Regulatory T Cells in Angiogenesis.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial mediators of immune homeostasis. They regulate immune response by suppressing inflammation and promoting self-tolerance. In addition to their immunoregulatory role, a growing body of evidence highlights the dynamic role of Tregs in angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels. Although angiogenesis is critically important for normal tissue regeneration, it is also a hallmark of pathological processes, including malignancy and chronic inflammation. Interestingly, the role of Tregs in angiogenesis has been shown to be highly tissue- and context-specific and as a result can yield either pro- or antiangiogenic effects. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in determining the molecular underpinnings of Treg-mediated modulation of angiogenesis in different disease states. The present review summarizes the role of Tregs in angiogenesis and mechanisms by which Tregs regulate angiogenesis and discusses how these mechanisms differ in homeostatic and pathological settings.

Towards xeno-free cultures of human limbal stem cells for ocular surface reconstruction.

Isolated limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) were cultured with or without a 3T3 murine fibroblast feeder-layer (FL) in 4 different culture media on culture plates or on denuded human amniotic membrane (AM) support and fibrin gel support: (1) control medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum; (2) control medium supplemented with the synthetic serum "XerumFree™ XF205" (XF); (3) CnT-20 medium supplemented with "XerumFree™ XF205" (CnT-XF) and (4) CnT-20 medium supplemented with human AB serum (CnT-AB). The three xenogeneic media were compared to standard condition (control + FL) and parameters assessed included cell morphology, proliferative potential, number of passages, assessment of clonogenic and abortive colonies, life span, ∆Np63α expression and epithelial morphology on AM. During serial cultivation of LESCs, most of the tested xeno-free media supported similar numbers of cell passages, total colony number, cumulative cell doublings (CCD) rates and expression of ∆Np63α compared to control. The conditions cultivated with a FL showed a non-statistically significant higher number of cell passages and CCD rates before senescence when compared to the same conditions cultured without FL. Except for the control medium, only XF medium enabled the growth of cells on AM. The expression of ∆Np63α was comparable in all the cultures grown onto AM, when compared to the controls on fibrin gel. In conclusion, the xeno-free media enabled LESC culture both on plastic and on denuded human AM. Despite the analyses were carried out in a statistically low number of samples and need re-assessment in a larger cohort, our results suggest that the production of a completely xeno-free LESC graft could be beneficial for future clinical applications.

Adrenergic activation attenuates astrocyte swelling induced by hypotonicity and neurotrauma.

Edema in the central nervous system can rapidly result in life-threatening complications. Vasogenic edema is clinically manageable, but there is no established medical treatment for cytotoxic edema, which affects astrocytes and is a primary trigger of acute post-traumatic neuronal death. To test the hypothesis that adrenergic receptor agonists, including the stress stimulus epinephrine protects neural parenchyma from damage, we characterized its effects on hypotonicity-induced cellular edema in cortical astrocytes by in vivo and in vitro imaging. After epinephrine administration, hypotonicity-induced swelling of astrocytes was markedly reduced and cytosolic 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was increased, as shown by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer nanosensor. Although, the kinetics of epinephrine-induced cAMP signaling was slowed in primary cortical astrocytes exposed to hypotonicity, the swelling reduction by epinephrine was associated with an attenuated hypotonicity-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) excitability, which may be the key to prevent astrocyte swelling. Furthermore, in a rat model of spinal cord injury, epinephrine applied locally markedly reduced neural edema around the contusion epicenter. These findings reveal new targets for the treatment of cellular edema in the central nervous system.

