 0 microL. RESULT: The mathematical expresses between the retention time and the solubility parameters were established and used to determin caffeine solubility parameter as 28.31 J(1/2) cm(-3/2) in accordance with 28.84 J(1/2) cm(-3/2) reported by literature, and those of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, physcione as 39.70 J(1/2) cm(-3/2), 39.08 J(1/2) cm(-3/2), 38.37 J(1/2) cm(-3/2), 36.42 J(1/2) cm(-3/2) respectively. CONCLUSION: The retention time of HPLC can be used to determine the solubility parameters of multiple componets. The established method is useful for the compatibility rule study of traditional Chinese medicine.

[Value of the diaphragm movement index tested by ultrosonography for ventilation weaning].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diaphragm movement index of mechanical ventilation weaning patients by ultrosonography, and to explore its value for weaning. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours admitted to emergency intensive care unit (EICU) of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from September 2017 to February 2018 were enrolled. Low level pressure support ventilation (PSV) was used for spontaneous breathing test (SBT), and bedside M-mode ultrasonography was used to assess the diaphragm movement index of the patient within 1 hour of SBT, including the excursion of the diaphragm, diaphragmatic-rapid shallow breathing index (D-RSBI). The rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) was measured by ventilator. The patients who met the clinical weaning criteria were weaned. According to the success or failure of the weaning, the patients were divided into the successful weaning group and the failure weaning group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of each indicator to the failure of the weaning. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the final analysis, including 28 patients in the successful weaning group and 12 patients in the failure weaning group. The excursion of the diaphragm in the failure weaning group was significantly less than that in the successful weaning group (mm: 9.56±2.13 vs. 13.66±4.10, P < 0.01), and the D-RSBI and RSBI were significantly higher than those in the successful weaning group [D-RSBI (times×min-1×mm-1): 2.06±0.68 vs. 1.44±0.66, RSBI (times×min-1×L-1): 61.70±25.00 vs. 44.91±14.51, both P < 0.05]. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of diaphragm displacement, D-RSBI, and RSBI was 0.830, 0.851 and 0.711, respectively, and the predicted value of diaphragm excursion and D-RSBI was higher. When the optimal critical value of diaphragmatic excursion was 11.15 mm, the sensitivity of predicting weaning failure was 83.3%, the specificity was 71.4%; when the optimal critical value of D-RSBI was 1.42 times×min-1×mm-1, the sensitivity of predicting the failure of weaning was 91.7%, and the specificity was 82.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Diaphragm excursion and D-RSBI of the diaphragmatic ultrosonography index could accurately predict the failure of the weaning, which was superior to the traditional RSBI in guiding weaning.

Cytotoxic withanolides from Physalis angulata L.

Four new withanolides, physagulins L-O (1-4), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae), together with seven known withanolides, compounds 5-11. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 1H-, 13C-NMR (DEPT), and 2D-NMR (HMBC, HMQC, 1H,1H-COSY, NOESY) experiments, as well as by HR-MS. All eleven compounds were tested for their antiproliferative activities towards human colorectal-carcinoma (HCT-116) and human non-small-cell lung-cancer (NCI-H460) cells. Compound 5 exhibited the highest anticancer activity against the HCT-116 cell line, with an IC50 value of 1.64+/-0.06 microM. Compound 9 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards the NCI-H460 cell line, with an IC50 value of 0.43+/-0.02 microM.

[Fundamentally study on mathematical kinetic model of component extraction from FTCM].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the mathematical kinetic model of the components extracted from the FTMC (formulae of the traditional Chinese medicine) and analyze parameters of the astragaloside IV extracted from the BYHWD (Buyang Huanwu decoction). METHOD: The model, including algebra and differential groups, have been set up according to the FICK discipline and Noyes-whitney soluted theories, as well as two transfer diffusive processes ((1) from protoplasate to apoplasmic, also from material compartment interior cell membrane to outside compartment; (2) apoplasmic to solution, also from outside compartment to solvent compartment) on components extraction from the FTMC. The equation groups, according to laplace transform, have been given a expression as solutions, which indicate the quantitative changes of the component concentration in solvent vs. time. The model kinetic parameters have been analyzed, meanwhile the parameters of the astragaloside IV in the BYHWD under 100 degrees C, extracted by water, have been analyzed by way of this model: RESULT: It has been established a mathematical model that consists of three parts of e exponent. The kinetic parameters: M, alpha, N, beta, L, pi, K, k1', k2', rho1, rho2, tmax, Cmax, AUC, w0, P, D of the BYHWD were respectivelly 0.061 27% , 0.280 2 min(-1), - 1.027% , 0.008 965 min(-1), 1.077%, 0.002 665 min(-1), 3.451 x 10(-3) min(-1), 3.188 x 10(-3) min(-1), 0.375 9 min(-1), 1.420 min, 0.754 7 min, 184.9 min, 0. 0572 1 mg x mL(-1), 289.9 min, 0.070 11%, 46.24%, 22. 35%. CONCLUSION: The kinetic model, applied to isolated system, can have been of the rule of multiplex linear. Each parameters can be analyzed completely.

