Soybean meal peptide Gly-Thr-Tyr-Trp could protect mice from acute alcoholic liver damage: A study of protein-protein interaction and proteomic analysis.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious health threat. Soybean meal peptide (SMP) supplementation may protect against this damage; however, the potential mechanism underlying the specific sequence of SMPs is unclear. Protein-protein interaction and proteomic analyses are effective methods for studying functional ingredients in diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of action of the peptide Gly-Thr-Tyr-Trp (GTYW) on ALD using protein-protein interaction and proteomic analyses. These results demonstrate that GTYW influenced the targets of glutathione metabolism (glutathione-disulfide reductase, glutathione S-transferase pi 1, and glutathione S-transferase mu 2). It also regulated the expression of targets related to energy metabolism and amino acid conversion (trypsin-2, cysteine dioxygenase type-1, and F6SJM7). Amino acid and lipid metabolisms were identified based on Gene Ontology annotation. These results indicate that GTYW might affect alcohol-related liver disease signaling pathways. This study provides evidence of the protective and nutritional benefits of SMPs in ALD treatment.

Molecular Interactions Between Egg White Peptides and Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Membranes: Effect of Peptide Localization on Membrane Fluidity.

Bioactive peptides have been shown to affect cell membrane fluidity, which is an important indicator of the cell membrane structure and function. However, the underlying mechanism of egg white-derived bioactive peptide regulation of cell membrane fluidity has not been elucidated yet. The cell membrane fluidity was investigated by giant unilamellar vesicles in the present study. The results showed that peptides TCNW, ADWAK, ESIINF, VPIEGII, LVEEY, and WKLC connect to membranes through intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and regulated membrane fluidity, in a concentration-dependent way. In addition, peptides prefer to localize in the hydrophobic core of the bilayers. This study provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the localization of egg white bioactive peptides in specific cell membrane regions and their influence on the cell membrane fluidity.

Egg White Peptides Accelerating the Wound Healing Process Through Modulating the PI3K-AKT Pathway: A Joint Analysis of Transcriptomic and Proteomic.

Wound healing is a multiphase process with a complex repair mechanism; trauma-repairing products with safety and high efficiency have a great market demand. Egg white peptides (EWP) have various physiological regulatory functions and have been proven efficient in ameliorating skin damage. However, their underlying regulation mechanism has not been revealed. This study further evaluated the EWP ameliorating mechanism by conducting a full-thickness skin wound model. Results demonstrated that EWP administration significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory and shortened the inflammatory phase. Besides, EWP can accelerate the secretion of growth factors (PDGF, VEGF, and TGF-ß1) in skin tissue, significantly increasing the regeneration of granulation tissue and endothelium in the proliferation phase, thereby promoting wound healing. After 400 mg/kg EWP interventions for 13 days postoperation, the wound healing rate reached 90%. The combination of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated the ameliorating efficiency effects of EWP on wound healing. EWP mainly participates in the functional network with the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway as the core to accelerate wound healing. These findings suggest a promising EWP-based strategy for accelerating wound healing.

Untargeted metabolomics revealed the regulatory effect of Maillard reaction products of ovalbumin with different degrees on the metabolism of colitis mice.

The Maillard reaction (MR) is inevitable in food processing and daily cooking, but whether the MR degree would affect the biological activity of the protein in vivo remains unknown. In this study, we used untargeted metabolomics techniques to explore the effects of two different levels of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of ovalbumin (OVA) on metabolites in colitis mice. Studies have shown that MR could affect protein metabolites in vivo and MRPs of OVA could reduce the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1ß and intestinal permeability. Metabolomics results showed that the degree of MR affected the abundance of oligopeptides and bile acids in vivo. This study revealed that MRPs could regulate the abundance of metabolites such as taurocholic acid and putrescine, and repair the intestinal barrier in colitis mice through signaling pathways such as secondary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion and ABC transporters. The investigation has significant implications for the digestion properties and metabolite regulation of MRPs in vivo, and also promotes the application of MRPs in functional foods.

Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal the Repair Mechanisms of Ovalbumin on the Intestine Barrier of Colitis Mice.

The development and progression of colitis would detrimentally destroy the intestine barrier. However, there remains a paucity of evidence on whether ovalbumin (OVA) can be used as a nutritional food protein to repair the intestinal barrier. In this study, the repairing mechanism of OVA on intestinal barrier was thoroughly investigated by gut microbiota and untargeted metabolomics techniques. The findings demonstrated that OVA reduced intestinal permeability and restored mucin (0.75 ± 0.06) and tight junction (TJ) protein (0.67 ± 0.14) expression in colitis mice caused by 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). In addition, the inflammation response and oxidative stress were also attenuated. The intake of OVA upregulated the abundance of Lactobacillaceae (7.60 ± 3.34%) and Akkermansiaceae (10.39 ± 5.97%). Furthermore, OVA upregulated the abundance of inosine (6.06 ± 0.36%), putrescine (4.14 ± 0.20%), and glycocholic acid (5.59 ± 0.23%) in colitis mice through ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and bile secretion pathways. In summary, our findings revealed that OVA could maintain intestinal health, which may provide crucial insights for preventing and treating intestinal diseases.

Potential Benefits of Egg White Proteins and Their Derived Peptides in the Regulation of the Intestinal Barrier and Gut Microbiota: A Comprehensive Review.