Anatomical success rate of pars plana vitrectomy for treatment of complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

BACKGROUND: Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is preferred surgical procedure for the management of complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical results of primary PPV for the treatment of primary complex RRD and to determine the influence of lens status, tamponading agent, preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and axial length (AL) of the eye upon the anatomical outcome. METHODS: A retrospective consecutive chart analysis was performed on 117 eyes from 117 patients with complex RRD managed with PPV. Fifty-nine eyes were phakic and 58 pseudophakic eyes. All patients had a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Eyes were classified into groups using independent variables (first classification based upon lens status and tamponade used, second classification based upon lens and PVR status and third classification based upon AL of the eye). The groups were compared for anatomical outcomes (dependent variables) using nonparametric- or, in case of normally distributed data, parametric- statistical tests. RESULTS: Retinal reattachment rate in phakic eyes was 94.9% compared to 93.1% in pseudophakic, with no statistically significant difference between the two. The overall retinal reattachment rate with single surgery was 94.0%. Final reattachment rate was 97.4%. In case of established PVR ≥ C1, the reattachment rate was not statistically different (92.6%) from eyes with no PVR (91.1%) irrespective of lens status. A statistically significant difference was found between redetachment rates only between phakic eyes with gas tamponade compared to silicon oil (SO) (p = 0.001). Reattachment rate proved to be similar in both AL groups (≤24 mm and > 24 mm). CONCLUSIONS: High anatomical success rate of primary vitrectomy for complex RRD with either gas or SO tamponade was achieved in phakic as well as pseudophakic eyes irrespective of AL of the eye.

Preservation of Ocular Epithelial Limbal Stem Cells: The New Frontier in Regenerative Medicine.

Significant advances have been made in the field of ocular regenerative medicine. Promising stem cell-based therapeutic strategies have been translated into the clinical practice over the last few decades. These new stem cell-based therapies offer the possibility of permanently restoring corneal epithelium in patients with severe disabling and blinding ocular surface disease. The European Union has already classified stem cell-based therapies as "medicinal products". Therefore, manipulation is strictly regulated according to the defined conditions of good manufacturing practice, with the production of stem cell therapeutics at only accredited production sites authorized by the national regulatory agencies. In this regard, as first medical products are licensed for commercial use in Europe enabling a more widespread access to a stem cell-based therapy, the need for safe, validated and reproducible techniques for ex vivo cultured tissue preservation and distribution are coming to the forefront of research. However, these provide various new challenges for biobanking industry such as the retention of viability, good functionality of stem cells and sterility issues. This chapter provides an overview of the current advances in the field of corneal/limbal epithelial stem cell culture preservation techniques using either hypothermic storage or cryopreservation methods, that were used in different culturing steps (from stem cell isolation to the ex vivo epithelial graft preparation), with the reported impact on the post-thawing product recovery.

Evidence of human neurocysticercosis in Slovenia.

To assess the prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in patients with neurological disorders in Slovenia, serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 348 suspected patients were collected between the beginning of January 2001 and the end of December 2012 and analysed serologically for the presence of anti-T. solium IgG antibodies. Of 20 patients whose samples tested positive or equivocal by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), samples of 7 patients were confirmed positive by Western blot (WB). The overall seroprevalence rate of T. solium infection in patients with neurological disorders included in the study was 2.0%. Serological results of positive patients corresponded to clinical and/or imaging findings concerning their brain cysts. Based on their personal data, it was ascertained that neurocysticercosis (NCC) positive patients had immigrated or came to Slovenia from the former Yugoslav republics. Since the disease is believed not to be endemic in Slovenia we assume that all of the NCC-positive patients had acquired the infection before immigration to Slovenia or visiting or being visited by their relatives infected with an adult T. solium parasite. The present results represent the first insight into the prevalence of NCC in patients with neurological disorders in Slovenia.