[Fingerprints of different samples of processed Rhizoma Coptidi by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To set up the HPLC fingerprints of different samples of processed Rhizoma Coptidi (RC) in order to offer evidence for identifying different processed RC and preliminary discussion on processing mechanism. METHOD: Seven different samples of processed RC were determined by HPLC and the results were analyzed by Hierarchical clustering and similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of TCM. RESULT: The characteristic of common peaks for fingerprints of different samples of processed RC is distinct, but there are differences among various processed RC. The different samples of processed RC were classified into two and the result of hierarchical clustering is correlated with the property of traditional Chinese drug. CONCLUSION: It is proved that the method which is convenient, rapid and repeat well can be used to identify different samples of processed RC. The change of property of different processed RC is related with processing adjuvant, the possible mechanism is that new components are produced or the contents of known components have changed due to the adjuvant during processing.

[Clinical effect of pulmonary rehabilitation therapy including respiratory exercise and vibration expectoration on patients with pulmonary infection after abdominal surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of pulmonary rehabilitation therapy including respiratory exercise and vibration expectoration on patients with pulmonary infection after abdominal surgery. METHODS: A retrospective case control study was conducted. Seventy-six patients with pulmonary infection after abdominal surgery admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University from September 2015 to September 2016 were enrolled. According to whether accept the pulmonary rehabilitation therapy or not, the patients were divided into two groups. In the control group (n = 35), the conventional expectoration method was adopted. The patients in pulmonary rehabilitation group (n = 41) received both methods of the control group and pulmonary rehabilitation treatment, including respiratory exercise (effective cough, lip reduction breathing), respiratory exercise device (respiratory exerciser tri-ball), and vibrated expectoration. The 24-hour sputum volume, degree of comfort, inflammatory and pulmonary function parameters, and recovery situation were recorded in the two groups. RESULTS: (1) There were no significant differences in the parameters of inflammation and pulmonary function before treatment between the two groups. After treatment, the white blood cell (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in both groups were significantly decreased, and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly increased. The above changes in pulmonary rehabilitation group were more significant than those of the control group [WBC (×109/L): 11.12±2.88 vs. 13.42±2.62 at 3 days, 8.22±1.48 vs. 9.27±1.92 at 5 days; CRP (mg/L): 13.47±4.77 vs. 16.03±4.94 at 3 days, 9.69±1.56 vs. 11.77±1.41 at 5 days; FEV1 (L): 2.48±0.14 vs. 2.29±0.16 at 3 days, FEV1/FVC: 0.78±0.04 vs. 0.75±0.04 at 3 days; all P < 0.05]. (2) The 24-hour sputum volume within 3 days of pulmonary rehabilitation group were significantly higher than that of the control group (mL: 30.51±4.15 vs. 18.30±3.64 at 1 day, 31.08±3.22 vs. 20.37±3.20 at 2 days, 29.03±2.55 vs. 19.03±2.51 at 3 days, all P < 0.01]. (3) In the pulmonary rehabilitation group, the recovery time of pulmonary infection symptoms (days: 5.44±1.45 vs. 6.20±1.55), the days of antibiotic use (days: 12.61±3.15 vs. 15.03±3.78), the time of getting out of the bed (days: 4.05±0.74 vs. 4.51±0.89), and the hospital days (days: 19.95±3.90 vs. 22.00±4.42) were significantly shorter than those of the control group (all P < 0.05), and the degree of comfort was significantly better than that of the control group (comfort score: 2.71±0.90 vs. 2.14±0.91, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The application of pulmonary rehabilitation including respiratory exercise and vibration expectoration in abdominal surgery patients with pulmonary infection can promote recovery, and it has a good clinical and practical application value.