A novel technique for iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm obliteration with ultrasound-guided thrombin foam injection.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms (IPA) are treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin injections (UGTI). We describe a novel technique for IPA repair that applies UGTI with thrombin foam (UGTFI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Successful obliteration of 6 IPAs (IPA without a neck, n = 5; with a neck, n = 1) in 6 patients (2 males, aged 68 ± 1 years, 4 females, aged 59 ± 11 years) was performed by using UGTFI. The dose of administered thrombin was 25-75 IU. No microembolization phenomenon and no serious clinical complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of IPA with UGTFI may reduce the embolization rate, risk of IPA cavity thrombin leakage, required drug dose. Use of the thrombin foam could be the next step in the development of the UGTI, particularly in the treatment of IPA without a neck.

Platelet reactivity and activated clotting time predict hemorrhagic site complications in patients with chronic coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.

BACKGROUND: Radial access is preferred in patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCSs) treated with ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Antithrombotic and antiplatelet treatment before PCI may affect outcomes at vascular access sites. QuikClot Radial is a kaolin-based band that may shorten hemostasis time. Using point-of-care testing, we investigated the effect of antithrombotic and antiplatelet treatment on access-site complications. METHODS: This prospective observational study included consecutive patients with CCS on chronic aspirin therapy referred for ad hoc PCI. The activated clotting time (ACT), global thrombosis test and VerifyNow P2Y 12 test were done sequentially after unfractionated heparin (UFH) and clopidogrel administration. Patients were monitored for radial artery patency, bleeding and local hematoma until discharge. RESULTS: We enrolled 40 patients [mean age, 68.8 ±â€…8.8 years; men, 30 (75%)] who received UFH (median dose, 8000 IU; interquartile range, 7000-9000 IU) and clopidogrel (600 mg). All radial arteries remained patent during follow-up. Local bleeding and hematomas were noted in 11 patients (27.5%) each. Patients with bleeding had lower mean platelet activity at 2 h [122.5 ±â€…51 platelet reactivity units (PRU) vs. 158.7 ±â€…43 PRU, P  = 0.04] and higher ACT (216.9 ±â€…40 s vs. 184.6 ±â€…28 s, P = 0.006) than patients without bleeding. An ACT >196 s at 2 h predicted bleeding or hematoma (AUC, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.85, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Lower platelet activity and higher ACT after PCI were associated with higher bleeding risk at a vascular access site. Point-of-care testing of ACT after the procedure may help identify patients with CCS undergoing PCI who are at higher risk of access-site bleeding.

Improvement of left ventricular function after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with stable coronary artery disease and preserved ejection fraction: Impact of diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Many patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) have no visual segmental wall motion abnormalities and a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50% at rest despite significant coronary artery stenosis. Here, the aim was to determine the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on LV function assessed by enhanced echocardiography in patients with stable CAD with or without diabetes mellitus type 2 and a preserved LVEF. METHODS: Sixty-six consecutive patients with CAD and LVEF ≥ 50%, admitted to the hospital for planned coronary angiography, were prospectively assessed. PCI was performed for coronary artery stenosis > 70%. CAD extent was assessed using SYNTAX and EXTENT scores. To assess LV function, LVEF, global longitudinal strain (GLS), and LV peak systolic myocardial velocity (S') were measured and Tei index was calculated before and 3 months after PCI. RESULTS: Before PCI, LVEF, GLS, and Tei index were significantly worse in diabetic patients. LV functional indices improved significantly after PCI in all patients (p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of selected factors on LV function after PCI expressed as changes (D) of LVEF, GLS, S', and Tei index. LV function improvement expressed as DGLS was associated only with SYNTAX score. Higher SYNTAX scores were related to greater GLS improvement (b = 0.003, 95% confidence interval: 0.0004-0.005; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous coronary intervention significantly improved LV function in diabetic and non-diabetic CAD patients with preserved LVEF. Enhanced echocardiography allowed an assessment of subtle changes in LV function.