Prevalence of neurotrophic keratopathy in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and risk factors associated with neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: We performed a chart review of patients diagnosed with chronic oGVHD between January 2015 and December 2018 at a single academic institution and recorded demographic data, systemic and ocular comorbidities, history of hematologic malignancy, transplant characteristics, oGVHD severity scores, and adnexal and ocular examination findings. We determined the prevalence of NK and clinical characteristics associated with NK in these patients. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors associated with NK in these patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of NK in chronic oGVHD. RESULTS: We identified 213 patients diagnosed with chronic oGVHD following hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation from our electronic patient database, and the prevalence of NK was 14%. The mean age of oGVHD patients with NK was 62.6 ± 12.9 years; 48% were women, 19 had unilateral NK, and ten had bilateral NK. In the cohort, 56%, 20%, and 24% eyes of the patients had grades 1, 2, and 3 of NK, respectively. The mean time to diagnose NK after transplantation was 52.9 ± 45.4 months. oGVHD patients diagnosed with NK had a significantly higher NIH oGVHD severity score (p = 0.04) and a lower corneal sensation score (p = 0.0001) than those without NK. Our analyses showed a significantly higher CFS score (p = 0.01) and a trend toward lower Schirmer test scores (p = 0.16) and tear break-up times (p = 0.08) in oGVHD patients with NK. Additionally, we observed a significantly higher prevalence of persistent epithelial defect (p = 0.0001), corneal ulceration (p = 0.0001), and corneal perforation (p = 0.005) in oGVHD patients diagnosed with NK. A logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with NK showed that a higher NIH oGVHD score (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03, p = 0.026) and history of cataract surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 5.03, p = 0.001) are significant risk factors for NK in oGVHD patients. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NK in chronic oGVHD patients was 14% during the study period. Our analysis shows that oGVHD patients with a higher NIH oGVHD severity score and previous history of cataract surgery are at a higher risk of developing NK and may develop severe sequelae such as persistent epithelial defect or corneal ulceration.

Association of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone With Corneal Endothelial Cell Survival During Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Induced Cell Loss in Donor Tissue.

Importance: Corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) damage and loss are major issues in eye banking and transplantation. The underlying mechanisms for CEnC loss are incompletely understood, and cytoprotective strategies that enhance CEnC viability could have a major effect on donor tissue quality and graft survival. Objective: To investigate the cytoprotective role of neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in preventing CEnC loss in eye bank cold-stored corneas under oxidative and inflammatory cytokine-induced stress. Design, Setting, and Participants: This single-center comparative research study conducted ex vivo experiments using 16 pairs of research-grade human donor corneas (courtesy of Eversight Eye Bank). Data were collected from June 2018 to November 2019, and data were analyzed from December 2019 to January 2020. Exposures: Two corneas from the same donor were randomized to either control or 0.1 mmol/L of α-MSH treatment and then subjected to oxidative stress (1.4 mmol/L of hydrogen peroxide-phosphate-buffered saline for 15 minutes at 37 °C; n = 8 pairs) or cytokine-induced stress (100 ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor-α and 100 ng/mL of interferon γ for 18 hours at 37 °C; n = 8 pairs). Corneas were then stored at 4 °C. Specular images were taken at baseline and repeated twice per week using a calibrated wide-field specular microscope. CEnC viability was assessed using a fluorescent live/dead viability assay. Main Outcome and Measures: Endothelial morphometry analysis, central corneal thickness measurements, and percentage of dead cells at day 11. Results: Of 16 donors who provided corneas, 9 (56%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 57.9 (12.4) years. Corneas were paired, and baseline parameters were comparable between all groups. At all time points, CEnC loss was lower in the α-MSH groups compared with the control groups. This difference was statistically significant after cytokine-induced stress (20.2% vs 35.2%; sample estimate of median, -14.9; 95% CI, -23.6 to -6.3; P = .008). Compared with the control group, α-MSH treatment resulted in a smaller increase in central corneal thickness (cytokine-induced stress: 89.3 µm vs 169.8 µm; sample estimate of median, -84.9; 95% CI, -131.5 to -41.6; P = .008; oxidative stress: 43.6 µm vs 111.9 µm; sample estimate of median, -68.8; 95% CI, -100.0 to -34.5; P = .008) and a smaller proportion of cell death (cytokine-induced stress: 2.7% vs 10.4%; difference, -7.7; 95% CI, -13.1 to -2.4; P = .01; oxidative stress: 2.9% vs 12.4%; difference, 9.5; 95% CI, 5.1 to 13.9; P = .006). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, α-MSH treatment attenuated CEnC loss during cold storage after acute oxidative and cytokine-induced stress in human eye bank cold-stored corneas. These data suggest that supplementation of corneal storage solution with α-MSH may positively affect CEnC survival after transplant and protect the endothelium from proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress after full-thickness or endothelial keratoplasty, which is particularly valuable in patients at high risk of graft failure.

A standardized methodology for longitudinal assessment of corneal endothelial morphometry in eye banked corneas.

