Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are associated with pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes, posing short and long-term risks for maternal and child health. This study evaluated maternal, delivery and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 258 pregnant women. According to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), participants were classified as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test. Logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Most women ≥ 35 years old were overweight (22.7 %) and obese (27.6 %). Prepregnancy diabetes was significantly associated with obesity (15.7 %, p < 0.000). Obese women showed the lowest weight gain (9.6 ± 7.5Kg). Overweight and obese women practiced physical exercise more frequently (p = 0.010) than normal weight women. A greater proportion of obese mothers (13.4 %) had large for gestational age babies (p = 0.021), with higher thoracic circumference (33.6 ± 2.0 cm) and abdominal circumference (31.6 ± 2.3 cm). Obesity increased the risk of developing hypertension (OR = 7.0; 3.1-15.9), hyperglycemic disturbances (OR = 5.5; 2.9-10.6) and HbA1c ≥ 6.5 % (OR = 3.7; 1.2-11.1). The infants born to obese mothers had longer hospital stay (3.9 ± 3.9 days) (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that obesity in pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes, and underscore the importance of identifying and treating inadequate weight status during pregnancy.

Depression and anxiety in pregnant women with diabetes or mild hyperglycemia.

INTRODUCTION: A number of physical and psychological changes that occur during pregnancy can stimulate the development of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. The study evaluated psychological aspects related to maternal depression and anxiety in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia, contrasting the results with those of non-diabetic pregnant women. METHOD: In a prospective and longitudinal approach, two questionnaires were applied and validated for use in Brazil, the Beck depression inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The questionnaires were applied to pregnant women at the first prenatal visit or at the time of disease diagnosis (T1) and reapplied at admission for delivery (T2). Regardless of the degree of hyperglycemia, both at first and in the second stage most women had severe anxiety trait. In early pregnancy (T1), however, severe state anxiety was more frequent in women with hyperglycemia than in those from the NG group. RESULTS: Most pregnant women showed moderate state anxiety over their pregnancy, regardless of glycemic status. In early pregnancy, however, severe state anxiety was more prevalent in hyperglycemic women than in those with normal glycemic status. Most women showed moderate trait anxiety and mild depression in both early and late pregnancy, irrespective of glycemic status. CONCLUSION: The incidence of severe state anxiety in early pregnancy is more frequent in women with diabetes or hyperglycemia, but their levels of trait anxiety and depression are not affected by glycemic status.

[Prenatal care for normal-risk pregnant women by obstetric nurses and midwives: cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the Supplementary Health System in Brazil]. / Pré-natal de gestantes de risco habitual por enfermeira obstetra e obstetriz: custo-efetividade sob a perspectiva do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar.

In several countries, primary care for pregnant women is performed by obstetric nurses and/or midwives. In Brazil's Supplementary Health System (private health insurance and out-of-pocket care), coverage of prenatal care is mandatory and is performed by medical obstetricians. The objective of this study is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis, comparing clinical outcomes and costs associated with the incorporation of prenatal care by obstetric nurses and midwives in the Supplementary Health System, from the perspective of the operator of health plans as the payment source. A decision tree was built, based on data from a Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis that showed a reduction in the risk of premature birth in the group of normal-risk pregnant women accompanied by obstetric nurses and midwives. The analysis only considered the direct medical costs covered by health plan operators for essential appointments and tests, according to the prevailing Ministry of Health protocol. The study assumed equal unit costs of consultations by medical professionals and applied an increase in the overall cost of prenatal tests associated with medical follow-up, based on data from the literature. Incremental cost-effective ratio was estimated at -BRL 10,038.43 (savings of BRL 10,038.43) per premature birth avoided. This result was consistent with the sensitivity analyses, with savings associated with the substitution ranging from -BRL 2,544.60 to -BRL 31,807.46 per premature death avoided. In conclusion, prenatal care provided by obstetric nurses and midwives was superior to that provided by medical obstetricians for the prevention of premature birth, besides resulting in cost savings.