The Impact of Using a Larger Forearm Artery for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions on Hand Strength: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

(1) Background: The exact mechanism underlying hand strength reduction (HSR) after coronary angiography with transradial access (TRA) or transulnar access (TUA) remains unknown. (2) Methods: This study aimed to assess the impact of using a larger or smaller forearm artery access on the incidence of HSR at 30-day follow-up. This was a prospective randomized trial including patients referred for elective coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention. Based on the pre-procedural ultrasound examination, the larger artery was identified. Patients were randomized to larger radial artery (RA) or ulnar artery (UA) or a group with smaller RA/UA. The primary endpoint was the incidence of HSR, while the secondary endpoint was the incidence of subjective HSR, paresthesia, and any hand pain. (3) Results: We enrolled 200 patients (107 men and 93 women; mean age 68 ± 8 years) between 2017 and 2018. Due to crossover between TRA and TUA, there were 57% (n = 115) patients in larger RA/UA and 43% (n = 85) patients in smaller RA/UA. HSR occurred in 29% (n = 33) patients in larger RA/UA and 47% (n = 40) patients in smaller RA/UA (p = 0.008). Subjective HSR was observed in 10% (n = 12) patients in larger RA/UA and 21% (n = 18) patients in smaller RA/UA (p = 0.03). Finally, paresthesia was noted in 7% (n = 8) patients in larger RA/UA and 22% (n = 15) in smaller RA/UA (p = 002). Independent factors of HSR were larger RA/UA (OR 0.45; 95% CI, 0.24-0.82; p < 0.01) and the use of TRA (OR 1.87; 95% CI, 1.01-34; p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: The use of a larger artery as vascular access was associated with a lower incidence of HSR at 30-day follow-up.

Influence of different antiplatelet treatment regimens for primary percutaneous coronary intervention on all-cause mortality.

AIMS: The aim of this analysis was to examine the influence of different in-cath-lab antiplatelet regimens for the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on all-cause mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study group consisted of 7193 patients (pts) undergoing primary PCI in 38 centres in 2003 in Poland. All patients received pretreatment with 300 mg of aspirin, 992 pts (14%) received glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 2690 pts (37%) were treated with 300 mg loading dose of clopidogrel, and 1566 (22%) received combined antiplatelet treatment with both GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel. Remaining 1945 patients (27%) did not receive GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors or clopidogrel. Primary endpoint of the study was all-cause mortality up to 1 year from ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). One year mortality rates in the four groups were: 10.4%, 9.0%, 9.7%, and 15.3%, respectively. Propensity-adjusted survival analysis showed significant reduction of mortality for combination therapy with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel, clopidogrel alone, and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors alone over aspirin alone. No additive effect on survival was seen for a combination therapy with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel in comparison to treatment with clopidogrel alone. CONCLUSION: In this large cohort, multicentre STEMI registry in-cath-lab use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and clopidogrel alone or in combination was associated with the reduction of 1 year all-cause mortality in the setting of primary PCI in comparison with aspirin only. However, the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors on top of 300 mg loading dose of clopidogrel did not further reduce mortality.

Impact of the Use of a Larger Forearm Artery on the Efficacy and Safety of Transradial and Transulnar Access: A Randomized Trial with Preprocedural Ultrasonography.

(1) Background: We aimed to assess the impact of the selection of a larger radial or ulnar artery on the efficacy of access and vascular complications, based on preprocedural ultrasonographic examination. (2) Methods: This prospective, randomized trial included patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients were randomized into either a larger ulnar artery (UA) or radial artery (RA) group or smaller UA/RA group. The primary endpoint was successful CAG/PCI without crossover to another artery. The secondary endpoints were incidences of radial or ulnar artery occlusion (RAO/UAO) at the 24 h and 30 day follow-up. (3) Results: Between 2017 and 2018, 200 patients (107 men, mean age 68 ± 8 years) were enrolled. The success of CAG/PCI via the access site was 98% and 83% (p < 0.001) in the larger UA/RA group and smaller UA/RA group, respectively. The independent factor for CAG/PCI success was the larger artery (OR 9.8, 95%CI 2.11-45.5; p < 0.005). The larger UA/RA was superior, with RAO/UAO at 24 h: OR 0.07, 95%CI 0.09-0.61; p < 0.016; and RAO/UAO at 30 days: OR 0.25, 95%CI 0.05-0.12; p < 0.001. (4) Conclusions: Larger artery access was shown to be more efficient and safer than recessive forearm artery access.

TransRadial versus transUlnar artery approach for elective invasive percutaneous coronary interventions: a randomized trial on the feasibility and safety with ultrasonographic outcome - RAUL study.