Eye banked research-grade human donor corneas serve as principal ex vivo source for studying the mechanisms that underlie corneal endothelial cell damage/death and survival. Wide-field specular microscopy can be used for corneal endothelial visualization and allows for indirect assessment of endothelial cell function by analyzing endothelial cell density and morphometric parameters. However, a standardized approach is needed to observe corneal endothelial changes over time. This protocol describes reliable ex vivo methods for consecutive analyses of human donor corneal endothelial cell density and morphometric parameters change using a wide-field dual imaging specular microscope. This protocol involves tissue warming, acquisition and analysis of specular endothelial images, assessment of corneal layers with the new Enhance mode, optical pachymetry measurement, and qualitative image quality grading scales. This quantitative and qualitative evaluation of donor corneas allows for a systematic analysis of endothelial dynamic responses to ex vivo induced stress and can be used as a valuable tool to better elucidate specular findings and mechanisms mediating corneal endothelial cell loss in corneal disease and after transplantation.

Local Delivery of Regulatory T Cells Promotes Corneal Allograft Survival.

BACKGROUND: Regulatory T (Treg) cell-based immunotherapies have been studied as potential cell-based modalities for promoting transplant survival. However, the efficacy of local delivery of Treg cells in corneal transplantation has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the kinetics of migration of subconjunctivally injected Treg cells and their role in promoting corneal allograft survival. METHODS: GFPCD4CD25Foxp3 Treg cells were isolated from draining lymph nodes (DLNs) of GFP transgenic mice and were subconjunctivally injected to corneal allograft recipients. Next, Treg cells, conventional T cells (Tconv) or a combination of both was locally injected to graft recipients, and graft survival was determined by evaluating opacity scores for 10 weeks. Transplanted mice without treatment served as controls. The frequencies of major histocompatibility complex-IICD11b antigen-presenting cells, IFNγCD4 Th1 cells, and CD45 cells in the DLNs and cornea were evaluated at week 2 posttransplantation using flow cytometry. Expressions of IFNγ, IL-10 and TGF-ß in the grafts were assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: GFP Treg cells were detected in the ipsilateral cornea and DLNs of recipients 6 hours after injection. Subconjunctival injection of Treg cells significantly decreased the frequencies of mature antigen-presenting cells in the graft and DLNs, suppressed Th1 frequencies in DLNs, and inhibited CD45 cell infiltration to the graft. Finally, locally delivered Treg cells significantly reduced the expression of IFN-γ, enhanced the levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß in the graft, and promoted long-term allograft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our study elucidates the kinetics of migration of locally delivered Treg cells and shows their role in suppressing host immune response against the allograft.

Identification and characterization of dendritic cell subtypes in preserved and cultured cadaveric human corneolimbal tissue on amniotic membrane.

PURPOSE: Rejection is the leading cause of failure of limbal allogafts. Resident dendritic cell (DC) maturation plays a critical role in host allosensitization. There are two lineages: myeloid (mDC) and lymphoid (pDC), with different biological properties. The aim was to analyse the distribution of DC subtypes in limbal explant cultures on amniotic membrane (AM), cultivated on either the epithelial or stromal side and to compare the results with directly isolated cells from cadaveric whole corneoscleral tissue divided into specific areas. METHODS: The expression of CD11c (mDC), CD303/CD123 (pDC) and costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and activation markers HLA-DR, CD83 was investigated by flow cytometry. Additionally, the corneal epithelium marker CK12 and ABCB5, a new epithelial stem cell marker, were investigated. RESULTS: Cells positive for pDC and mDC markers were found in all examined areas, with a nonsignificant prevalence of pDC. In limbal explant cultures on AM, the percentage of pDC and mDC was similar, with no statistically significant difference between cultures on epithelial or stromal sides of AM. However, with ex vivo limbal explant cultivation on AM, the pDC content declined significantly (p < 0.05) and the ABCB5 marker was likewise statistically significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to characterize the distribution of pDC and mDC subsets in cultured and noncultured human corneolimbal tissue. Additionally, ABCB5 positive cells were identified. These findings might be important for future strategies, allowing preparation of corneolimbal allografts with optimal stem cell content for a longer lasting therapeutic effect.