Em diversos países, a atenção primária às gestantes é conduzida por enfermeiras obstetras e/ou obstetrizes. No Sistema Suplementar de Saúde no Brasil, a cobertura da assistência pré-natal é obrigatória e realizada por médicos obstetras. O objetivo deste estudo é conduzir análise de custo-efetividade, comparando desfechos clínicos e custos associados à incorporação do pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes no âmbito do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, sob a perspectiva da operadora de planos de saúde como fonte pagadora. Foi construída uma árvore de decisão, baseada nos dados de metanálise da Colaboração Cochrane que mostrou redução do risco de parto prematuro no grupo de gestantes de risco habitual acompanhado por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes. Foram considerados apenas os custos médicos diretos cobertos pelas operadoras de planos de saúde para a realização de consultas e exames essenciais, conforme protocolo do Ministério da Saúde vigente. Assumiu-se custo unitário de consulta com cada profissional como iguais e aplicou-se um aumento do custo global com exames pré-natais associado ao acompanhamento médico, conforme dado obtido na literatura. Estimou-se a razão de custo-efetividade incremental de -R$ 10.038,43 (economia de R$ 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Esse resultado mostrou-se consistente nas análises de sensibilidade, com economias associadas à substituição variando de -R$ 2.544,60 até -R$ 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusão, observou-se que o cuidado pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes é superior ao prestado por médicos obstetras para o desfecho prevenção de parto prematuro, resultando ainda em economia de recursos.

En diversos países, la atención primaria a las gestantes se realiza con enfermeras obstetras y/o parteras. En el Sistema Suplementario de Salud en Brasil, la cobertura de la asistencia prenatal es obligatoria y la realizan médicos obstetras. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis de costo-efectividad, comparando resultados clínicos y costes asociados a la incorporación en el período prenatal de enfermeras obstetras y parteras, en el ámbito del Sistema de Salud Suplementaria, desde la perspectiva de una operadora de planes de salud como fuente pagadora. Se construyó un árbol de decisión, basado en datos de metaanálisis de la Colaboración Cochrane, que mostró una reducción del riesgo de parto prematuro en el grupo de gestantes de riesgo habitual, con un seguimiento de enfermeras obstetras y parteras. Se consideraron solo los costes médicos directos, cubiertos por las operadoras de planes de salud para la realización de consultas y exámenes esenciales, conforme el protocolo vigente del Ministerio de Salud. Se asumió el coste unitario de consulta con cada profesional como iguales, y se aplicó un aumento del coste global con exámenes prenatales asociado al seguimiento médico, conforme los datos obtenidos en la literatura. Se estimó la razón de costo-efectividad incremental de -BRL 10.038,43 (economía de BRL 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Este resultado se mostró consistente en los análisis de sensibilidad, con ahorros asociados a la sustitución, variando de -BRL 2.544,60 hasta -BRL 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusión, se observó que el cuidado prenatal por parte de enfermeras obstetras y parteras es superior al prestado por médicos obstetras para el desenlace de prevención de parto prematuro, resultando incluso en un ahorro de recursos.

Altered maternal metabolism during mild gestational hyperglycemia as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcomes: A comprehensive analysis.

Mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH), as assessed using the normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and detection of an altered glycemic profile, is associated with adverse perinatal outcome. This study described the results of 40 years of research conducted at the Perinatal Diabetes Research Centre at São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, on the maternal MGH environment and placental markers. This study also described the unidirectional relationship between MGH and excessive fetal growth, also supplying moderator analysis. In addition to hyperglycemia, MGH is associated with an increased incidence of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, persistent insulin resistance after pregnancy, and high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after pregnancy. Structural changes and functional abnormalities resulting from MGH were observed in placenta. The fully adjusted model concluded that the predictor variable (MGH), which creates a complex environment for the fetus, has a direct effect on excessive birth weight and produces a z-score for ratios of birth weight to gestational age of ≥2. Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, number of previous pregnancies, numbers of prenatal visits, and 1 h OGTT are moderator variables that impact MGH and excessive fetal growth. These results show that maternal MGH has some characteristics associated with similar long-term T2DM development and similar adverse perinatal results to those of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) mothers, making it an intermediate maternal and placental marker between normoglycemic and GDM mothers.

Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women: systematic review and recommendations to improve care.

Our aim was to systematically review data about the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women and to suggest strategies to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A search strategy for lesbian, STI and bacterial vaginosis was applied to PubMed, LILACS and BDENF databases. Of 387 unique references retrieved, 22 fulfilled the inclusion criteria (cross-sectional studies reporting prevalence for 8 STIs/bacterial vaginosis and history of a STI). The most frequent infection reported was bacterial vaginosis, and none study reported data on hepatitis B. A wide range of prevalence was observed for most infections. In terms of risk factors, the number of sexual partners, the past or current smoking, a history of forced sex and sexual stigma seem to increase the risk of STI and bacterial vaginosis. The findings of this review are discussed considering guidelines directly addressing the LGBT community's health and relevant studies investigating both safe sexual practices and the intricate relationship between LGBT people and their care providers. A set of recommendations to improve preventive care for lesbian women is proposed. Affirming that little is known about the extent of STIs and bacterial vaginosis transmission in female-to-female sexual activities or about the risk factors for STI and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women is reasonable. In fact, the overall quality of the studies was low or very low with significant uncertainty around their findings. However, we consider that the available knowledge indicates some paths to be followed by care providers and policy decision-makers to improve their actions towards better sexual health of lesbian women.

Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

BACKGROUND: Trials have examined on the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to evaluate whether oral vitamin D supplements, when given to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), would improve maternal and neonatal outcomes, compared with no treatment or placebo. METHOD: We performed a systematic review following Cochrane methodology, and randomized trials were included where pregnant women with GDM received vitamin D supplementation versus placebo/no treatment or vitamin D and calcium versus placebo/no treatment. Primary outcomes were preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean delivery, gestational hypertension, and adverse events related to vitamin D supplementation. The search strategies were applied to the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and CENTRAL. Similar outcomes in at least two trials were plotted using Review Manager 5.3 software. The quality of evidence was generated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS: The total of 1224 references were identified, eleven trials were potentially eligible, and six were included in this review (totaling 456 women). The meta-analysis of frequency of cesarean deliveries did not show significant differences between groups, none of the trials evaluated the remaining primary outcomes. For secondary outcomes, our results suggest that vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women with GDM may reduce newborn complications such as hyperbilirubinemia, polyhydramnios (RR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.68; RR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.89; respectively), and the need for maternal or infant hospitalization (RR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.98; RR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.69). However, the evidence was of low or very low quality. CONCLUSION: We did not find moderate or high quality evidence indicating that vitamin D supplementation, when compared with placebo, improves glucose metabolism, adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes related to GDM in pregnant women.

Pré-natal de gestantes de risco habitual por enfermeira obstetra e obstetriz: custo-efetividade sob a perspectiva do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar / Prenatal care for normal-risk pregnant women by obstetric nurses and midwives: cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the Supplementary Health System in Brazil / Período prenatal de gestantes de riesgo habitual con enfermera obstetra y partera: costo-efectividad desde la perspectiva del Sistema de Salud Suplementario

Em diversos países, a atenção primária às gestantes é conduzida por enfermeiras obstetras e/ou obstetrizes. No Sistema Suplementar de Saúde no Brasil, a cobertura da assistência pré-natal é obrigatória e realizada por médicos obstetras. O objetivo deste estudo é conduzir análise de custo-efetividade, comparando desfechos clínicos e custos associados à incorporação do pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes no âmbito do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, sob a perspectiva da operadora de planos de saúde como fonte pagadora. Foi construída uma árvore de decisão, baseada nos dados de metanálise da Colaboração Cochrane que mostrou redução do risco de parto prematuro no grupo de gestantes de risco habitual acompanhado por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes. Foram considerados apenas os custos médicos diretos cobertos pelas operadoras de planos de saúde para a realização de consultas e exames essenciais, conforme protocolo do Ministério da Saúde vigente. Assumiu-se custo unitário de consulta com cada profissional como iguais e aplicou-se um aumento do custo global com exames pré-natais associado ao acompanhamento médico, conforme dado obtido na literatura. Estimou-se a razão de custo-efetividade incremental de -R$ 10.038,43 (economia de R$ 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Esse resultado mostrou-se consistente nas análises de sensibilidade, com economias associadas à substituição variando de -R$ 2.544,60 até -R$ 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusão, observou-se que o cuidado pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes é superior ao prestado por médicos obstetras para o desfecho prevenção de parto prematuro, resultando ainda em economia de recursos.