INTRODUCTION: Transradial access (TRA) for coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is superior to transfemoral access (TFA). Transulnar access (TUA) is an alternative to TRA. AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of TRA vs. TUA in patients scheduled for CAG or PCI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, randomized study conducted between 2013 and 2016. Two hundred patients referred for the first elective CAG were included in the study. Eligible patients were then randomly assigned to the TRA or TUA group. Before and after the invasive procedure, all patients underwent ultrasonographic measurements of the right upper limb arteries. RESULTS: The primary endpoint was efficacy, defined as a successful CAG without a crossover of vascular access. The secondary endpoint was safety, assessed as the number of vascular complications. Successful coronary angiography via the access site was 95% vs. 75% in the TRA vs. TUA groups, respectively (p < 0.001). It depended on the anatomy of UA and the operator experience. No differences were observed in early and late follow-up complications. CONCLUSIONS: TRA was superior to TUA with regard to efficacy. TUA occurred a safe approach for CAG and PCI and could be used as an alternative method of forearm access.

Effects of vitamins C and E on the outcome after acute myocardial infarction in diabetics: a retrospective, hypothesis-generating analysis from the MIVIT study.

BACKGROUND: There is significant evidence that reactive oxygen species play an important role in endothelial dysfunction, ischemia/reperfusion injury as well as in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is also known that vitamins C and E have substantial antioxidant properties. However, clinical evidence concerning this topic is insufficient so far. The aim of the present study was to determine if the administration of vitamins C and E influences the outcome in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Among 800 patients with AMI included in the MIVIT (Myocardial Infarction and Vitamins) study, 122 patients (15%) had confirmed DM. A retrospective analysis of the influence of vitamins C and E on 30-day cardiac mortality in patients with or without DM was performed. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in 30-day cardiac mortality in diabetic patients treated with antioxidant vitamins C and E [5 (8%) vs. 14 (22%); OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11-0.93; p = 0.036]. Such an effect has not been observed in patients without DM [19 (6%) vs. 19 (6%); OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.51-1.85; p = 0.94]. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that early administration of antioxidant vitamins C and E in patients with AMI and concomitant DM reduces cardiac mortality.

Costs and effects of secondary prevention with perindopril in stable coronary heart disease in Poland: an analysis of the EUROPA study including 1251 Polish patients.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the long-term impact of treatment with perindopril on costs and health effects in patients with stable coronary artery disease in Poland. METHODS: The cost-effectiveness analysis was based on data from a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A decision-tree analysis was employed, including Monte Carlo and bootstrapping techniques. This study was a sub-study of the EUROPA (European Trial on Reduction of Cardiac Events with Perindopril in Stable Coronary Artery Disease) trial (n = 12,218; mean follow-up 4.2 years). Resource use was based on data from Polish EUROPA study patients (n = 1251), while effectiveness was based on the whole EUROPA study. The health gain of perindopril in life-years was based on overall EUROPA study results, and the adapted Polish life expectancy of patients not dying during the trial. Costs were calculated in new Polish zloty (PLN), year 2003 values; euro1 = PLN4.053. Only direct healthcare costs related to cardiovascular events and medication use were studied. RESULTS: When observed mortality was combined with life expectancy beyond the end of the study, perindopril use showed a gain in life expectancy of 0.182 life-years (SD +/- 0.129) at a cost of PLN1983 (SD +/- 103) with discounting of 5% per annum on costs and no discounting on effects. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of PLN10 896 per life-year gained. The probability that the ICER for perindopril was below the threshold of PLN60 000 was 88%. The overall results were insensitive to discount rates for costs and life-years. CONCLUSIONS: Perindopril leads to a reduction in the risk of coronary events among patients with stable heart disease. When the expected improvement in life expectancy is combined with associated medical costs, there is a high probability that perindopril is cost effective, given the threshold of PLN60 000 per life-year gained.

Efficacy and safety of oral l-arginine in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ARAMI pilot trial.

AIMS: L-arginine is a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in vascular endothelial cells. NO bioavailability is decreased during myocardial infarction (MI). It might be expected that administration of L-arginine may maintain NO production and alleviate the course of MI. The aim of the study was to assess safety and effects of treatment with L-arginine on the clinical course of MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: 792 patients (mean age 64 years, 551 men) with ST segment elevation MI admitted within 24h after the onset of symptoms were randomized to oral L-arginine (3.0 t.i.d p.o. for 30 days) or placebo on top of routine therapy. The end point which was the composite of 30 day cardiovascular death, reinfarction, successful resuscitation, shock/pulmonary edema or recurrent myocardial ischemia occurred in 24% patients treated with L-arginine and 27% with placebo (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39-1.02, p=0.06). The end point was observed less frequently in 226 patients with hyperlipidemia (19 vs 31, p<0.05). No serious adverse effects were observed during L-arginine supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: This study, which is the first attempt to use L-arginine in MI, showed that oral L-arginine supplementation was well tolerated. Beneficial nonsignificant trend was observed towards reduction of major clinical events.

