Social, Epidemiological, and Virological Characteristics from Peruvian Subjects Living with HIV-1/AIDS with Different Sexual Risk Behavior.

HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance profile might change according to the risky sexual behavior of the host. To show this, we recruited 134 individuals between the years 2015 and 2017 identified as transgender women sex workers (TWSW, n = 73) and Heterosexual Military Officers (HET-MO, n = 61). After obtaining informed consent, we collected a blood sample to perform the HIV genotyping, CD4 cell count, and viral load. We used bioinformatics approaches for detecting resistance mutations and recombination events. Epidemiological data showed that both groups reported sexually transmitted diseases and they were widespread among TWSW, especially syphilis and herpes virus (35.6%). Illegal drugs consumption was higher among TWSW (71.2%), whereas condom use was inconsistent for both HET-MO (57.4%) and TWSW (74.0%). TWSW showed the shortest time exposition to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (3.5 years) and the lowest access to ART (34.2%) that conducted treatment failure (>4 logs). HIV-1 sequences from TWSW and HET-MO were analyzed to determine the genetic diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance. Phylogeny analysis revealed 125 (93%) cases of subtype B, 01 subtype A (0.76%), 07 (5.30%) BF recombinants, and 01 (0.76%) AG recombinant. Also, TWSW showed a higher recombination index (9.5%, 7/73) than HET-MO (1.5%, 1/68). HET-MO only showed acquired resistance (26.23%, 16/61), whereas TWSW showed both acquired as transmitted resistance (9.59% for each). In conclusion, TWSW and HET-MO showed significant differences considering the epidemiological characteristics, genetic diversity, recombination events, and HIV resistance profile.

Transmitted resistance in HIV-1 of patients from nine departments of Peru. / Resistencia transmitida en VIH-1 de pacientes provenientes de nueve departamentos del Perú.

The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la resistencia transmitida (RT) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en pacientes procedentes de nueve departamentos del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 132 adultos que aceptaron participar mediante un consentimiento informado. Se colectaron muestras de sangre para realizar el recuento de células CD4/CD8, determinar la carga viral y la genotipificación del VIH. Se recabó información socioepidemiológica de los participantes mediante encuestas. Los resultados revelaron una frecuencia de RT de 9,8% (13/132). Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a mejorar los programas de intervención y monitoreo de la resistencia a los antirretrovirales en el país.

Resistencia transmitida en VIH-1 de pacientes provenientes de nueve departamentos del Perú / Transmitted resistance in HIV-1 of patients from nine departments of Peru

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la resistencia transmitida (RT) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en pacientes procedentes de nueve departamentos del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 132 adultos que aceptaron participar mediante un consentimiento informado. Se colectaron muestras de sangre para realizar el recuento de células CD4/CD8, determinar la carga viral y la genotipificación del VIH. Se recabó información socioepidemiológica de los participantes mediante encuestas. Los resultados revelaron una frecuencia de RT de 9,8% (13/132). Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a mejorar los programas de intervención y monitoreo de la resistencia a los antirretrovirales en el país.

ABSTRACT The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

Resistência a antibióticos de cepas Escherichia coli isoladas de infecções do trato urinário adquiridas na comunidade - cidade de Lima, Peru / Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections - Lima, Peru

As infecções do trato urinário (ITUs) representam morbidade significativa na população e custos elevados nos cuidados à saúde. Dados relativos aos padrões de resistência dos diferentes antibióticos utilizados no tratamento das ITUs são necessários para terapia apropriada destes tipos de processos infecciosos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o perfil de resistência de linhagens de Escherichia coli isoladas de casos de ITUs comunitárias na cidade de Lima, Peru, no período de 1º de Janeiro a 31 de Dezembro de 2003, num total de 81 linhagens. Os perfis de resistência das diferentes amostras, para os antibióticos ampicilina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, cefoxitina, cefotaxima, cefepima, gentamicina, norfloxacina e ciprofloxacina foram determinados pelo método de Bauer-Kirby de acordo com as recomendações do NCCLS. Ampicilina apresentou a maior prevalência de resistência (60,4%) bacteriana seguida por gentamicina (29,6%) e ciprofloxacina (28,3%). Cefoxitina mostrou uma alta sensibilidade (86,5%) (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que o agente cefoxitina é uma opção terapêutica adequada para as ITUs adquiridas na comunidade.

The urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent significant morbidity in the population and high costs for health care. Data regarding the resistance patterns of different antibiotics used in the treatment of UTIs are necessary for appropriate therapy of those infectious process types. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains isolated from community-acquired UTIs in Lima, Peru, between January 1 and December 31, 2003, in a total of 81 strains. The resistance profiles of different samples for antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefepime, gentamicin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were defined by the Bauer-Kirby method according to NCCLS recommendations. Ampicillin showed the highest bacterial resistance prevalence (60.4%), followed by gentamicin (29.6%), and ciprofloxacin (28.3%). Cefoxitin showed high sensibility (86.5%) (p < 0.05). It was concluded that cefoxitin agent is an adequate therapeutic option for community-acquired UTIs.

Perfil de sensibilidad y resistencia de staphylococcus aureus: experiencia en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue / staphylococcus aureus sensitivity and resistance profile: experience at Hipolito Unanue National Hospital

Objetivo: Documentar la susceptibilidad de Staphylococcus aureus a diversos antimicrobianos, entre pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios. Diseño: Análisis retrospectivo. Lugar: Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, hospital universitario. Materiales: Entre enero y diciembre de 2003, se estudió la sensibilidad y resistencia a antibióticos de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus provenientes de vías respiratorias. Intervenciones: Se empleó el método de Kirby - Bauer, en el medio de Mueller - Hinton, con las recomendaciones del CLSI. Principal medida de resultados: Sensibilidad a antibióticos. Resultados: Se aisló y evaluó 217 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus provenientes de vías respiratorias. La resistencia encontrada en cepas provenientes de pacientes hospitalizados a oxacilina fue de 32 por ciento, a gentamicina 35 por ciento y a ciprofloxacina 58 por ciento y se registró un 100 por ciento de sensibilidad a vancomicina. Conclusión: Se encontró una resistencia baja a oxacilina.

Objective: The determine Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility to different antimicrobians in both inpatients and outpatients. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Hipolito Unanue National Hospital, a teaching hospital. Materials: From January through December 2003 we determined sensitivity and resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from the respiratory tract. Interventions: We used the Kirby - Bauer method in the Bacto Mueller Hinton Medium following the CLSI recommendations. Main outcome measures: Sensitivity to antibiotics. Results: Two hundred and seventeen Staphylococcus aureus strains originated from the respiratory tract were isolated. Oxacillin resistance in inpatiens was found in 32 per cent of strains, to gentamicin 35 per cent, and to ciprofloxacin 58 per cent, and 100 per cent sensitivity to vancomycin. Conclusion: Low resistance to oxacillin was found.