In several countries, primary care for pregnant women is performed by obstetric nurses and/or midwives. In Brazil's Supplementary Health System (private health insurance and out-of-pocket care), coverage of prenatal care is mandatory and is performed by medical obstetricians. The objective of this study is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis, comparing clinical outcomes and costs associated with the incorporation of prenatal care by obstetric nurses and midwives in the Supplementary Health System, from the perspective of the operator of health plans as the payment source. A decision tree was built, based on data from a Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis that showed a reduction in the risk of premature birth in the group of normal-risk pregnant women accompanied by obstetric nurses and midwives. The analysis only considered the direct medical costs covered by health plan operators for essential appointments and tests, according to the prevailing Ministry of Health protocol. The study assumed equal unit costs of consultations by medical professionals and applied an increase in the overall cost of prenatal tests associated with medical follow-up, based on data from the literature. Incremental cost-effective ratio was estimated at -BRL 10,038.43 (savings of BRL 10,038.43) per premature birth avoided. This result was consistent with the sensitivity analyses, with savings associated with the substitution ranging from -BRL 2,544.60 to -BRL 31,807.46 per premature death avoided. In conclusion, prenatal care provided by obstetric nurses and midwives was superior to that provided by medical obstetricians for the prevention of premature birth, besides resulting in cost savings.

En diversos países, la atención primaria a las gestantes se realiza con enfermeras obstetras y/o parteras. En el Sistema Suplementario de Salud en Brasil, la cobertura de la asistencia prenatal es obligatoria y la realizan médicos obstetras. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis de costo-efectividad, comparando resultados clínicos y costes asociados a la incorporación en el período prenatal de enfermeras obstetras y parteras, en el ámbito del Sistema de Salud Suplementaria, desde la perspectiva de una operadora de planes de salud como fuente pagadora. Se construyó un árbol de decisión, basado en datos de metaanálisis de la Colaboración Cochrane, que mostró una reducción del riesgo de parto prematuro en el grupo de gestantes de riesgo habitual, con un seguimiento de enfermeras obstetras y parteras. Se consideraron solo los costes médicos directos, cubiertos por las operadoras de planes de salud para la realización de consultas y exámenes esenciales, conforme el protocolo vigente del Ministerio de Salud. Se asumió el coste unitario de consulta con cada profesional como iguales, y se aplicó un aumento del coste global con exámenes prenatales asociado al seguimiento médico, conforme los datos obtenidos en la literatura. Se estimó la razón de costo-efectividad incremental de -BRL 10.038,43 (economía de BRL 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Este resultado se mostró consistente en los análisis de sensibilidad, con ahorros asociados a la sustitución, variando de -BRL 2.544,60 hasta -BRL 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusión, se observó que el cuidado prenatal por parte de enfermeras obstetras y parteras es superior al prestado por médicos obstetras para el desenlace de prevención de parto prematuro, resultando incluso en un ahorro de recursos.

Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women: systematic review and recommendations to improve care / Prevalência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e vaginose bacteriana em mulheres lésbicas: revisão sistemática e recomendações para melhoria do cuidado / Prevalencia de infecciones sexualmente transmisibles y vaginosis bacteriana entre mujeres lesbianas: revisión sistemática y recomendaciones para mejorar el cuidado

Our aim was to systematically review data about the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women and to suggest strategies to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A search strategy for lesbian, STI and bacterial vaginosis was applied to PubMed, LILACS and BDENF databases. Of 387 unique references retrieved, 22 fulfilled the inclusion criteria (cross-sectional studies reporting prevalence for 8 STIs/bacterial vaginosis and history of a STI). The most frequent infection reported was bacterial vaginosis, and none study reported data on hepatitis B. A wide range of prevalence was observed for most infections. In terms of risk factors, the number of sexual partners, the past or current smoking, a history of forced sex and sexual stigma seem to increase the risk of STI and bacterial vaginosis. The findings of this review are discussed considering guidelines directly addressing the LGBT community's health and relevant studies investigating both safe sexual practices and the intricate relationship between LGBT people and their care providers. A set of recommendations to improve preventive care for lesbian women is proposed. Affirming that little is known about the extent of STIs and bacterial vaginosis transmission in female-to-female sexual activities or about the risk factors for STI and bacterial vaginosis among lesbian women is reasonable. In fact, the overall quality of the studies was low or very low with significant uncertainty around their findings. However, we consider that the available knowledge indicates some paths to be followed by care providers and policy decision-makers to improve their actions towards better sexual health of lesbian women.