Antioxidant effects of combined vitamins C and E in acute myocardial infarction. The randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter pilot Myocardial Infarction and VITamins (MIVIT) trial.

AIMS: There is a large body of evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion play a crucial role in myocardial damage and endothelial dysfunction. The MIVIT pilot trial was designed to test the effects of antioxidant vitamins C and E on the clinical outcome of patients with AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial, 800 patients (mean age 62) with AMI were randomly allocated to receive, on top of routine medication, one of two treatments: vitamin C (1000 mg/12 h infusion) followed by 1200 mg/24 h orally and vitamin E (600 mg/24 h) or matching placebo for 30 days. Primary end point (composite of in-hospital cardiac mortality, non-fatal new myocardial infarction, VT/VF/asystole, shock/pulmonary edema) occurred less frequently in patients treated with antioxidants (55 [14%] vs 75 [19%], OR 0.82 [95% CI, 0.68-1.00], p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS: This randomized pilot trial shows that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins is safe and seems to positively influence the clinical outcome of patients with AMI. A larger study is warranted to provide further evidence of this promising and inexpensive regimen.

Temporal trends and patterns in percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease in Poland in the years 2005-2011.

BACKGROUND: According to a recent survey, Poland is one of the leaders of interventional cardiology in Europe in terms of the number of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures per million inhabitants. AIM: To present temporal trends in epidemiology, demographics, treatment, and periprocedural outcome of patients referred for percutaneous coronary angiography and angioplasty in Poland in 2005-2011, based on the Polish National PCI Registry. METHODS: Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary angiography (ANGIO group) and/or angioplasty (PCI group) were included in the Polish National PCI Registry - a prospective observational registry study in Poland. RESULTS: There were 935,429 patients in the ANGIO group and 501,117 in the PCI group in Poland in 2005-2011. The number of catheterisation labs increased from 75 to 137, angiography procedures rose from 99,195 to 180,935, and PCIs from 50,297 to 99,614. The procedural mortality and stroke rates for the ANGIO group have remained stable whereas for the PCI group procedural mortality has increased over the years. The use of drug eluting stents (DESs) rose from 32.8% to 55.3% in stable angina and the use of a radial approach from 26.8% to 39.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Use of modern attributes of interventional cardiology like DES stents, radial approach, and treatment of higher risk patients has increased in Poland in 2005-2011. The adoption of the "Stent for Life" initiative has resulted in an increasing number of percutaneous coronary procedures over the years.

Is chest pain still the most important symptom of acute coronary syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) carries the risk of death due to electrical or haemodynamical disturbances. Thus, rapid in-hospital treatment is necessary. To achieve this, a patient, his family and his physician should correctly diagnose ACS, based mainly on clinical symptoms. AIM: To assess the symptomatology of ACS and to establish whether modern management of ischaemic heart disease did not change ACS clinical characteristics. METHODS: The study group consisted of 156 consecutive patients (96 males, mean age 65+/-15 years) admitted to hospital due to ACS. Physicians prospectively filled in a questionnaire addressing ACS symptomatology, including chest pain characteristics and clinical symptoms of painless ACS. RESULTS: Retrosternal chest pain was present in 119 (76%) patients, six (4%) patients had pain localised outside thorax (jaws or epigastric region) whereas 31 (20%) patients had painless ACS. In the latter group the most frequent symptoms were dyspnea and marked weakness. CONCLUSIONS: Chest pain remains the most frequent symptom of ACS and its prevalence is similar to that previously described in literature. Almost a quarter of patients have painless ACS; in those patients other intensive and sudden symptoms may suggest ACS.