Optimized Protocol for Regeneration of the Conjunctival Epithelium Using the Cell Suspension Technique.

PURPOSE: To develop autologous tissue-engineered conjunctival epithelial sheets to be used as advanced therapy medicinal products for severe ocular surface disorders involving the conjunctiva. METHODS: Methods used aimed at 1) mapping the conjunctiva for identification of the stem cell location, 2) establishing proper cell culturing conditions, 3) identifying the proper scaffold, and 4) characterizing the conjunctival grafts better. For these purposes, immunostaining and PAS staining, serial cultivation of cells, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction ([INCREMENT]Np63α and MUC5AC) were performed. RESULTS: The inferior fornix represents the ideal area where to take the conjunctival biopsies from, with at least +3.58% of clonogenic colonies and higher percentages of stem cells compared with other areas, as confirmed by [INCREMENT]Np63α expression levels (6.79% ± 1.18%). The standard culture conditions are necessary when cells are cultured on bare plastic, while animal-free media can be used for conjunctival cell culture on the scaffold. Fibrin glue represents the ideal scaffold for production of epithelial conjunctival grafts because it allows physiological expression of the main conjunctival cell markers, with K19 as the ideal one (98.5% ± 0.5% positive cells). The presence of goblet cells (6.3% ± 1.3%) and expression of the stem cell marker [INCREMENT]Np63α (1.65% ± 0.35% positive cells) were also assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings pave the way for ex vivo cultivation of conjunctival epithelial cells onto a scaffold using the cell suspension technique by means of animal-free media. This would allow us to obtain conjunctival grafts for clinical purposes, thus giving a therapeutic option to patients with conjunctival diseases refractory to current therapies.

Effect of Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane Orientation on the Expression of Limbal Mesenchymal and Epithelial Stem Cell Markers in Prolonged Limbal Explant Cultures.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of prolonged limbal explants cultured without any scaffolds or on amniotic membrane (AM) on the viability, proliferation and differentiation potential of putative phenotypically defined cultured limbal mesenchymal (LMSC) and epithelial stem cells (LESC). METHODS: Limbal explants were cultivated on cryopreserved intact AM or plastic plates using medium supplemented with only human serum. AM was positioned with either the epithelial or stromal side up. The outgrowing cells were immunophenotyped for the co-expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73/CD90/CD105 positive and CD45 negative), proliferation and putative progenitor markers (CXCR4, CD117), epithelial markers and antigen presenting cell markers (CD80, CD83, CD86) by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry on limbal cultures cultivated on AM was carried out with antibodies against pan-cytokeratin, p63, Ki67. RESULTS: Morphological and immunostaining analyses revealed two distinct stem cell population types, which could be identified over prolonged culturing time periods. Expression of LMSC markers and CXCR4 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cultures cultivated without AM. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in CD117 expression. The cells cultivated on AM retained an epithelial cell structure, which was further confirmed by histology examination. Histology revealed limbal epithelial growth and p63, Ki67 positive cells on both sides of AM. CONCLUSION: Limbal cells cultivated on AM exhibited a lower expression profile of LMSC and CXCR4 markers as limbal cells cultivated on plastic culture plates. However, CD117 expression was similar. Histology confirmed limbal epithelial cell growth on both sides of AM, with no morphological differences, or positivity of cells for p63 and Ki67.

Evaluation of Intrastromal Riboflavin Concentration in Human Corneas after Three Corneal Cross-Linking Imbibition Procedures: A Pilot Study.