Impaired intestinal barrier function can impede the digestion and absorption of nutrients and cause a range of metabolic disorders, which are the main causes of intestinal disease. Evidence suggests that proper dietary protein intake can prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases. Egg white protein (EWP) has received considerable attention, because of its high protein digestibility and rich amino acid composition. Furthermore, bioactive peptides may have an increased repair effect due to their high degradation efficiency in the gut. In this study, we aimed to review the effects of EWP and its bioactive peptides on intestinal structural repair. The potential modulation mechanisms by which EWP and their peptides regulate the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier can be summarized as follows: (1) restoring the structure of the intestinal barrier to its intact form, (2) enhancing the intestinal immune system and alleviating the inflammatory response and oxidative damage, and (3) increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and metabolites. Further in-depth analysis of the coregulation of multiple signaling pathways by EWP is required, and the combined effects of these multiple mechanisms requires further evaluation in experimental models. Human trials can be considered to understand new directions for development.

Effect of glycation degree on the structure and digestion properties of ovalbumin: A study of amino acids and peptides release after in vitro gastrointestinal simulated digestion.

Glycation can improve the functional properties of protein. However, in vitro and animal studies have shown that glycation induced lysine blockage and impaired protein digestibility. This study aimed to explore the effects of different glycation degree on the structure and digestive characteristics of ovalbumin. The results showed that glycation decreased the turbidity and hydrophobicity of the protein and changed the protein structure. Moreover, the results of in vitro simulated digestion revealed that glycation reduced the contents of essential amino acids and total amino acids after digestion. Glycation changed the amino acids and peptides release from the protein by resisting the digestion of digestive enzymes, especially trypsin. In conclusion, this work links glycation, protein digestibility, and the release of amino acids and peptides. This emphasizes the importance of the balance between improving properties and ensuring the digestibility of proteins during food processing.

Mechanism investigation of fermented egg-milk peptides on colonic inflammatory diseases: based on in vivo and in silico research.

Fermented egg-milk peptides (FEMPs) could alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory diseases but the underlying regulating mechanism of effective ingredients is unclear now. Our research was designed to confirm the protective function of FEMP, then analyze the potential targets and pathways that could be regulated by digested FEMP (dFEMP). The results showed that FEMP could ease the inflammatory symptoms in the colon, repair the damage of inflammation, and decrease the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (decreased by 31.81% TNF-α, 60.20% IL-1ß, 85.65% IL-6). The results of in silico experiments revealed that dFEMP could influence many inflammation-related targets. Most targets affected the inflammation-related function and participated in the inflammatory signaling pathways, such as the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway. Besides, molecular docking results revealed that hydrogen-bonding and salt bridges played vital roles in the dFEMP-target interactions. Combining in vivo experiments with in silico experiments, this study can prove a new theory for research between the bioactive peptides and inflammation.

Fermented egg-milk beverage alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through the modulation of intestinal flora and short-chain fatty acids.

Fermented egg-milk beverage (FEMB) can alleviate the symptoms of intestinal diseases by regulating intestinal flora and supplying nutrition. This study investigated the protective effect of FEMB on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. The results showed that FEMB relieved the UC mice's pathological abnormalities and colonic inflammation, and restructured the intestinal flora composition simultaneously. After FEMB treatment for 14 days, the body weight of the mice rose and the disease activity index (DAI) value decreased. Furthermore, the length and form of colons in the UC mice were notably restored. Inflammatory cells decreased or disappeared, and goblet cells and crypt were enriched and modified. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results demonstrated that FEMB treatment could increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the cecum content of mice, including unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus. Moreover, probiotics that can increase the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may contribute to inflammation alleviation. An increase in amino acids was observed in our experiment, which may benefit nutritional supplements. In conclusion, FEMB treatment can alleviate the damage of DSS-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for both the relief of inflammation and the application of FEMB.

Ovalbumin and its Maillard reaction products ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by mitigating the imbalance of gut microbiota and metabolites.

The Maillard reaction reduces the gastrointestinal digestibility of ovalbumin (OVA) in vitro. However, the regulatory effects of OVA and its Maillard reaction products (MRPs) on gut microbiota disorders remain unknown. In this study, the influence of OVA and its MRPs on the modulation of gut microbiota in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was investigated. The results revealed that OVA and its MRPs intake could alleviate the symptoms of colitis and improve the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota. Moreover, the results revealed that the Maillard reaction would block the release of lysine and essential amino acids in vivo, but they variously regulated the gut microbiota and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) due to their indigestible properties. These findings provide a basic theory for the rational utilization of OVA and its MRPs as nutraceutical food ingredients in regulating the gut microbiota for maintaining intestinal health.

Protective effects and potential mechanisms of fermented egg-milk peptides on the damaged intestinal barrier.

Introduction: Fermented egg-milk peptides (FEMPs) could enhance the colon-intestinal barrier and upgrade the expression of zonula occludens-1 and mucin 2. Besides, the underlying biological mechanism and the targets FEMPs could regulate were analyzed in our study. Methods: Herein, the immunofluorescence technique and western blot were utilized to evaluate the repair of the intestinal barrier. Network pharmacology analysis and bioinformatics methods were performed to investigate the targets and pathways affected by FEMPs. Results and discussion: Animal experiments showed that FEMPs could restore intestinal damage and enhance the expression of two key proteins. The pharmacological results revealed that FEMPs could regulate targets related to kinase activity, such as AKT, CASP, RAF, and GSK. The above targets could interact with each other. GO analysis indicated that the targets regulated by FEMPs could participate in the kinase activity of the metabolic process. KEGG enrichment revealed that the core targets were enriched in pathways related to cell apoptosis and other important procedures. Molecular docking demonstrated that FEMPs could bind to the key target AKT via hydrogen bond interactions. Our study combined the experiment in vivo with the method in silico and investigated the interaction between peptides and targets in a pattern of multi-targets and multi-pathways, which offered a new perspective on the functional validation and potential application of bioactive peptides.