Impact of feeding n-3 fatty acids to layer breeders and their offspring on concentration of antibody titres against infectious bronchitis, and Newcastle diseases and plasma fatty acids in the offspring.

1. The impact of feeding sources of n-3 fatty acids (FA) to ISA Brown and Shaver White breeders and their offspring on antibody titres and plasma FA profile was examined.2. Breeders were fed either a control diet (CON); CON + 1% microalgae (DMA: Aurantiochytrium limacinum) as a source of docosahexaenoic acid; or CON + 2.6% of a co-extruded mixture of full-fat flaxseed (FFF) as a source of α-linolenic acid. Day-old female offspring were assigned to diets (breeder-offspring): 1) CON-CON, 2) CON-DMA, 3) CON - FFF, 4) DMA - CON, 5) DMA - DMA, 6) FFF - CON or 7) FFF - FFF, followed by a standard layer diet through 18 weeks of age (WOA) to 42 WOA.3. Antibody titres against infectious bronchitis (IBV) and Newcastle disease (NDV) were measured at six days and six WOA, and plasma FA profile was measured at 18 and 42 WOA.4. Pullets from FFF-fed breeders had higher antibody titres against IBV and NDV than pullets fed DMA (P < 0.05). Feeding FFF to offspring increased plasma ∑n-3 FA at 18 and 42 WOA, whereas feeding DMA to offspring reduced ∑n-6 FA at 18 WOA.5. In conclusion, independent of breeder strain, alpha linoleic acid (ALA) and DHA sources showed varied responses. Feeding breeders FFF increased plasma concentration of antibody titres and n-3 FA whereas DMA reduced plasma concentration of ∑n-6 FA.

Effects of dietary camelina, flaxseed, and canola oil supplementation on plasma fatty acid concentrations and health parameters in horses.

Camelina (Camelina sativa) is a hardy, low-input oilseed crop that provides a rich source of the n-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA). The primary purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary camelina oil (CAM) consumption on various health parameters, as compared to horses fed canola oil (OLA) or flax oil (FLX). Secondly, to determine how dietary CAM, FLX, and OLA alter circulating plasma total lipids across time. Thirty horses, from three separate herds, were used for this study [14.9 years ± 5.3 years; 544 ± 66 kg calculated BW (mean ± SD)]. After a 4-week gradual acclimation period using sunflower oil mixed with soaked hay cubes, horses were balanced by location, age, sex, weight, and breed and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils (CAM, OLA, or FLX) at an inclusion of 370 mg of oil/kg BW/day. Horses had ad libitum access to hay and/or pasture for the duration of the study. Body condition score (BCS), BW, oil intake, complete blood counts, plasma biochemical profiles, and plasma total lipids were measured on weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 throughout the 16-week treatment period. BW, BCS, and oil intake were analyzed using an ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS Studio. Complete blood counts and biochemical profiles were analyzed using an ANCOVA, and fatty acids were analyzed using an ANOVA in PROC MIXED in SAS Studio. No differences were observed among treatment groups for BW, BCS, oil intake, complete blood counts, and biochemical parameters. Individual fatty acids that differed among treatments and/or across time were largely reflective of the different FA profiles of the oils provided. Most notably, plasma ALA was greater for FLX than OLA, but neither differed from CAM (P = 0.01). Linoleic acid did not differ among treatments or over time (P > 0.05). The n-6:n-3 ratio decreased over time for both CAM and FLX, and ratios were lower for FLX than OLA at week 16, but not different from CAM (P = 0.02). These results suggest that dietary CAM had no adverse effects on health parameters and that daily supplementation of CAM and FLX at 370 mg of oil/kg BW/day induces positive changes (a decrease) in the n-6:n-3 status of the horse. Consequently, CAM may be considered as an alternative oil to FLX in equine diets.

Plasma phospholipids and fatty acid composition differ between liver biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with perturbations in liver lipid metabolism. Liver phospholipid and fatty acid composition have been shown to be altered in NAFLD. However, detailed profiles of circulating lipids in the pathogenesis of NAFLD are lacking. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine circulating lipids and potential mechanisms related to hepatic gene expression between liver biopsy-proven simple steatosis (SS), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and healthy subjects. SUBJECTS: Plasma phospholipid and fatty acid composition were determined in 31 healthy living liver donors as healthy controls (HC), 26 patients with simple hepatic steatosis (SS) and 20 with progressive NASH. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed by Illumina microarray in a subset of 22 HC, 16 SS and 14 NASH. RESULTS: Concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) increased relative to disease progression, HC

Endogenous synthesis of n-3 PUFA modifies fatty acid composition of kidney phospholipids and eicosanoid levels in the fat-1 mouse.

The goal of the present study was to determine whether endogenous synthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the fat-1 mouse is comparable to fish oil feeding with respect to kidney n-3 PUFA composition and eicosanoid levels. Wild-type and heterozygous fat-1 mice, capable of synthesizing n-3 PUFA endogenously, were given diets enriched in either n-3 or n-6 PUFA in a 2×2 factorial design and terminated after 12 weeks. Kidney phospholipid fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. Kidney eicosanoids were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Relative to control mice fed n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA fed and fat-1 mice had higher levels of kidney phospholipid n-3 PUFA, and lower levels of n-6 PUFA and eicosanoids. However, mice fed n-3 PUFA mice had higher levels of n-3 PUFA and lower levels of eicosanoids as compared to fat-1 mice. In conclusion, diet feeding had a greater impact on kidney fatty acid composition and eicosanoid levels than the genetic effect of the fat-1 gene. However, the fat-1 mouse remains a close approximation that can be used as a complementary model to study the role of n-3 PUFA in the kidney.

An assessment of c9,t11 linoleic acid intake in a small group of young Canadians.

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in ruminant foods has potential health benefits. CLA content in dairy and meat products is known. However, CLA intake has not been documented from records of food intake in free-living Canadian subjects. Intake of the cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (c9,t11 CLA) isomer was estimated for 22 free-living Canadians by analyzing two seven-day diet records taken six months apart. Intake of c9,t11 CLA did not differ between the two periods during which the food records were collected. Average intake was determined to be 94.9 +/- 40.6 mg/day ranging between 15-174 mg/day. Intake of the c9,t11 isomer of CLA when expressed as mg CLA per unit of energy consumed was significantly correlated to intake of saturated fat (r = 0.62, P < 0.002) and not significantly correlated to intake of total fat (r = 0.39, P < 0.08). Daily c9,t11 CLA intakes varied considerably with approximately 50% of the intakes falling below the 20th percentile for average level of intake per day.