Purpose. To compare stromal riboflavin concentration after three corneal cross-linking (CXL) imbibition procedures: standard (EpiOff), transepithelial corneal (EpiOn), and iontophoresis-assisted technique (Ionto) using 0.1% hypotonic riboflavin phosphate. Methods. Randomized open-label pilot clinical study. Twelve corneas/12 patients with advanced keratoconus were randomly divided into 4 groups for CXL (n = 3). The corneas underwent imbibition with standard riboflavin EpiOff and with enhanced riboflavin solution (RICROLIN+) EpiOff, EpiOn, and iontophoresis techniques. Thereafter, deep anterior lamellar keratectomy procedure was performed and the obtained debrided corneal tissues were frozen. The maximal intrastromal riboflavin concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (mcg/dg). Results. The mean stromal concentration of riboflavin was 2.02 ± 0.72 mcg/dg in EpiOff group, 4.33 ± 0.12 mcg/g in EpiOff-RICROLIN+ group, 0.63 ± 0.21 mcg/dg in EpiOn-RICROLIN+ group, and 1.15 ± 0.27 mcg/dg in iontophoresis RICROLIN+ group. A 7-fold decrease in intrastromal riboflavin concentration was observed comparing EpiOn-RICROLIN+ and EpiOff-RICROLIN+ groups. Conclusion. The present pilot study indicates that both transepithelial CXL techniques in combination with hypotonic enhanced riboflavin formulation (RICROLIN+) were still inferior to the standard CXL technique; however, larger clinical studies to further validate the results are needed and in progress.

Biobanking of Human Retinas: The Next Big Leap for Eye Banks?

Retinal degenerative diseases are one of the main clinical causes of incurable and severe visional impairment. Thus, extensive research effort is put into the development of new causal therapeutic options. Promisingly, a number of studies showed regenerative capacity in specific retinal regions (the ciliary epithelium, retinal pigmented epithelium, iris, and Müller glia cells). However, most recent research studies are based on animal models or in vitro cultured cells, probably because of the limited availability of human posterior eye tissues (vitreous, retina, and choroid). To address this, we showed in our previous reports that eye banks with large numbers of globes collected yearly could set up biorepositories/biobanks where these precious tissues are isolated, quality controlled, and finally stored for scientists and clinicians wanting to access human tissues and test their own hypotheses. These precious human posterior eye tissues could be used for further research purposes, epidemiological studies, and target validation of newly developed drugs. In addition, this could be a promising and challenging option to retrieve potential retinal stem and progenitor cells from different parts of the retina and could be a breakthrough in the future delivery of ex vivo prepared customized (histocompatible) retinal tissue on scaffolds for transplantation purposes. In this Perspective, we will consider how the biorepositories could influence the future strategies for retinal stem cell therapies.

Choroidal and orbital metastases from thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metastases of thyroid carcinomas to the choroid and/or orbit are infrequent. PubMed was searched for English-language articles and case reports published from 1977 to 2012. In our survey, we looked for reports of orbital and/or ocular metastases from the thyroid and found 31 reported cases from 1979 to 2012. SUMMARY: At the time of onset of ocular symptoms, the vast majority of patients had a long history of thyroid malignancy and evidence of widely disseminated metastatic disease. The age of the reported patients ranged from 29 to 83 years. Among the 22 reported cases of thyroid carcinomas with metastases to the choroid from 1979 to 2012, the most common primary tumor was papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC); this occurred in seven patients. This was followed by medullary thyroid carcinoma in six cases and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in five cases. Orbital metastases were reported in nine patients with thyroid carcinomas (PTC=4, FTC=3, Hürthle cell=1, not specified=1). Patients with choroidal metastases presented with decreased or blurred vision, eye pain, and flashes in 81%, 5%, and 5% of cases, respectively. The diagnosis of a choroidal tumor was usually based on noninvasive diagnostic techniques such as ultrasonography, transillumination, computer tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. ¹³¹I scanning revealed uptake in the orbit in 26% of cases with choroidal and/or orbital PTC or FTC. For a metastasis that causes a definitive loss of vision and/or persistent pain, the treatment of choice was enucleation. The other treatment options were brachyradiotherapy using ¹²5I episcleral radioactive plaque insertion, external beam radiation, ¹³¹I therapy, chemotherapy, and/or targeted therapy with small molecules. CONCLUSIONS: The orbit and globe are not common sites for metastatic thyroid carcinomas. Diagnosis of a choroidal tumor is usually based on clinical judgment and results of noninvasive diagnostic techniques such as ultrasonography, transillumination, CT, and/or MRI scanning. Fundoscopic examination and ocular ultrasonography by an ophthalmologist are recommended for identification and monitoring of choroidal metastatic deposits.