Acute coronary syndrome: potassium, magnesium and cardiac arrhythmia.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrhythmia is often present in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and may be due to the electrolyte imbalance. AIM: To assess the prevalence and clinical significance of electrolyte imbalance in ACS. METHODS: Serum potassium and magnesium levels were measured within the first few hours in 204 consecutive patients with ACS admitted to our department over a period of 23 months. Cardiac arrhythmia was documented using continuous ECG monitoring, telemetry or standard ECG. RESULTS: Hypokalemia was observed in 34% of patients, and was significantly associated with the occurrence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (26% of patients with potassium level <4 mmol/l vs 11.9% of patients with normokalemia, p<0.001). No relationship was found between potassium level and supraventricular arrhythmias or in-hospital mortality. Decreased magnesium serum concentration was found in 22% of patients but was not significantly associated with cardiac arrhythmias or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia are often present in patients with ACS. The former is associated with dangerous ventricular arrhythmias. Early assessment of electrolyte serum concentration is needed in order to implement proper supplementation.

Lipid profile during the first 24 hours after myocardial infarction has significant prognostic value.

AIMS: A high level of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol disturbs the endothelial function. Thus it can be expected, that hypercholesterolaemia may unfavourably influence the course of the acute myocardial infarction. The aim of the study was to check whether patients with lipid levels above normal during the first hours of myocardial infarction have an unfavourable clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study group consisted of 348 patients (216 males, aged 65.7+/-12 years) with acute myocardial infarction hospitalized up to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Blood samples for lipid profile were taken on the first day of hospitalization, in the morning, while fasting. 109 (31%) patients had a complicated in-hospital course of infarction (i.e. death, recurrent ischaemia, serious arrhythmias and/or conduction disturbances, heart failure). The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher in the patients with complicated than in the patients with uncomplicated clinical course of infarction: 243+/-40.7 vs 211.2+/-40.6 mg/dl, p<0.001 and 156+/-35.0 vs 132.6+/-35.2 mg/dl p<0.001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol during the first 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction have a strong negative prognostic value, what suggests the use of statins as early as possible in acute myocardial infarction.

Is preinfarction angina associated with better outcome after myocardial infarction?

BACKGROUND: In a clinical setting of acute myocardial infarction (MI), short-lasting and transient anginal pain, preceding the development of acute MI, is regarded as a symptom representing ischaemic preconditioning. Some experimental and clinical data suggested that preinfarction angina may favourably influence the course of acute MI. AIM: We sought to examine the hypothesis that preinfarction angina occurring within 24 hours prior to the onset of acute MI favourably influences the outcome. METHODS: The study group consisted of 331 patients who were admitted to our hospital due to acute MI with ST segment elevation with a symptom duration <12 hours and received thrombolysis. Preinfarction angina within 24 hours prior to MI was present in 80 patients whereas the remaining 251 patients had no chest pain preceding acute MI. The course of the in-hospital phase of MI (mean 15 days) was analysed. RESULTS: In patients with preinfarction angina the in-hospital complication rate was significantly lower than in patients without angina preceding acute MI (p<0.001). Patients without preinfarction angina more frequently developed heart failure (p<0.001) or died (p<0.01) in hospital. Patients with preinfarction angina had significantly less extensive MI and had reperfusion symptoms more frequently. Multivariate analysis showed that there were three factors which independently favourably influenced survival: preinfarction angina (p=0.01), age < or =65 years (p=0.04) and duration of chest pain during acute MI < or =3h (p=0.03). Of the analysed group, 73 patients died in hospital. The independent variables predicting death included prior MI (p=0.04), history of diabetes (p=0.02), acute left bundle branch block (p=0.01) and age >65 years (p=0.03). Non-fatal re-infarction complicated the in-hospital course of MI in 27 patients. The independent variables which predicted this complication included age >65 years (p=0.03) and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with preinfarction angina, occurring within 24 hours of acute MI, have better in-hospital outcome and less extensive myocardial injury than patients without antecedent angina. These results may be attributed to the protective effects of ischaemic preconditioning.