Nosso objetivo foi revisar sistematicamente dados sobre o risco de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs) e vaginose bacteriana em mulheres lésbicas e sugerir estratégias para melhorar prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento. Uma estratégia de busca para lésbica, ISTs e vaginose bacteriana foi aplicada às bases PubMed, LILACS e BDENF. De 387 referências únicas identificadas, 22 preenchiam os critérios de inclusão (estudos seccionais relatando a prevalência de 8 ISTs/vaginose bacteriana e histórico de ISTs). A infecção mais frequentemente relatada foi vaginose bacteriana e nenhum estudo relatou dados sobre hepatite B. Uma ampla gama de prevalências foi observada para a maioria das infecções. Em termos de fatores de risco, o número de parceiras sexuais, ser ou ter sido fumante, histórico de sexo forçado e estigma sexual parecem aumentar o risco de ISTs e vaginose bacteriana. Os resultados desta revisão são discutidos à luz de diretrizes que abordam diretamente a saúde da comunidade LGBT e também de estudos relevantes que investigaram tanto práticas de sexo seguro quanto a complexa relação entre pessoas LGBT e profissionais de saúde. Um conjunto de recomendações para melhorar o cuidado preventivo para mulheres lésbicas é proposto. É razoável afirmar que pouco se sabe sobre a dimensão da transmissão de ISTs e vaginose bacteriana em atividades sexuais entre mulheres ou sobre os fatores de risco para ISTs e vaginose bacteriana em mulheres lésbicas. De fato, a qualidade dos estudos foi, de forma geral, baixa ou muito baixa, com incerteza significativa quanto a seus resultados. Contudo, consideramos que o conhecimento disponível indica alguns caminhos a serem seguidos por profissionais de saúde e na elaboração de políticas públicas para melhorar ações em direção a uma melhor saúde sexual de mulheres lésbicas.

Nuestro objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los datos sobre infecciones de trasmisión sexual (ITS) y riesgo de vaginosis bacteriana entre mujeres lesbianas y sugerir estrategias para mejorar su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento. La estrategia de búsqueda de lesbiana, ITS y vaginosis bacteriana se realizó en las bases de datos de PubMed, LILACS y BDENF. De 387 referencias únicas recogidas, 22 reunían criterios de inclusión (estudios transversales informaron sobre la prevalencia de 8 ITS/vaginosis bacteriana e historial de una ITS). La infección más frecuente fue vaginosis bacteriana y ningún estudio proporcionó datos sobre hepatitis B. se observó un amplio rango de prevalencia para la mayoría de las infecciones. En términos de factores de riesgo, el número de parejas sexuales, ser fumador o exfumador, un pasado de abusos sexuales, así como el estigma sexual parece que incrementaron el riesgo de ITS y vaginosis bacteriana. Los hallazgos del presente estudio se discuten a la luz de las directrices de salud directamente dirigidas a la comunidad LGBT, y también a estudios relevantes que investigaban tanto las prácticas sexuales seguras, como la relación intricada entre individuos del colectivo LGBT y sus proveedores de salud. Se propone un conjunto de recomendaciones para mejorar el cuidado preventivo de mujeres lesbianas. Es razonable afirmar que se conoce poco sobre el grado de transmisión de las ITS y vaginosis bacteriana en las relaciones sexuales entre mujeres o sobre los factores de riesgo para las ITS y vaginosis bacteriana entre mujeres lesbianas. De hecho, la calidad general de los estudios fue baja o muy baja con una incertidumbre significativa sobre sus resultados. No obstante, consideramos que el conocimiento disponible indica algunos caminos que pueden recorrer proveedores de salud y tomadores decisiones para mejorar sus acciones orientadas a una mejor salud sexual de las mujeres lesbianas.

Disproportionate pregnancy-induced myocardial hypertrophy in women with essential hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and arterial hypertension (AH) have a prohypertrophic effect on the heart. It is suspected that the 2 conditions combined cause disproportionate myocardial hypertrophy. We sought to evaluate myocardial hypertrophy (LVH) and left ventricular function in normotensive and hypertensive women in the presence or absence of pregnancy. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 193 women divided into 4 groups: hypertensive pregnant (HTP; n = 57), normotensive pregnant (NTP; n = 47), hypertensive nonpregnant (HTNP; n = 41), and normotensive nonpregnant (NTNP; n = 48). After clinical and echocardiographic evaluation, the variables were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance with pregnancy and hypertension as factors. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was compared using nonparametric analysis of variance and Dunn's test. Predictors of LVH and diastolic dysfunction were analyzed using logistic regression (significance level, P < 0.05). RESULTS: Myocardial hypertrophy was independently associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 11.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.2-38.5; P < 0.001) and pregnancy (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.6-14.3; P < 0.001) in a model adjusted for age and body mass index. Nonpregnant women were at greater risk of LVH in the presence of AH (OR = 25.3, 95% CI = 3.15-203.5; P = 0.002). The risk was additionally increased in hypertensive women during pregnancy (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.7-10.9; P = 0.002) in the model adjusted for stroke volume and antihypertensive medication. Although none of the NTNP women presented with diastolic dysfunction, it was observed in 2% of the NTP women, 29% of the HTNP women, and 42% of the HTP women (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension and pregnancy have a synergistic effect on ventricular remodeling, which elevates a woman's risk of myocardial hypertrophy.

Eisenmenger syndrome in pregnancy.

Eisenmenger's syndrome consists of pulmonary hypertension with a reversed or bidirectional shunt at the atrioventricular, or aortopulmonary level. Eisenmerger's syndrome in pregnancy is usually associated with high mortality rates (nearly 30-50%). Unfortunately, pulmonary hypertension is aggravated during pregnancy and often leads to an unfavorable outcome. Here, we report a successful pregnancy in a woman with Eisenmenger syndrome.

[Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy: maternal-fetal outcomes]. / Hipertireoidismo na gravidez: repercussões materno-fetais.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the experience of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', in the follow-up of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. METHODS: Sixty patients, divided in groups with compensated hyperthyroidism (CHG=24) and with uncompensated hyperthyroidism (UHG=36) were retrospectively studied and compared concerning clinical-laboratorial characteristics and intercurrences. The t-Student test, contingency tables, multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression with significance level at 5.0% were used. RESULTS: propylthiouracil (PTU) was used by 94.0% of UHG and by 42.0% of CHG (p<0.0001); maternal complications close to delivery have occurred in 20.6% of UHG and in 11.8% of CHG, and UHG presented three fetal deaths, influenced by the mother age, higher level of T4L (lT4L) and of PTU dose (PTUd) in the third trimester (p=0.007); restriction of intra-uterine growth, influenced by lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester has occurred in nine UHG and in three CHG cases, and oligoamnios has occurred in 12 patients (83.3% of UGH and 16.7% of CGH), influenced by age and lT4L in the third trimester (p=0.04); the gestational age at delivery was 34.4+/-4.6 weeks in UHG and 37.0+/-2.5 in CHG, influenced by the T4Ll in the third trimester (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the UHG has presented less satisfactory results than CHG, influenced by high lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester, and by more advanced age of some pregnant women.

Síndrome de Eisenmenger na gravidez / Eisenmenger syndrome in pregnancy

A síndrome de Eisenmenger consiste em hipertensão pulmonar com shunt reverso ou bidirecional ao nível atrioventricular ou aortopulmonar. Na gestação, essa síndrome está associada com altas taxas de mortalidade (30 a 50 por cento). Normalmente, a hipertensão pulmonar é agravada durante a gestação, levando a um resultado desfavorável. Neste artigo, relatamos um caso de gestante portadora de síndrome de Eisenmenger com boa evolução materna e do recém-nascido.

Eisenmenger's syndrome consists of pulmonary hypertension with a reversed or bidirectional shunt at the atrioventricular, or aortopulmonary level. Eisenmerger's syndrome in pregnancy is usually associated with high mortality rates (nearly 30-50 percent). Unfortunately, pulmonary hypertension is aggravated during pregnancy and often leads to an unfavorable outcome. Here, we report a successful pregnancy in a woman with Eisenmenger syndrome.

Hipertireoidismo na gravidez: repercussões materno-fetais / Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy: maternal-fetal outcomes