Assessment of the prognostic value of coronary angiography in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Management of patients with acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) depends on risk evaluation. The recommended approach involves the use of risk stratification tools such as TIMI and GRACE risk scores. However, these clinical scores do not include variables derived from coronary angiography which is currently performed in most patients. AIM: To evaluate the prognostic value of adding selected coronary angiographic parameters to the established TIMI and GRACE risk scores. METHODS: We studied consecutive patients with NSTEMI who underwent coronary angiography. We evaluated selected vascular variables (vessel score, lesion location, percent stenosis, presence of thrombus, lesion length, vessel size, TIMI flow, lesion type according to the ACA/AHA classification, and extent score) and estimated risk using the TIMI and GRACE scores. We assessed total mortality at 30 days, 180 days, and 3 years. To determine the prognostic value of vascular variables and risk scores, we used a logit model and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Diagnostic utility of the models was measured by the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. To determine usefulness of selected vascular variables as outcome predictors in addition to the GRACE and TIMI scores, we used Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) indices. RESULTS: The study included 237 patients (mean age 65.5 years, 62% men). The TIMI and GRACE risk scores were good predictors of mortality in the evaluated periods. Among vascular variables, independent prognostic factors included the extent score which predicted mortality at 30 days (odds ratio [OR] 12.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-99, p = 0.016), 180 days (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.3-33.7, p = 0.002), and 3 years (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.6-8.0, p = 0.003), and distal lesion location which predicted mortality at 180 days (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0-9.4). Addition of the extent score to the TIMI risk score improved the prognostic value of the latter at all time points, as confirmed by NRI and IDI indices. The GRACE risk score itself had good prognostic value which was not significantly improved by any of the evaluated vascular variables. CONCLUSIONS: The extent score added to the TIMI risk score improves the prognostic value of the latter in patients with NSTEMI. Angiographic variables should be more widely used in risk stratification models in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

Can we improve the accuracy of risk assessment in patients with non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes?

BACKGROUND: In patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), the long-term risk of deathand myocardial infarction (MI) is estimated by scores based on noninvasively derived variables. Much less is known about the relation between the degree of atherosclerotic burden in the coronary tree and the long-term risk of patients with NSTE-ACS. AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of a wide spectrum of coronary angiographic and clinical data in predicting outcomes ina long-term follow-up of patients successfully treated invasively for NSTE-ACS. METHODS: The study group consisted of 112 consecutive patients (age 62 ± 10 years; 76 men) treated invasively for NSTE-ACS.27 (24%) patients had a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and 37 (33%) patients a history of MI. The coronary angiograms priorto intervention were evaluated blindly for the four angiographic scores: (1) Stenosis score derived from the assessment of thedegree of stenosis in 15 segments of the coronary tree; (2) Vessel score showing the number of main vessels stenosed > 70%; (3) Extensity score assessing the proportion of lumen length irregularity in 15 segments; and (4) Complexity score describingthe number of complex plaques. The angiographic analysis also focused on the flow, presence of thrombus and collateralsupply prior to intervention (according to TIMI) and the size of the culprit lesion vessel. The intervention was successful in 95% of cases. All patients were followed-up for 6-24 months for the occurrence of death or MI. RESULTS: In the follow-up period, the composite end point of death or MI occurred in 20 (17%) patients. In order to indicate therisk predictors from the group of clinical and angiographic variables (age, sex, history of DM, history of MI, four angiographicscores and culprit lesion vessel characterisation), logistic regression analysis was performed. The independent angiographic predictors of composite end point (selected by forward conditional selection) were stenosis score (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.05-1.2;p < 0.001) and size of the vessel (OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01-0.6; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data shows that attempting to add angiographic variables into the risk assessment scoring systems in order to strengthen their predictive accuracy is justified.

An international survey of clinical practice during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction with a focus on aspiration thrombectomy.

AIMS: Data suggest that there is a variable use of thrombectomy during primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PPCI). We sought to evaluate practices during PPCI for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), including the use of aspiration thrombectomy, and to determine the feasibility of conducting a definitive aspiration thrombectomy trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 27-item online survey was distributed to 1,607 interventional cardiologists internationally. A total of 461 responses were received. During PPCI, aspiration thrombectomy is used routinely by 36% of respondents, and selectively by 60%. Twenty-five percent of respondents reported experiencing a complication related to thrombectomy including: vessel dissection (13%), bringing thrombus back into left main coronary artery from target vessel (5%), stroke or transient ischaemic attack (2%), and coronary artery perforation (1%). The vast majority of respondents (89%) believe that a confirmatory aspiration thrombectomy trial is needed and 85% would be willing to randomise patients in such a trial. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of interventional cardiologists surveyed are not using thrombectomy routinely during PPCI. The survey results suggest that a large, confirmatory thrombectomy trial is needed and feasible in the current era. The survey also highlights a significant level of variability and underutilisation of other evidence-based therapies during PPCI.