OBJETIVO: avaliar a experiência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", no acompanhamento de gestantes com hipertireoidismo. MÉTODOS: foram estudadas, retrospectivamente, 60 pacientes, divididas em grupos com hipertireoidismo compensado (GHC=24) e com hipertireoidismo descompensado (GHD=36) e comparadas quanto a características clínico-laboratoriais e intercorrências. Para análise dos resultados, foram utilizados o teste t de Student, as tabelas de contingência, regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística múltipla, com nível de significância de 5,0 por cento. RESULTADOS: propiltiouracil (PTU) foi usado por 94,0 por cento do GHD e 42,0 por cento do GHC (p<0,0001); complicações maternas próximas ao parto ocorreram em 20,6 por cento do GHD e 11,8 por cento do GHC, sendo que o GHD apresentou três óbitos fetais. Influenciaram nestes: idade materna, nível de T4L (nT4L) e dose de PTU (dPTU) mais elevados, no terceiro trimestre (p=0,007); restrição de crescimento intra-uterino, influenciada por nT4L e dPTU do terceiro trimestre, ocorreu em nove casos do GHD e três do GHC, e oligoâmnio ocorreu em 12 pacientes (83,3 por cento do GHD, 16,7 por cento do GHC), influenciado por idade e nT4L do terceiro trimestre (p=0,04); a idade gestacional no parto foi de 34,4±4,6 semanas no GHD e 37,0±2,5 no GHC, influenciada pelo nT4L do terceiro trimestre (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: o GHD apresentou resultados menos satisfatórios que o GHC, influenciados por nT4L e dPTU elevados no terceiro trimestre e por idade mais avançada de algumas gestantes.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the experience of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", in the follow-up of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. METHODS: Sixty patients, divided in groups with compensated hyperthyroidism (CHG=24) and with uncompensated hyperthyroidism (UHG=36) were retrospectively studied and compared concerning clinical-laboratorial characteristics and intercurrences. The t-Student test, contingency tables, multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression with significance level at 5.0 percent were used. RESULTS: propylthiouracil (PTU) was used by 94.0 percent of UHG and by 42.0 percent of CHG (p<0.0001); maternal complications close to delivery have occurred in 20.6 percent of UHG and in 11.8 percent of CHG, and UHG presented three fetal deaths, influenced by the mother age, higher level of T4L (lT4L) and of PTU dose (PTUd) in the third trimester (p=0.007); restriction of intra-uterine growth, influenced by lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester has occurred in nine UHG and in three CHG cases, and oligoamnios has occurred in 12 patients (83.3 percent of UGH and 16.7 percent of CGH), influenced by age and lT4L in the third trimester (p=0.04); the gestational age at delivery was 34.4±4.6 weeks in UHG and 37.0±2.5 in CHG, influenced by the T4Ll in the third trimester (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the UHG has presented less satisfactory results than CHG, influenced by high lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester, and by more advanced age of some pregnant women.

Insulinoterapia, controle glicêmico materno e prognóstico perinatal: diferença entre o diabetes gestacional e o clínico / Insulinotherapy, maternal glycemic control and perinatal prognosis: difference between clinical and gestational diabetes

OBJETIVO: avaliar protocolo de insulinoterapia e conseqüentes resultados maternos e perinatais, no diabetes gestacional e clínico, num serviço de referência para gravidez de alto risco. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo e descritivo, incluindo 103 gestantes portadoras de diabetes gestacional ou clínico, tratadas com insulina e acompanhadas no serviço, no período de outubro de 2003 a dezembro de 2005. Foram excluídos casos de gemelaridade, abortamento, abandono do pré-natal e parto fora do serviço. Compararam-se idade gestacional no início do tratamento; dose, aplicações/dia e incremento de insulina (UI/kg); média glicêmica e resultados perinatais. Utilizaram-se ANOVA e testes de Fisher e Goodman, considerando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: a multiparidade (92 versus 67,9 por cento), o índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional >25 kg/m² (88 versus 58,5 por cento), o ganho de peso <8 kg (36 versus 17 por cento) e o maior incremento de insulina caracterizaram o diabetes gestacional. No diabetes clínico, apesar da maior proporção de média glicêmica ≥120 mg/dL (39,2 versus 24 por cento) no final da gestação, a insulinoterapia teve início precoce (47,2 versus 4 por cento), maior duração (56,6 versus 6 por cento), e maior dose diária de insulina (92 versus 43 UI/dia), administrada em até três aplicações/dia (54,7 versus 16,0). A macrossomia foi maior entre os recém-nascidos do grupo diabetes gestacional (16 versus 3,8 por cento), sendo o único resultado neonatal significativo. Não houve óbito neonatal e o único caso de óbito fetal ocorreu no diabetes clínico. As demais complicações neonatais não diferenciaram os grupos e a maioria dos recém-nascidos recebeu alta em até sete dias (46 por cento versus 55,8 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: a análise desta série de casos identificou diferenças no protocolo de insulinoterapia em relação à quantidade (UI/dia), à dose (UI/kg de peso) e ao número de aplicações diárias, mais acentuadas no diabetes clínico, e ao incremento...

PURPOSE: to evaluate the insulin therapy protocol and its maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with clinical or gestational diabetes in a high risk reference service. METHODS: descriptive and prospective study including 103 pregnant women with gestational or clinical diabetes treated with insulin and attended by the reference service from October 2003 to December 2005. Gemellarity, miscarriages, unfinished prenatal care and deliveries not attended by the service were excluded. The gestational age at the beginning of the treatment, dosage, doses/day, increment of insulin (UI/kg), glycemic index (GI) and perinatal outcomes were compared. ANOVA, Fishers exact test and GoodmanÆs test considering p<0.05 were used. RESULTS: multiparity (92 versus 67.9 percent), pre-gestational body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m² (88 versus 58.5 percent), weight gain (WG) <8 kg (36 versus 17 percent) and a high increment of insulin characterized the gestational diabetes. For the patients with clinical diabetes, despite the highest GI (120 mg/dL (39.2 versus 24 percent)) at the end of the gestational period, insulin therapy started earlier (47.2 versus 4 percent), lasted longer (56.6 versus 6 percent) and higher doses of insulin (92 versus 43 UI/day) were administered up to three times a day (54.7 versus 16 percent). Macrosomia was higher among newborns from the cohort of patients with gestational diabetes (16 versus 3.8 percent), being the only significant neonatal outcome. There were no neonatal deaths, except for one fetal death in the cohort of patients with clinical diabetes. There were no differences in the other neonatal complications in both cohorts, and most of the newborns were discharged from hospital up to seven days after delivery (46 percent versus 55.8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: the analysis of these two cohorts has shown differences in the insulin therapy protocol in quantity (UI/day), dosage (UI/kg weight) and number of doses/day, higher for the...

Tonometria de aplanação - método não invasivo para avaliação da função endotelial na gravidez / Applanation tonometry - non invasive method for evaluation of endothelial function in pregnancy

A hipertensão gestacional está presente em cerca de 10 porcento das gravidezes e ainda é a primeira causa de mortalidade materna no Brasil. O diabetes gestacional complica 7,6 porcento das gestações no Brasil e está associado a resultados perinatais insatisfatórios. Estas complicações cursam com disfunção endotelial e alteração da elasticidade da parede vascular. A tonometria de aplanação é um método não invasivo, portátil e de fácil aprendizagem que avalia a função endotelial através do estudo da rigidez arterial (perda da elasticidade arterial). Além de avaliar a função endotelial, este método oferece estudo indireto de vários parâmetros cardiovasculares centrais. O grande número de informações que este método obtém de maneira não invasiva, faz deste, um instrumento valoroso em pesquisa. Apresenta grande potencial, especialmente na compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que cursam com comprometimento vascular na gravidez.

Gestational hypertension affects 10 percent of pregnancies and is still the first cause of maternal mortality in Brazil. Gestational diabetes affects 7.6 percent of pregnancies in Brazil and is associated with an unsatisfactory perinatal outcome. These complications are associated to endothelial dysfunction and abnormal elasticity of the arterial wall. Applanation tonometry is a non-invasive, portable and easy learning method that evaluates endothelial function by the study of arterial stiffness (lost of arterial elasticity). Beyond the endothelial function evaluaton, this method gives, indirectly, several central cardiovascular parameters. The great number of information obtained non-invasively by this method, makes of this, a valuable instrument in research. It has a special potential to help in the comprehension of the mechanisms of those diseases which present with vascular commitment in pregnancy.

O coração é um orgão-alvo na pré-eclâmpsia? / Is the heart a target organ in preeclampsia?

Objetivos: Verificar se o coração é órgão-alvo da pré-eclâmpsia (PE) e identificar as alterações hemodinâmicas, estruturais e de função diastólica e sistólica do, ventrículo esquerdo, por estudos Doppler-ecocardiográficos. Sujeitos e métodos: Foram avaliadas 29 gestantes com PE e 29 normotensas, pareadas por idades materna e gestacional, e paridade. O exame foi realizado no momento diagnóstico de PE, antes da administração de anti-hipertensivos, avaliando-se as variáveis: resistência periférica (RP), rigidez vascular (RV), diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (AE), diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (DDVE), diâmetro sistólico do VE (DSVE), septo interventricular (SIVd), parede posterior do VE (PPVEd), espessura relativa da parede posterior do VE (ERP), massa do VE (MVE), índice de massa do VE (iMVE), débito cardíaco (DC), volume sistólico (VS), fração de ejeção (FE%), porcentagem de variação do diâmetro VE (%diferença.D) , onda E (E), Onda A (A), relação E/A, tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico do VE (TRIV). Os dados foram avaliados por média mais ou menos desvio-padrão e a análise estatística, pelo teste t de Student, considerando-se p menor que 0,05...